5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

1/130

1

1

8086

8086 Intel, (1978) 16-bit. , .

1.8086

8086 , 1, :

1

- (EU, Execution Unit), . , , ,

.

- (BIU, Bus Interface Unit) / ( ). /. , (Instruction Pointer, IP), , bytes .

"pipeline", , EU

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

2/130

2

BIU (queue) BIU. (.. ) BIU / . EU .

(bus), /16 bits, 20

bits.

2.

2.1 (Data Registers).

:AX ( = accumulator),

BX ( = base),

CX ( = counter),

DX ( = data ).

16-bit 8-bit . H (High) L (Low). 8-bit : AH,AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL. , .. , :

/ , , , .

BX (indirectaddressing).

CX .

DX AX 16 bits 32 bits ,.

2.2 .

16 bits, (pointer, index) , , , . :

SP ( = Stack Pointer),

BP ( = Base Pointer),

SI ( = Source Index),

DI (= Destination Index),

:

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

3/130

3

SP .

BP ( ,).

SI .

DI .

2.3

IP ( = Instruction Pointer) (offset) . BIU. (Program Counter)von Neumann :

CS : IP

2.4 .

2.

SR16bits, 9 .

2.4.1 .(6 bits)

( ON , OFF ) , , . () . :

CF (Carry Flag)

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

4/130

4

(ADD,SUB, ADC, SBC). () () Msbit , 1 0. (RCR, RCL). Msbit

bit 71byte 151word = 2bytes.

AF (Auxiliary Flag)

34bit byte, 1 0. BCD (DAA,AAA).

SF (Sign Flag)

. Msbit (7 15) . 0 , 1.

ZF (Zero Flag)

1 0, 0.

OF (Overflow Flag)

1 () . (eXclusive-OR) Msbit .

PF (Parity Flag)

. 1 1 byte .

.

2.4.2 .(3 bits)

( ,, ).

IF (Interrupt Flag)

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

5/130

5

1 IF, , . ().

DF (Direction Flag)

. 1 (SI DI) /, .

TF (Trap Flag)

1 . .

2 . .. T Trap Flag.

2.5 .

(segments) :

- CS(= Code Segment).- DS(= Data Segment).- SS(= Stack Segment).- ES(extra = Extra Segment).

3. .

/8086 DIL (Dual InLine) 40 (pins) . (Minimum) (Maximum). 5V 0V /. Minimum / , Maximum 8288. 8087 8089.

8086 (Multiplex) . 20 , (Address

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

6/130

6

Data) (AD0 AD15) (System Address) (A16 S3 A19 S6). , , ( ALE Address Latch Enable )

. BIU.

3

:

- GND.- NMI.- INTR.- CLK

CPU.

- RESET. , 0FFFF0h (IP=0000,CS=0FFFFh). / ROM JMP

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

7/130

7

/ . bootstrap loader.

- READY /,

.

- TEST WAIT .

- RD .

- VCC +5V 10%.- S3, S4

/.

- S5(IF).- S6

.

- QS0(ALE), QS1 (INTA). .

- S0, S1, S2 (Bus Cycle).

- LOCK .

- RQ/GT0 (HOLD) RQ/GT1 (HLDA) .

4.

/ 20 bit. 8086 1 Megabyte . /00000h 0FFFFFh. 1 byte. (segments) 64 kbytes. 16 bytes, /16 . 64 kbytes . (segmentation)

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

8/130

8

16 bits 8086. :

(physical address) 20 bits .

/ / / /. / 8086 :

. / 16.

pointer index () , (logical address,

offset, effective address). / / :

= * 16 +

/ / :segment:offset segment offset 4 . 987Ah:0100h,CS:IP , DS:9987H ..

64 kbytes . , :

CS/(CODE). IP. . CS:IP(PC) .CS =345Ah IP = 712Ch, /:

CS*10h + IP = 345Ah * 10h + 712Ch = 345A0h + 712Ch = 3B6CCh

SS /(STACK). / BP. .. SS = 1ABCh SP = 100h,/:

SS * 10h + SP = 1ABCh * 10h + 100h = 1ABC0h + 100h = 1ACC0h

DS ES / ( DATA ) ,

(EXTRA) .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

9/130

9

4 16 bits, () 4 bits /20 bits. /(segment).

4.

. , .

5.-

1 byte. ( word = 2 bytes )byte /... 3456h , /678h 679h

5634h :

/

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

10/130

10

/(segment:offset) . . DS=1234h SI=5678h / (pointer) DS:SI 0300h 0303h :

/

8086 16 bits. , 512 kbytes / 16 bits . 8086 16 bits

byte , AD0 BHE. :

. byte /.AD0 = 0 BHE = 1 ().

. byte /.AD0 = 1 BHE = 0 ().

. byte /.AD0 = 0 BHE = 0 ().

. byte /..

, High AX A Low B. byte

byte. ( )

BA

.

;;

1 :

TITLE word__test; DOSSEG

.MODEL SMALL

.CODE

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

11/130

11

MAIN proc farPUSH DS; DOS, XOR AX,AX; (SEGMENT) PSPPUSH AX; PSP

MOV AX,@DATA

MOV DS, AX

MOV Ah,'A'MOV AL,'B'MOV WORD__LOW__HI,AX; MOV DL,CHAR__low; MOV AH,2INT 21HMOV DL,CHAR__hi; MOV AH,2; 2DOS INT 21H; DOS

RET; DOS INT 20h PSPMAIN endp

.DATAWORD__LOW__HI label word

Char__low db 0Char__hi db 0.STACK 100H

END MAIN

6.

///64 kbytes. / (port) (DX) byte () /256. (IN OUT). .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

12/130

12

2

8086 .

1.

ASSEMBLY /. (,

, , ) :

,

(, ,,,..)

-

,

(1Mbyte RAM ROM)

/ : . (instruction set) . / , (machine language). ASSEMBLY . . :

add a1,1

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

13/130

13

:

41

:

- .-

.

- .

(Assembler)

. . (TASM.EXE MASM.EXE) .OBJ object module , (TLINK.EXE LINK.EXE) object modules .EXE .COM.

:

2 :

INTDOS EQU 21hTITLE MHNHMAKVDIKAS SEGMENT PUBLICASSUME CS:KVDIKAS,DS:DEDOMENAMAIN PROC NEARmov ax,DEDOMENA ; ds /mov ds,ax ;

lea dx,mhnhma ; /dxmov ah,9 ; DOS stringint INTDOSMAIN ENDPKVDIKAS ENDSDEDOMENA SEGMENT PUBLICMhnhma db WELLCOME TO ASSEMBLY ,13,10,$DEDOMENA ENDSSOROS SEGMENT PARA STACK SOROS

Db 100h dup(0) ; 256 bytesSOROS ENDS

END MAIN

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

14/130

14

MHNHMA.ASM,:

TASMMHNHMA

, MHNHMA.OBJ. :

TLINKMHNHMA

MHNHMA.EXE. .COM , /t(.. TLINK /t ).

ASSEMBLY

. :

;

( labels ) / , . :

INDOS, KVDIKAS, MAIN, DEDOMENA, MHNHMA, SOROS.

:.. again .

again: add a1,5.

jmp again

(instructions), (directives)

. mov, add, int, sub, mul, div..

EQU, SEGMENT, ENDS, PROC, ENDP, ASSUME, END.

, , . :

- ( .. 14, 35d, 21h, 10101000b, 0abcdh) ( . a). d

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

15/130

15

, h b.

- (.ax, bx).- (.jmp again).- LENGTH, OFFSET,:,SEG ..

assembly () (segments), . STACK. .EXE.

.COM :

- ( ). .

- 256 bytes . 256 bytes (PSPProgram Segment Prefix).

-. 256 bytes.

.COM :

3 :

TITLE ; CGROUP GROUP KVDIKAS,DEDOMENA ;

;

KVDIKAS SEGMENT PUBLICASSUME CS:CGROUP,DS:CGROUPORG 100h ; 256 .MAIN PROC NEARmov al,aritmos1 ;ALadd al,aritmos2 ; ALmov dl,al ; DL add dl,30h ; ASCII mov ah,2 ; DOS

int 21h ; DOSint 20h ; DOS .COM

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

16/130

16

MAIN ENDPKVDIKAS ENDS

DEDOMENA SEGMENT PUBLIC

aritmos1 db 4aritmos2 db 5

DEDOMENA ENDSEND MAIN

/t . atroisi.asm, :

Tlink /t atroisi.obj

2.

2.1 END.

END . .EXE END /. .,ARXH PRAXH :

4 :

TITLE AFAIRESH; KVDIKAS SEGMENT PUBLICASSUME CS:KVDIKAS,DS:DEDOMENAPRAXH PROC NEARmov ax,dedomenamov ds,axmov al,aritmos1; 1 ALsub al,aritmos2; ALmov apotelesma,al;

mov dl,apotelesma; DL 2;DOS

add dl,30h ; ASCII mov ah,2 ; DOS int 21hret; .PRAXH ENDPARXH PROC NEARcall praxh ; praxhmov ah,4ch ; DOS int 21h ; DOS

ARXH ENDPKVDIKAS ENDS

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

17/130

17

DEDOMENA SEGMENT PUBLICaritmos1 db 4aritmos2 db 3apotelesma db 0

DEDOMENA ENDS

SOROS SEGMENT PARA STACK 'SOROS'db 256 dup (0)

SOROS ENDSEND ARXH

2.2 ,

SEGMENTENDS . . SEGMENTENDS(logical segment).

PROCENDP ., (Calls, Ret) .

ASSUME . ASSUME CS: .EXE . ASSUME DS: ASSUME ES /,

(DATA EXTRA) . ASSUME ( labels ) .

5 :

TITLE POLLAPLASIAMOS; KVDIKAS SEGMENT PUBLICASSUME CS:KVDIKAS,DS:DEDOMENA1

PRAXH PROC NEARASSUME DS:DEDOMENA2 ;***** *****

;mov ax,dedomena2mov ds,axmov al,aritmos1; 1 ALmov dl,aritmos2; ALmul dl; AL * DL , AXmov apotelesma,al; mov dl,apotelesma;DL

add dl,30h ; ASCII mov ah,2 ; DOS

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

18/130

18

int 21hretPRAXH ENDPARXH PROC NEAR ; call praxh

ASSUME DS:DEDOMENA1mov ax,dedomena1mov ds,axlea dx,mhnhmamov ah,09hint 21hmov ah,4ch ; DOS int 21h ; DOSARXH ENDPKVDIKAS ENDS

DEDOMENA1 SEGMENT PUBLICmhnhma db 10,13, "END of PROGRAM",10,13,"$"DEDOMENA1 ENDS

DEDOMENA2 SEGMENT PUBLICaritmos1 db 4aritmos2 db 2apotelesma db 0

DEDOMENA2 ENDS

SOROS SEGMENT PARA STACK "SOROS"Db 256 dup (0)SOROS ENDS

END ARXH ; /h ARXH

2.3

DBbyte, DW , DD , DQDT bytes . DUP

. . . :

ARITMOI DW 10,13,29MHNHMA DB HELLOPINAK DB 10 DUP (0)

21 bytes / :ARITMOI , MHNHMA , PINAK

. .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

19/130

19

LABEL () , . BYTE , WORD, DWORD ..

. :

NUM LABEL WORDCHARS DB 10,0

2 CHARS.

NUM WORD . .

mov ax,num

AX.

2.4

EQU , . . EQU, EQU. . :

Blocksize EQU 512BLOCKS EQU 4Bufsize EQU Blocksize * BLOCKSMhnhma EQU

$. :

mhnhma DB mhkos__mhnhma EQU (mhnhma - $)

2.5 .

2.5.1

(SEGMENT, ENDS, ASSUME), Borland Microsoft , (Simplified Directives), , (linking) (object modulus)3.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

20/130

20

ASSEMBLY, C,PASCAL, PROLOC, BASIC , ASSEMBLY . , assembly,

, (CALLRET), .

: DOSSEG, .MODEL, .STACK, .DATA,.CODE.

2.5.2 .STACK, .DATA, .CODE.

, .

.STACK .EXE . .

.STACK 200h

512 bytes.

.CODE . .

.DATA. . DS, DS . :

mov ax,@DATA ; @DATA ,;@CODE

mov ds,ax ; ds

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

21/130

21

. .

CALL RET. IP ( ), () CS:IP ( /). callretnear, far.

. (offset).

/segment:offset.

, ( , ), (pointers). 2 byte ( ), 4 bytes.

:

Tiny..com 65k.

Small. , . 2

bytes.

Compact. , . 4 bytes.

Medium.

. 2 bytes.

Large. .4 bytes.

Huge. , . .

( num) word (2 bytes) .

small.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

22/130

22

6 :

;

.model small

.codemov ax,@datamov ds,axmov ax,numor ax,ax ; or

jz einai_mhdenmov dx, offset mhnhma_oximov ah,9; DOS int 21h ; DOS

jmp telos

einai_mhden:mov dx,offset mhnhma_naimov ah,9; DOS int 21h ; DOS

telos:mov ah,4ch; DOS int 21h ; DOS

; .datanum dw 0

mhnhma_nai db 10,13, "It is zero",10,13,'$'

mhnhma_oxi db 10,13, "It is not zero",10,13,'$';.stack 256

end

3

1.

1.1MOVMOV ,

byte :

(.MOV AX,BX) (.MOV APOT,AL)

(.MOV DL,APOT) (.MOV AH,21h) (.MOV ARIT,5)

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

23/130

23

. MOV DS,DATASEG;

1 byte 1 word = 2 bytes... :

MOV ax,dlMOV bh,dx

.

1.2PUSH POP. (stack) LIFO(Last In First Out). / SS:0000 SS:SP.

PUSHSP2 (2bytes) .

POP

SP2.

/ 16 bit, .

.. SP=100h , SS=1000h , Ax=12. :

PUSH ax

SP=0FEh/1000:00FE 12.

PUSH10 .

PUSHF , POPF .

1.3XCHG ( ) bytes words. . . .. AX=14 ,

BX=15 , :

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

24/130

24

XCHG ax,bx

ax=15 bx=14.

2..

2.1

8086 . , , 8 16 bits. (twos complement). 32 bits . . , ,

.

2.2

ADDSUBMOV:

ADD , SUB ,

MOV .

ADCSBB Carry Flag, CF. 32 bits. 32 bit CX:BX32 bit

DX:AX.add ax,bxadc dx,cx ; 16 bit

8086 1 INC DEC. , . :

INC DEC

:

ADD , 1

SUB , 1

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

25/130

25

2.2

MUL:

MUL

.byte AL AX. byte AX DX:AX. . IMUL .. AL=10 DL=15:

MUL DL

AX = 150.

DIV

DIV

.byte AX AL AH. byte

DX:AXAXDX. . IDIV. .. AX=115 DL=10:

DIV DL

AH =5 AL = 11.

NEG.

2.3

8086 AND, OR, XOR NOT. bit byte . bit . bit bits . AL=10110110b ,

AH=11110000b :

AND al,ah

al = 10110000b

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

26/130

26

0 bit al 0 bit ah , 1 bit al 1 bit ah . AND, OR, XOR, NOT . ,

.

3.

8086 bits . :

CF

0

SHL SAL

SHL SALbit bit. bit CF bit 0. 2.

CF

0

SHR

SHRbit .

bit (. 0) CF bit 0.2.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

27/130

27

CF

SAR

SARbit

bit . 2.

4 :

CF

ROR

H RORSHRbit

bit CF.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

28/130

28

CF

ROL

ROL . bits .

CF

RCR

CF

RCL

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

29/130

29

RCLRCR. CF. RCL bits , bit CF CF . 0 bit. RCR.

. 1, CL ..:

SHL AX,1

AX 2. :

MOV CL,4SHL AX,CL

AX16.

4.

4.1

, .

. , . , . CF, OF,

ZF.

4.2

JMP

:

- byte ( -128 +127 ) . SHORT.

- ( -32768 +32767 ) . ().

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

30/130

30

- . FAR PTR. 8086.

/() ().

:

a:..

jmp SHORT a; byte label a

a:..

jmp FAR PTR a; label a

a:..mov ax, OFFSET a

jmp ax ; label a

a:..

jmp word ptr [b] ; label a..

b dw offset a

4.3

8086 18 . CF ( Carry Flag), OF (Overflow Flag)SF (Sign Flag).

CMP , . SUB:

CMP,

CMP , SUB , (Flags) , . .

CMP AL,6

JA a ; AL >6..

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

31/130

31

a:

CMPTEST(, ) AND(Byte ) , (

). TESTbits JNZ. . , 4.

7 :

.MODEL SMALL ;

.CODEmov ax,@datamov ds,axMOV AX,ARIT;

TEST AX,0000000000000011h; bitJNZ NOT__EVEN; LEA DX,MHNHMA__EINAI; MOV AH,09 ; INT 21HJmp TELOS

NOT__EVEN:LEA DX,MHNHMA__DEN__EINAI; MOV AH,09 ; INT 21H ;

TELOS:mov ah,4ch; int 21h ; .DATAMHNHMA__EINAI db "4 is a divisor of arit",10,13,"$"MHNHMA__DEN__EINAI db "4 is not a divisor of arit",10,13,"$"arit dw 1201.stack 100h

end

:

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

32/130

32

JB/JNAE

CF=1

JAE/JNB

CF=0

JBE/JNA

CF=1 ZF=1

JA/JNBE

CF=0 ZF=0

JE/JZ ZF=1

JNE/JNZ ZF=0

JL/JNGE

SFOF

JGE/JNL

SF=OF

JLE/JNG ZF=1 SF

OF

JG/JNLE

ZF=O SF = OF

JP/JPE

PF=1

JNP/JPO

PF=0

JS

SF=1

JNS

SF=0

JC

CF=1

JNC

CF=0

JO

OF=1

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

33/130

33

JNO

OF=0

byte. 128 +127 (Bytes) / . . :

CMP DL,7JA A.......

A:

:

CMP DL,7JNA BJMP A

B:.A:

4.4

. . , , , , .. 8086 : LOOP,

LOOPE, LOOPNEJCXZ. . CX.

LOOP 1 CX 0,

LOOP. . 18 ,.

mhnhma DB ....

mov cx,18;

lea bx,mhmnhma; /; mhnhma bx

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

34/130

34

loop__ektyp:mov dl,[bx] ; dl inc bx ; mov ah,02h ; DOS int 21h ; DOS

loop loop_ektyp ; CX >0

LOOPE LOOP CX. LOOPECX0 ZF= 1 ( ). LOOPNE CX0 ZF = 0 ( ). . 256 bytes. ENTER( ASCIl13).

Buffer db 126 dup (0) ; ....

mov cx,256; lea bx,buffer; /

; bxagain:

mov ah,8 ; DOS

int 21h ; DOSmov [bx],al ; ; DOS AL

inc bx ; cmp al,0dh ; ENTERloopne again ; CX >0 ZF = 0

JCXZCX = 0. CX

. .

JCXZ parakatv; CX=0 again: loop again; CX

parakatv:

JCXZ CX=0.

byte .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

35/130

35

: 1. ASCII

)

) )

2. byte .

3. 20 .

4.5 (pointer).

/. . / (near pointers) /(far pointers). /, 2 bytes. / , 4 bytes. 0 8086 .

:

LES , LDS,

DWORD 4 bytes, 16bit . 2 bytes ( ) 2 bytes ES DS. (mhnhma)

. (pointer) /mhnhma.

8:

code_seg segment publicassume cs:code_seg,ds:data_segmain proc near

mov ax,data_seg; dsmov ds,axles di,pointer; pointer,

; /mhnhma , ES:DIagain: mov dl,es:[di]; /es:[di] dl

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

36/130

36

cmp dl,0; ?je telos; mov ah,2; int 21hinc di;

jmp again ; telos: mov ah,4ch

int 21hmain endpcode_seg endsdata_seg segment

; far pointer /mhnhmapointer label dword

dw offset mhnhmadw seg mhnhma

mhnhma db "END OF TESTING PROGRAM",10,13,0

data_seg endssoros segment para stack

db 256 dup (0)soros ends

END MAIN

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

37/130

37

4

1.

8086 1Mbyte, . . // . 4, / .

. . , /, / ( BIU). , .

2.

/,

.

2.1

, . .:

MOV al,3;AL

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

38/130

38

AX .

2.4

. (DS). /(segmentoverride prefix). /, ( ) .:

.DATAmhnhma db ,10,13,$PIN db 10 dup (0)

Arit db 10,3Apot db 0

MOV AL, ARIT[0]; mov al , [arit] mov al,aritADD al, arit[1]; add al, [arit + 1]MOV AL, MHNHMA[2]; mov al,[2]MOV dl,pin[3]; mov dl,[pin+3] mov dl,mhnhma[21+3]mov al,es:[6]; 7byte extra segmentmov al,ss:[9]; 10byte .

0. /. __

3.

3.1

.

0 . . . . :

[ + + ]

BXBP, SI DI, . :

[] [] []

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

39/130

39

, , /.

:

BX SI + BP DI(base) (index) (displacement) , :

[] [BP+][BX] [BX]

[SI] [SI+][DI] [DI+][BX+SI] [BX+SI+][BX+DI] [BX+DI+][BP+SI] [BP+SI+][BP+DI] [BP+DI+][BP]

/. BP /

( SS ), ( DS ). . :

MOV di,100mov al,amov [di],al; 100 data segment a

mov bp,spsub bp,10mov al,[bp]; 10 al

mov si,10mov al,es:[si]; 10 extra segment al

3.2

byte . (DBDW) . WORD PTR, BYTE

PTR. :

MOV SI,2

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

40/130

40

MOV WORD PTR [SI],8; 2 3 byte data segment ; 080h. ; , 8 0

/

. OFFSETSEG:

LEA,

16 bit . //. OFFSET.

MOV , OFFSET

o SEG (segment) . :

.DATAmhnhma db ...CODE

..MOV AX,SEG MHNHMA; MOV ES,AX; ES (extra segment)

MOV SI,OFFSET MHNHMA; LEA SI, MHNHMAINC SIMOV BYTE PTR ES:[SI],A;E A

. (Simplified) .

;;1

9:

.model small ;small

.stack 200h ; 512

.datadb 200 dup (0)charstring db "ABCDEFGHIJKLM"

.codemov ax,@data ; DS mov ds,ax ;

one:

mov si , offset charstring +8; si /charstring 8mov dl,[si] ; /si dl

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

41/130

41

mov ah,2int 21h

two:mov bx,8

mov dl,[charstring + bx]mov ah,2int 21h

three:mov bx,offset charstringmov dl,[bx+8]mov ah,2int 21h

four:mov si,8mov dl,[si+charstring]

mov ah,2int 21h

five:mov bx,offset charstringmov di,8mov dl,[bx+di]mov ah,2int 21h

six:mov si,offset charstring

mov bx,8mov dl,[bx+si]mov ah,2int 21h

seven:mov bx,offset charstringmov si,7mov dl,[bx+si+1]mov ah,2int 21h

eight:

mov bx,3mov si,5mov dl,[bx+charstring+si]mov ah,2int 21h

telos:mov ah,4chint 21hEnd

:IIIIIIII

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

42/130

42

4

4.1

/

. 8086 , . , . MOV , LOOP, INC.

. . ( source )

DS;[SI], ( destination) ES:[DI]. SI

DIDF. :

- (DF) = 0 1 byte 2 (word).

- (DF) = 1 1 byte 2 (word).

:

CLD (DF)STD (DF1)

DF . byte . , byte .

4.2

4.2.1 LODS / LODSB / LODSW

LODSBbyte /DS:[SI]ALSI1. .. :

CLD ; DFMOV SI,2LODSB

AL2byte .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

43/130

43

LODSW/DS:[SI]AXSI 2. .. :

CLDMOV SI,2

LODSW

AX2byte 3byte .

4.2.2 STOS / STOSB / STOSW

STOSB byte AL / ES:[DI]DI1. .. :

STD ; DF=1

MOV di,2MOV AL,4STOSB

2byte extra 4 DI1.

STOSWAX /ES:[DI]DI2.

4.2.3MOVS / MOVSB / MOVSW

LODSSTOS. byte ( MOVSB) ( MOVSW) /DS:[SI] /ES:[DI]DISI 1 2. . PHGH PROORISMOS. MEGETHOS__SE__BYTE.

cld ; DFmov cx,MEGETHOS__SE__BYTE : cxmov si,OFFSET PHGH ; /SI

mov ax,SEG PHGH ; mov ds,ax ; DSmov di, OFFSET PROORISMOS ; /DImov ax, SEG PROORIMOS ;mov es,ax ; ES

brogxos__metaforas :movsb : BYTEloop brogxos__metaforas ; CX

4.3

4.3.1 SCAS / SCASB / SCASW

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

44/130

44

SCAS ES:[DI]. : SCASBAL(byte)SCASWAX(). ( alax)

ES:[DI] . DI 1 2 . , :

10:

DOSSEG ; .MODEL TINY ; Turbo C Tiny ( .com )

.CODEorg 100h ; 256 byte arxh proc

LEA DX,EISAGVGH ; MOV AH,9 ; INT 21h ;DOSmov ah,08 ; int 21h ; DOS alMOV CX, MHKOS_KEIMENOY ; cx

lea di,keimeno; mov bx,seg keimeno ; .EXE ; mov es,bx

cld ; DFloop_again : ; scasb ;

je nai ; loop loop_again ;

LEA DX,mhnhma_noMOV AH,9INT 21h

Jmp short telosnai:

LEA DX, _yesMOV AH,9INT 21h

telos:INT 20HArxh endp

.DATA ; EISAGVGH DB "PRESS A KEY PLEASE $"

KEIMENO db "SEARCH OF A CHARACTER"MHKOS_KEIMENOY DW $ - KEIMENO

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

45/130

45

MHNHMA_NO db 10,13," THE CHARACTER THAT YOU HAVE SELECTEDDOES NOT EXIST",10,13,"$"_YES db 10,13,"YES THE CHARACTER THAT YOU HAVESELECTED REALLY EXIST IN THE SET",10,13,"$"

End arxh

4.3.2 CMPS / CMPSB / CMPSW

. . /DS:[SI} /

ES:[DI]. /ES:[DI] /DS:[SI]. DI, SIDF.

4.4

. : REP , REPE, REPZ, REPNE, REPNZ. , .

REP

CX. (SI, DI) CX1. :

mov cx,megethos__se__bytebrogxos__metaforas :

movsb ; BYTEloop brogxos_metaforas ;

:

mov cx,megethos__se__byte

REP movsb ; BYTE

CX= 0 .

CX ZF. .

REPEREPZCX=0 ( ). REPNEREPNZCX=0 ( ). :

MOV CX, MHKOS__KEIMENOY ; cx

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

46/130

46

loop__again: ; scasb ; je nai; loop loop__again;

:

MOV CX, MHKOS__KEIMENOY; cxRepnz scasb ;

5 XLAT

XLAT:

XLAT

. byte AL , . BX . AL . AL /[AL + BX] ( DS). : . ASCII

ascii 737.

11:

DOSSEG;DGROUP group @data,@code.MODEL TINY,c;.COM

.CODEorg 100h; 256 .com

arxh proclea dx ,messagemov ah,09int 21h

AGAIN:mov ah,08; int 21h ; DOSCMP AL,27 ; ESCJE TELOS ; ESCcmp al,7fh

ja printLEA BX,TRANS_PINAKAS ; BX

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

47/130

47

XLAT ; AL [a1] print:

MOV DL,AL ; MOV AH,2; INT 21h ; DOS

JMP SHORT AGAIN;

telos:INT 20H; DOS .com Arxh endp

.DATA; ASCII 127TRANS_PINAKAS label byte

db 00h,01h,02h,03h,04h,05h,06h,07h,08h,09h,0ah,0bh,0ch,0dh,0eh,0fhdb 10h,11h,12h,13h,14h,15h,16h,17h,18h,19h,1ah,1bh,1ch,1dh,1eh,1fhDB 20h,21h,22h,23h,24h,25h,26h,27h,28h,29h,2ah,2bh,2ch,2dh,2eh,2fh

DB 30h,31h,32h,33h,34h,35h,36h,37h,38h,39h,3ah,3bh,3ch,3dh,3eh,3fhDB 40h,128,129,150,131,132,148,130,134,136,141,137,138,139,140,142DB 143,51h,144,145,146,135,151,145,149,147,133,5bh,5ch,5dh,5eh,5fhDB 60h,152,153,175,155,156,173,154,158,160,165,161,162,163,164,166DB 167,71h,168,169,171,159,224,170,174,172,157,7bh,7ch,7dh,7eh,7fh

MESSAGE DB "PRESS ANY KEY TO TRANSLATE IT IN GREEKLETTER",10,13, "PRESS ESC FOR EXIT",10,13,"$"end arxh

5

1.

. (subroutines) .

PASCAL (Function , Procedures). . . , , .

.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

48/130

48

, . .

2. (PROCEDURES)

(procedure) . :

ASCII.

1. .2. 1.3. 4. 2.5. .6. .

12:

code_seg segmentassume cs:code_seg,ds:data_segkyrioproc proc far

xor ax,ax; axpush ds ; PSPpush ax ; , DOS.mov dx,data_segmov ds,dx ; DSlea dx,mhnhma1call emfanish_mhnhmacall input_hex

mov cl,4 ; alshl al,cl; 16 mov ascii_timh,al; call input_hex; al

add ascii_timh,al; mov dl,ascii_timhcall emfan_hexret ; DOS

kyrioproc endp

; input_hex proc near

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

49/130

49

again:call input_char ; cmp al,'0' ;

jb again ; cmp al,'9' ; 0 9

ja deytero_elegxomov dl,al ; call emfanish_char ; sub al,'0' ; ret ;

deytero_elegxo:cmp al,'A' ;

jb again ; A Fcmp al,'F'

ja trito_elegxomov dl,al

call emfanish_charadd al,10sub al,'A'ret

trito_elegxo:cmp al,'a' ; a f

jb againcmp al,'f'

ja againmov dl,al

call emfanish_charadd al,10sub al,'a'ret

input_hex endp; ASCII ; emfan_hex proc near

call allagh_grammhslea dx,mhnhma2call emfanish_mhnhma

mov dl,ascii_timhcall emfanish_charret

emfan_hex endp

; allagh_grammhs proc near

lea dx,nea_grammhcall emfanish_mhnhmaret

allagh_grammhs endp

;emfanish_mhnhma proc near

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

50/130

50

mov ah,09hint 21hret

emfanish_mhnhma endp

;emfanish_char proc near

mov ah,02hint 21hret

emfanish_char endp

; input_char proc near

mov ah,08hint 21h

retinput_char endpcode_seg ends

; data_seg segment

mhnhma1 db "Please enter a two digits hexadecimal number",10,13,"$"nea_grammh db 10,13,"$"mhnhma2 db 10,13,"The character is : $"

ascii_timh db ?data_seg endssoros segment para stack

db 256 dup (0)soros ends

end kyrioproc

:

1.

.

2. , PROC ENDP. / ;.

3. CALL.CALL emfanish__char

4. RET.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

51/130

51

5. RET.6. .7. NEARFAR.8. RET.

2.CALL RET.

2.1

CALLRET, :

CALL / CALL, /CALL.

RET, /CALL.

2.2 CALL

CALL, . RET. CALL NEARCAL L (near ptr call),FARCALL (far ptr call).

IPSP 2. /.

CS SP2 IPSP. / CALL. FAR PTRNEAR FAR..

CALL FAR PTRemfanish__char.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

52/130

52

, / . WORD PTR DWORD PTR. ..

.CALL WORD PTR function__ptr

Function__ptr dw input__char

call / , pointer function__ptr. /input__char input__char.

2.3 RET

RET. RET NEARRET (RETN), FARRET(RETF).

RET IP SP 2. CALL.

RET

IP SP 2 CSSP2.CALLRET .

2.4 .

DOS 256 bytes

(program segment prefix) PSP. .COM 256 bytes bytes . .EXE . / ENVIROMENT (PATH, .), .. . :

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

53/130

53

00-01 bytes 0CD20H

int 20h DOS

02-03 . .

04 05

CL.

0AH-ODH0EH-11H12H-15H16H-2BH2CH-2DH

CP/Mint 22hint 23hint 24h / ENVIRONMENT. Environment SET

DOS :

= 2EH-5BH 5Ch-6BH FCB 16CH-7BH FCB 2

7CH-7FH 80H bytes

.

81H-0FFH .

, .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

54/130

54

13:

ASSUME CS:CODE__SEGMAIN proc far

PUSH DS; DOS,

XOR AX,AX; (SEGMENT) PSPPUSH AX; PSPMOV BX, 80H; BX XOR CX,CX; CXMOV Cl,ES:[BX];CXJCXZ TELOS;

AGAIN:INC BX; MOV DL,ES:[BX]; dlMOV AH,2; INT 21H; DOS

LOOP AGAINTELOS: RET; DOS INT 20h PSPMAIN endpCODE__SEG ENDS

SOROS SEGMENT STACKDB 100H DUP (0)

SOROS ENDSEND MAIN

2.5 DOS RET.

DOSRET. ,

byte PSP:INT 20h , DOS. DSES/ PSP , / PSP DS:0000./PUSHRETFPSPINT 20hDOS. :

..push ds ; PSPxor ax,ax ; ax

push ax ; , DOS...; ..ret ; PSP

2.6

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

55/130

55

ASCII 0.(null terminated

stringC)

14:

code_seg segmentassume cs:code_seg,ds:data_segkyrioproc proc far

xor ax,ax; axpush ds ; PSPpush ax ; ,

DOS.mov dx,data_segmov ds,dx ; DSlea bx,mhnhma

call emfan_mhnhmaret ; DOS

kyrioproc endp

;************************************;* *;* *;* ***********;* /BX *

;*************************************emfan_mhnhma proc nearagain:

mov dl,[bx] ; /bx dlinc bx ; /cmp dl,0 ; jz epistrofh ; call emfanish_char ; jmp short again ;

epistrofh :ret

emfan_mhnhma endp

;************************************;* *;* *;* ********** *;* ASCII DL *;************************************emfanish_char proc near

mov ah,02hint 21hret

emfanish_char endp

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

56/130

56

code_seg ends

; data_seg segment

mhnhma db "END OF PROGRAMM",10,13,0nea_grammh db 10,13,0data_seg ends

soros segment para stackdb 256 dup (0)

soros endsend kyrioproc

emfan__mhnhma / mhnhma. / emfan__mhnhma BX. emfanish__charASCII DL, DL. , .

:

- -

ASSEMBLY. . . DOS BIOS

(10).

. (C, PASCAL), . 3. :

PUSH , BP.

( CALL)

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

57/130

57

. , :

15:

code_seg segmentassume cs:code_seg,ds:data_segkyrioproc proc far

xor ax,ax; axpush ds ; PSPpush ax ; , DOSmov dx,data_segmov ds,dx ; DSlea ax,mhnhma; /mhnhma

push ax ; call near ptr emfan_mhnhma

add sp,2; push axret ; DOS

kyrioproc endp

; emfan_mhnhma proc nearpush bpmov bp,spmov bx,[bp+4]; /string bx; +4 near call 4 SP

;/2 bp; 2 /callagain:

mov dl,[bx]inc bxcmp dl,10

jz epistrofhpush dx; ASCII call emfanish__charadd sp,2; push ax

jmp short again

epistrofh:pop bpret

emfan_mhnhma endp

; emfanish__char proc nearpush bpmov bp,spmov dx,[bp+4]; ASCII DX

; DL 2

; DOSmov ah,02h

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

58/130

58

int 21hpop bpret

emfanish__char endp

code_seg ends

; data_seg segment

mhnhma db "END OF PROGRAMM",10,13,0

data_seg ends

soros segment para stackdb 256 dup (0)

soros endsend kyrioproc

, BP.

2.7

. :

- BYTE AL.

- WORD AX.

- DWORD () DX:AL.

2.8

. assembly , . , . :

(

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

59/130

59

PUSH), ( RET) ( POP)

:

,************************************,* *

,* *

,* ********** *

,* /BX *

,************************************emfan__mhnhma proc nearagain:push dx; dxmov dl:[bx]; / bx dl

inc bx ; /cmp dl,0 ; jz epistrofh ; call emfanish__char ; jmp short again ; epistrofh :pop dx; dx ret

emfan__mhnhma endp

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

60/130

60

6

DEBUG

1

, , , , . .

. bugs .

DEBUG. , , , . .COM .

DEBUG . CNTR C. CNTR S

. CNTR C.

2

2.1

DEBUGdebug. ..

C: >DEBUGC: >DEBUG ASKHSH.EXE

(prompt) debug -. debug

-Q(Quit).

debug

. DOS. :

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

61/130

61

LEA DX, MHNHMAMOV AH,9INT 21HINT 20

MHNHMA DB $

2.2 .

debug -A100(Assembly) assembly . debug assembly . / 100H / .COM.

Debug segment 247F, 100. , . Debug Return:

-a100247F:0100 lea dx,[200]247F:0104 mov ah,09247F:106 int 21247F:018 int 20247F:010A

-A Return .

2.3

, 200/ . :

-f200 L9 Geia soy$

-F (Fill)L 9 . .

2.4

-G(Go), :

-g

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

62/130

62

Geia soyProgram terminated normally-2.5

/(segment) . / 247F:100/

247F0+ 100--------248F0

2.6 Unassembly

assembly . -U .

-U 100 108

247F:0100 8D160002 LEA DX,[0200]247F:0104 B409 MOV AH,09247F:0106 CD21 INT 21

247F:0108 CD20 INT 20

2.7 ,

Debug .com. .com:

- -N(Name).- BX:CX

-R(Register).

- -W(Write). 110H bytes. MHNHMA.COM Debug :

-N MHNHMA.COM

-RBXBX 0000

:-RCX

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

63/130

63

CX 0000:210-WWriting 00210 bytes-

-R(register). -R , , . . -R

-RAX=0900 BX=0000 CX=0000 DX=0200 SP=FFEE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=247B ES=247B SS=247B CS=247B IP=0108 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PONC247F:0108 CD20

2.7 .

-D (Dump) , 128, 8 16 . :

-d247F:0200 47 65 69 61 20 73 6F 75-24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Geia sou$.247F:0210 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247F:0220 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .

247F:0230 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247F:0240 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247F:0250 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247F:0260 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247F:0270 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .

/segment:offsetbytes.

Debug bytes ASCII , .

-D DS. 3 segments -D/. .

-D SS:0100

2.8 .

-E(Enter). byte .

. spacebar. Return

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

64/130

64

. .. AAAAAAAA.

-e 200247F:0200 47.41 65.41 61.41 20.41 73.41 6F.41 75.41

247F:0208 24.

41h ASCII A. //. -d.

-d200247:0200 4141 41 41 41 41 41 41-24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 $.247:0210 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247:0220 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247:0230 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247:0240 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247:0250 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247:0260 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .247:0270 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .

-g=100AAAAAAAAProgram terminated normally-

2.9

Debug, ASCII ? Z. :

1. DL ASCII ? (3F )

2. DL 2DOS.

3. 1 DL.

4. (DL) ASCII Z(5B ) 2 4.

5. DOS.

Debug:

A>debug

-a247B:0100 mov dl,3F247B:0102 MOV AH,2

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

65/130

65

247B:0104 INT 21247B:0106 INT DL247B:0108 CMP DL,5B247B:010B JBE 102247B:010D INT 20

247B:010F

:

-G?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[Program terminated normally

ASKHSH1.COM Debug:

-N ASKHSH1.COM

-RBXBX 0000:-RCXCX 0000:f-WWriting 0000F bytes

-Q

Debug-L (Load):

A>debug-n askhsh1.com-l-u 100 10D2490:0100 B23F MOV DL,3F

2490:0102 B402 MOV AH,022490:0104 CD21 INT 212490:0106 FEC2 INC DL2490:0108 80FA5A CMP DL,5A2490:010B 76F5 JBE 01022490:010D CD20 INT 20

-T(Trace). :

-t

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

66/130

66

AX=023F BX=0000 CX=000F DX=0040 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=010B NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:010B 76F5 JBE 0102

-t

AX=023F BX=0000 CX=000F DX=0040 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0102 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:0102 B402 MOV AH,02-t

AX=023F BX=0000 CX=000F DX=0040 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0104 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:0104 CD21 INT 21-p?AX=0240 BX=0000 CX=000F DX=0040 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0106 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY

2490:0106 FEC2 INC DL-p

AX=0240 BX=0000 CX=000F DX=0041 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0108 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:0108 80FA5A CMP DL,5A-t

AX=0240 BX=0000 CX=000F DX=003F SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0102 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:0102 B402 MOV AH,02-p

AX=0240 BX=0000 CX=000F DX=003F SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0104 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:0104 CD21 INT 21-p?AX=023F BX=0000 CX=000F DX=003F SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0106 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:0106 FEC2 INC DL-p

AX=023F BX=0000 CX=000F DX=0040 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=0108 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:0108 80FA5A CMP DL,5A

-T

AX=023F BX=0000 CX=000F DX=0040 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=010B NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:010B 76F5 JBE 0102

(CALLINT) -T -P (Proceed) CALLINT.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

67/130

67

, , . :

:

CMP DL,5A

SF ( ) : (DL) 5A.

2.10 .

. (break points). -G:

-G=

..

-g=100 10d?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAX=025A BX=0000 CX=000F DX=005B SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=2490 ES=2490 SS=2490 CS=2490 IP=010D NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY2490:010D CD20 INT 20

/ 100 010D /.

/010D

(DL) >5A

CFSF0, ZF=1.

2.11Debug.EXE

.COM .EXE. .EXE .

.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

68/130

68

MHNHMA.EXE , .

A>debug-n mhnhma.exe

-l-u24A0:0000 33C0 XOR AX,AX24A0:0002 1E PUSH DS24A0:0003 50 PUSH AX24A0:0004 BAA324 MOV DX,24A324A0:0007 90 NOP24A0:0008 8EDA MOV DS,DX24A0:000A BB0000 MOV BX,000024A0:000D E80100 CALL 001124A0:0010 CB RETF

24A0:0011 8A17 MOV DL,[BX]24A0:0013 43 INC BX24A0:0014 80FA00 CMP DL,0024A0:0017 7405 JZ 001E24A0:0019 E80300 CALL 001F24A0:001C EBF3 JMP 001124A0:001E C3 RET24A0:001F B402 MOV AH.0224A0:0021 CD21 INT 2124A0:0023 RET

0000. :

MOV DX,24A3MOV DS,DXMOV BX,0000

/24A3:0000, :

-d 24a3:000024A3:0000 54 45 4C 4F 53 20 50 52-4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 41 54 TELOS PROGRAMMAT24A3:0010 4F 53 0A 0D 00 0A 0D 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 OS.24A3:0020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .24A3:0030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .24A3:0040 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .24A3:0050 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .24A3:0060 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .24A3:0070 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .

.COM ..... :

-gTELOS PROGRAMMATOS

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

69/130

69

Program terminated normally-

CALLRET . .-T/:AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=0150 DX=24A3 SP=00FC BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=24A3 ES=2490 SS=24A5 CS=24A0 IP=000D NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY 24A0:000D E80100 CALL 0011-t

AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=0150 DX=24A3 SP=00FA BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=24A3 ES=2490 SS=24A5 CS=24A0 IP=0011 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY24A0:0011 8A17 MOV DL,[BX] DS:0000=54

SPCALL. RET, SP...

AX=0254 BX=0001 CX=0150 DX=2454 SP=00F8 BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000DS=24CB ES=24B8 SS=24CD CS=24C8 IP=0023 NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY24C8 :0023 C3 RET-t

AX=0254 BX=0001 CX=0150 DX=2454 SP=00FA BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000

DS=24CB ES=24B8 SS=24CD CS=24C8 IP=001C NV UP EI NG NZ AC PO CY24C8 :001C EBF3 JMP 0011

3 DEBUG.setDEBUG: A [address] Assemble

C range address Compare

D [range] Dump

E address [list] Enter

F range list Fill

G [=address [address]..] Go

H value value Hex

I value Input

L [address [drive:record record] Load

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

70/130

70

M range address Move

N filename [filename] Name

O value byte Output

Q Quit

R [register-name] Register

S range list Search

T [=address] [value] Trace

U [range] Unassemble

W [address [drive:record record ]] Write

Debug . :

drive:Drive 0=A, 1=B, 2=C.

byte:.

record:record sector.value:.

address:/8086 /offset 8086. offset / segment CS DS .

range://L value.

Debug

-A (Assemble)

-C (Compare) / address . .

-D (Dump)

-E (Enter)

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

71/130

71

bytes . byte byte spacebar.

-F (Fill).

.

-G (Go), , ,

-H (Hex)

-I (Input)byte

-L (Load)

-M (Move)/address.

-N (Name). Load Write

-O (Output)

byte

-P (Proceed)Call,Int.

-Q (Quit)Debug

-R (Register)

-S (Search)

-T (Trace)/.

-U (Unassemble).

-W (Write)BX:CX .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

72/130

72

7

1

1.1.. :

-

- . 8086 . 6.1 . / :

1. 2. 3.

8086ROMRAM . 220, /00000h FFFFFh. // / ( I/O) . / I/O (ports) 216 = 65.356 (,, , , ..)

6809 68000

Motorola, /. //:

- / /. /.

- / / / / . /.

, / /, (control

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

73/130

73

bus) /.

1.2/ (= ports)., ./.

/ / , //(Address bus) , A0 A15, ///. 16 /216= 64K //.

.

8086. / . :

1. (Data ports).2. (Control ports).3. (Status ports).

8259, 8253, 8255 .. , /.

2 2.1 8086 . /

INOUT.

2.2IN.:

IN ,

AL AX byte

. :

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

74/130

74

/. /byte(256) IN. .

INal,60h ; byte

/. / 255 , DX , / , IN ..

mov dx,3f4h ; byte in al,dx ; FCD 8272A

2.3OUT.:

OUT ,

, IN. :

mov dx,3d4hmov al,0fhout dx,al ; 15 /3b4h.

2.48086

8086 16bits. 51. :

byte ( IN OUT AL) / byte (D0 - D7) byte (D8 D15).

(IN OUT AX), , /.

3 3.1 . ( ) .,

.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

75/130

75

, . ( OUTKIN) byte 0 bit . 7 bits

. ,

bits.

bits byte AND OR . bits AND 1 bitsOR .

:

in al,OUTKIN ; or al,00000001b ; 1 0 bitout OUTKIN,al ;

:

in al,OUTKIN ; and al,11111110b ; 0 0 bitout OUTKIN,al ;

3.2

V

t

V

t

, . :

in al,OUTKIN ; or al,00000001b ; 1 0 bit

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

76/130

76

out OUTKIN,al ; ;.; ; .

in al,OUTKIN ; and al,11111110b ; 0 0 bitout OUTKIN,al ; ;.; ; .; ;

. ,

. ( LOOP CMP ) . . .

3.3 .

. .

3.4. 8255 Intel. dip , , 8253.

8255 byte AC/60H-62H. , (/61H) .

bit0 1 . bit0 2 . bit 1 . . .

1. 61h xxxxxx10b

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

77/130

77

2. 3. 61h xxxxxx00b4. 5. 1 4

XXXXXXbits 61h , .

(1, 0) . ( 2 4). , LOOP CX (.3 .4.4). .com :

16:

code_seg segmentassume cs:code_seg

org 100hhxos proc near

port_b equ 61h ; oliko_loop equ 50000 ; ariumos_epanalalhcevn equ 1000;

in al, port_b ; and al,11111110b ; mov cx,oliko_loop; CX

again:push cx ;

; or al,00000010b ; 1 1 bitout port_b,al ; mov cx,ariumos_epanalalhcevn;

kauysterhsh_1:loop kauysterhsh_1; and al,11111100b ; 0 1 bit

out port_b,al ; mov cx,ariumos_epanalalhcevn;

kauysterhsh_2:loop kauysterhsh_2;

pop cx ; ;

loop againint 20h ; DOS .COM

hxos endpcode_seg ends

end hxos

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

78/130

78

3.58253 8253 8086. 8253 40h42h. ,

bytes byte . 16 bits. . . . .

0 . 18.2 .

, / 0046CH. bytes byte . .

1 . DMA(Direct Memory

Access) DMA RAM.

2 . . . .0 1 bit 61H8255 ON (1).

8253 30 2 .

8253 43H.

byte 8253 , . bits :

bit 0 0 , 1 BCD3-1 (0-5)5-4

00 01 /byte10 /byte11 /byte

byte

7-6 00 01 10

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

79/130

79

8253

1. byte 43h, bits , , ,

2. 1 bit 0 bit1 61h.

3. 64k 42h,byte byte. 1.19 .

:

17:

code_seg segmentassume cs:code_seg,ds:code_seg

org 100hhxos proc near

port_b equ 61h ; command_rec equ 43h; channel_2 equ 42h; 2

in al, port_b;or al,00000011b ; 1 out port_b,al ; bits 61h 8255mov al,10110110b; bits

; 10 2 - 2 byte - 3 - out command_rec,al; mov ax,2000 ; out channel_2,al; bytexchg al,ah ; byteout channel_2,al ; mov ah,8 ; int 21h ; (8 DOS)

in al,port_b ; 2 bits and al,11111100b ; 61h out port_b,al ; bit

; int 20h ; DOS

hxos endpcode_seg ends

end hxos

:

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

80/130

80

1. / bit.

2. .

8

1

1.1.

. (interrupts). , (.. ) . :

1. .2. 3.

CPU.

4. / , , , / ( CS IP) (Interrupt Service Routine ISR).

5. IP , CS

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

81/130

81

(SR). .

. (status register) . / .

, (Interrupt Handler), , , .

. IRET(Interrupt RETurn) CS ,IPSR.

1.2.8086 256 . 0 255.

/(Interrupt Vector) . . 4 bytes (dword), / ( ).

1024 bytes (/0000:0000h /0000:03FFh), 256 (dword =4 bytes), (Interrupt Vector Table). 10 11 /:

10 * 4 = 40D = 0000:0028h.

/lowhigh , () byte (.1 5).

-D debug :

A>debug-d0000:0000

0000:0000 FB 91 19 00 F4 04 70 00-16 00 88 0D F4 06 70 00 pp.0000:0010 F4 06 70 00 54 FF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 p.To..o..0000:0020 EC 03 39 0F 3B 06 39 0F-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 ..9..9.oo..

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

82/130

82

0000:0030 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-B7 00 88 0D F4 06 70 00 o..op.0000:0040 65 F0 00 F0 4D F8 00 F0-41 F8 00 F0 74 07 70 00 e..M..At.p.0000:0050 39 E7 00 F0 4A 08 70 00-2E E8 00 F0 D2 EF 00 F0 9..J.p......0000:0060 C8 E3 00 F0 FB 07 70 00-6E FE 00 F0 EE 06 70 00 .p.n...p.0000:0070 53 FF 00 F0 A4 F0 00 F0-22 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 2.*..-d

0000:0080 BF 40 19 00 EB 40 19 00-4F 03 DF 1E 8A 03 DF 1E .@...@..O....0000:0090 17 03 DF 1E D8 42 19 00-5F 43 19 00 64 A1 19 00 BCd..0000:00A0 29 04 39 0F 62 07 70 00-C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00 ).9.b.p..@..@..0000:00B0 C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00-40 01 FD 0D A0 01 FE 0D .@@..@.0000:00C0 EA C6 40 19 00 EF 00 F0-C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00 .@.@..@..0000:00D0 C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00-C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00 .@..@..@..@..0000:00E0 C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00-C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00 .@..@..@..@..0000:00F0 C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00-C5 40 19 00 C5 40 19 00 .@..@..@..@..-d0000:0100 59 EC 00 F0 41 E4 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 Y..A..o..o..0000:0110 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-01 E4 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o.o..0000:0120 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..0000:0130 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..

0000:0140 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..0000:0150 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..0000:0160 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..0000:0170 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..-d0000:0180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0190 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:01A0 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..0000:01B0 6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 o..o..o..o..0000:01C0 52 00 88 0D F3 EC 00 F0-6F EF 00 F0 6F EF 00 F0 R..o..o..0000:01D0 6F EF 00 F0 70 F0 00 F0-17 01 88 0D 6F EF 00 F0 o..p.o..0000:01E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:01F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............

-d0000:0200 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0210 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0220 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0230 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0240 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0250 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0260 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0270 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............-d0000:0280 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0290 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:02A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............

0000:02B0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:02C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:02D0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:02E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:02F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............-d0000:0300 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0310 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0320 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0330 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0340 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0350 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0360 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0370 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............-d

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

83/130

83

0000:0380 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:0390 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:03A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............0000:03B0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 DC 03 ............0000:03C0 40 00 E0 03 40 00 42 42-00 CC F4 C9 00 F0 6D EF @..@.BB...m.0000:03D0 00 F0 86 00 30 80 39 ED-00 07 E2 03 E2 03 00 F0 ....0.9......

0000:03E0 3A A4 27 00 01 00 00 7C-01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..`.|.0000:03F0 00 00 03 00 01 00 00 7C-95 8D 12 8D 00 F0 46 02 .|.F.

/ 0 1900:91FB 1 7000:06F4 . . .

/:

1. . (.8)1. .2. (IF=0)3. (TF=0)4. CS, IP 5. IP /* 4

CS / * 4 + 26.

/CS:IP.

2

2.1

, /.

.

2.2 .

(, ,COM1, ..) 8259 /INTR. IF. IF1 . IF0 .

CLI0 IF. IF CLI STI , /. (maskable). INTA (INTerrupt Acknowledge=

), .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

84/130

84

STI1 IF.

/:

1. . (.8)1. .2. (IF=0)3. (TF=0)4. CS, IP5. IP/* 4

CS / * 4 + 26.

/CS:IP.

:5 8 9 0B COM20C COM10D 0F

2.3

NMI ,, .. /2.

2.4 .

. .

2.5

INT n, n . 21H DOS. . BIOS. :

INT N

, , 3 :

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

85/130

85

CLI; PUSHF; CALL DWORD PTR 4 * N; /;/4 * N

2.5 divide by zero0.

DIVIDIV.

2.6 single step1.

TF1, .( Tracedebug)

2.7 breakpoint3.

. ( Go Debug). ,Byte0CCH 8086 INT 3. 3

2.8 overflow4.

INTO OF(Overflow flag)1. .

8086.

8086-----------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------00H 01H 02H 03H 04H (overflow)05H BIOS 08H , 09H 0BH COM20CH COM1

0DH XT / AT LPT20EH

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

86/130

86

0FH LPT1 10H BIOS11H 12H BIOS13H BIOS

14H BIOS15H BIOS16H BIOS17H BIOS18H ROM-BASIC19H 1AH BIOS1BH CNTRL-BREAK 1CH 08H ()1DH /1EH /

1FH /20H DOS21H DOS22H /23H CNTR-BREAK DOS24H DOS25H DOS26H DOS27H DOS

28H DOS (idle)29H DOS 2AH MS- 2EH (Shell) DOS2FH DOS

(spooler DOS , print)33H 40H , 41H 42H EGA BIOS43H EGA

44H EGA4AH 70H 5CH NetBIOS67H EMS70H AT75H

3 .

3.1

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

87/130

87

. BIOS .

. INT nn .

, . . TSR(Terminate Stay Resident) . (calculator), ...

(9) (8). 18. 2 BIOS__/46C.

TSR:

- .

- .

3.2

:

1. , () 1 dword (4 bytes). , .

Call dword

35H DOS /, () AL , ES:BX. /.

AL

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

88/130

88

. .

2. , .

. , (. ). , .

3. 25HDOS. AL, DS:DX/.

AL

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

89/130

89

ISR , DOS, DOS (Re-entrant).

DOS, DOS.

.

5. .

. . . 4000 bytes .

VGA/ 0B800:0000H, . byte . , ... 24 79 . :

= (* 80 + ) * 2

0 (0) (0) .

MNHMH

5

(; Print screen) Print Screen; MAIN__INTER

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

90/130

90

; . BIOS (ROM) ; (segment) 0F000h

; :

; ) (MAIN PROCEDURE)

; ) 5H;; ; 5; (attributes); (VIDEO MEMORY) ; 0B8000 H (); 18:

TITLE INTPRINTSCR ; PAGE 65,80 ;

CODE__SEG SEGMENT PUBLICassume cs:CODE__SEG, SS:SOROS,ds:data__segMAIN PROC FAR; 5 BIOS

XOR AX,AX ; AXMOV ES,AX ; ES

MOV AX,WORD PTR ES:[22] ; AX; (SEGMENT) ; 5 (5 * 4 + 2 = 22)

CMP AX,0F000H ; ; ; RAM ( ; /

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

91/130

91

MOV DX,OFFSET CODE__SEG:MAIN__INTER;DX; MOV AL,5 ; AL No MOV AH,25H ; 25HINT 21H ; DOS

; 3 DOS ; ; 5h. 31H DOS

MOV DX,100H ; ; (1 16 BYTES)MOV AH,31H ; DOS INT 21H ;

EXV: PUSH DS ; DOSXOR AX,AX ; INT 20HPUSH AX ; PSP (

RETF ; )MAIN ENDP

; 5HMAIN__INTER PROC FARpush AX; PUSH BX; PUSH CXPUSH DXPUSH DS

PUSH ESCLI; MOV AX,DATA__SEGMOV DS,AX; DSMOV AX,SS

; MOV OLD__SS,AXMOV OLD__SP,SP

MOV AX,new__stack

; ;

MOV SS,AX; DS

mov SP,100hPUSHF; CALL DWORD PTR OLF__VECTOR__5;

; 5STI ;

CALL REVERSE_SCR; ;

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

92/130

92

;

MOV SP,OLD__SPMOV AX,OLD__SSMOV SS,AX

POP ES; POP DS; POP DX; POP CXPOP BXPOP AXIRET ; ; ; ;

; ()

MAIN__INTER ENDP

REVERSE__SCR PROC NEARSTI;

; ; ; ; MOV BX,0B000H

; ; VGA ;

MOV BX,OB8OOHMOV ES,BXMOV BX,0; BX MOV CX,2000 ; ;80 25 = 2000

AGAIN:INC BX; 1

; MOV AL,BYTE PTR ES:[BX] ; CMP AL,127 ; JA A ; AOR AL,10000000B ; JMP B

A: AND AL,01111111B ; B: MOV BYTE PTR ES:[BX],AL ;

; INC BX; ()LOOP AGAIN ;

; AGAIN 2000 RET ;

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

93/130

93

REVERSE__SCR ENDP

CODE__SEG ENDS

DATA__SEG SEGMENTOLD__VECTOR__5 DD 0OLD__SS DW 0OLD__SP DW 0; NEW__STACK DB 100H DUP (0)

DATA__SEG ENDS

NEW__STACK segmentDb 100 dup (0)

New__stack ends

SOROS SEGMENT PARA STACKDB 256 DUP (0)

SOROS ENDSEND MAIN

9

ASSEMBLER

1MACRO

macro:

, . Assembler , . macro.

macro

. macro (), MACRO.ENDMmacro. macro. macro macro . : macro pusha (pushall) ,

popa (popall) clrscr, :

PUSHALL MACROPUSH AX

PUSH BXPUSH CXPUSH DX

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

94/130

94

PUSH BPPUSH SIPUSH DIENDM

POPALL MACROPOP DIPOP SIPOP BPPOP DXPOP CXPOP BXPOP AXENDM

CLRSCR MACRO

PUSHALLmov cx,0; mov dx,2479h; mov bh,7; normalmov ah,06; BIOSmov al,00; int 10h; BIOSPOPALLENDM

macro . macroMACRO. MACRO. macro . macro, , . macro .

MACRO:

GOTOXY MACRO X,Ymov ah,0fh

int 10h; bx mov dl,Y; mov dh,X; mov ah,02; BIOSint 10h ; BIOS

ENDM

MACRO 9 DOS

PRINT_DOS__STRING MACRO STRINGlea dx,string; /dx

mov ah,09; DOS int 21h ; DOS

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

95/130

95

ENDM

macro , : LOCAL

INPUT_DIGIT MACRO; macro LOCAL UP,TELOS ,MHDEN ; UP : ;

MOV AH,08; ENTER 0INT 21HCMP AL,13JE MHDENCMP AL,0JB UP; CMP AL,9JA UP;

MOV DL,AL ; MOV AH,02 ; INT 21HJMP TELOS

MHDEN:XOR AL,AL; al

TELOS:ENDM

,

macro . , call ,macro, macro. call , macro .

2 INCLUDE

assembly . macro equ . INCLUDEmacro equ assembly . INCLUDEassembly . assembler include , , . macro LIB.MAC

:

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

96/130

96

19:

INCLUDE LIB.MAC; macro

;

SOROS SEGMENT PARA STACKDB 256 DUP (0)

SOROS ENDS

code_seg segmentassume cs:code_seg,DS:DATA_SEGMAIN proc farpush ds; DOS, xor ax,ax; (SEGMENT) PSP

push ax; PSP

mov ax,data_segmov ds,axCLRSCR; macro GOTOXY 5,10; macro 5,10PRINT_DOS_STRING MHNHMA; macro

again:INPUT_DIGITcmp al,0

jne again

ret; DOS INT 20h PSPMAIN endpcode_seg ENDS

DATA_SEG SEGMENT PUBLICMHNHMA DB "EISAGOGI AKERAIOY ARITMOY $"

DATA_SEG ENDSEND MAIN

, NUM

INCLUDE, include include , .

includemacro, equ, , segment ...assemblyinclude.

3.

3.1

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

97/130

97

assembler linker .

. . (Linker). , . .

. (modulus),

. EXTRN PUBLIC. . num1 num2. MODULE1.ASMMODULE2.ASM.

20:

module1.asmCode_seg segment public

assume cs:code_seg,ds:data_seg

extrn emfan_decimal:near,new_line :near,num2 :word ; /;

public nea_grammh ; ;

kyrioproc proc farxor ax,ax; ax

push ds ; /PSPpush ax ; , DOS.mov dx,data_segmov ds,dx ; DSmov dx,num1 ; dx call emfan_decimal; emfan__decimalcall new_line; mov dx,num2 ; call emfan_decimal; emfan_decimal

ret ; DOS

kyrioproc endp

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

98/130

98

code_seg ends

; data_seg segment public

num1 dw 12345nea_grammh db 10,13,'$'data_seg ends

soros segment para stackdb 256 dup (0)

soros ends

end kyrioproc

module2.asm

code_seg segment public

assume cs:code_seg,ds:data_seg

public emfan_decimal,new_line,num2 ; /; object; modules

extrn nea_grammh:byte; emfan_decimal proc near

mov ax,dx ; axmov si,10 ; sixor cx,cx ;

non_zero:xor dx,dx ; div si ; div dx:ax

push dx ; dx inc cx ; 1 or ax,ax ; 0

jne non_zero ; 10 next_digit: ;

pop dx ; add dl,'0' ; mov ah,2 ; ASCII int 21hloop next_digit ; ret

emfan_decimal endp

new_line proc nearmov dx, offset ds:nea_grammh; dx /mov ah,09; DOS

int 21h;ret

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

99/130

99

new_line endpcode_seg ends

; data_seg segment public

num2 dw 6789data_seg ends

end ;; data__seg segment public

num2 dw 6789data__seg ends

end ;

.

C>tasm module1

C>tasm module2

A>

tlink module1 module2

.

3.2 PUBLIC (Segments).

code__seg data__seg. SEGMENT

code__seg data__seg PUBLIC. . code__seg, ,

PUBLIC. code__seg module1module2 , . data__seg .

(STACK) , PUBLIC.

3.3 PUBLICEXTRN

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

100/130

100

/ . linker.

PUBLIC, /

PUBLIC.

Public emfan__decimal,new__line,num2

module2.asm, emfan__decimal,new__line num2 module1. PUBLIC PUBLIC.

EXTRN,

PUBLIC. EXTRN (label) : . ,:

FARNEAR

BYTEbyteWORDbyte

DWORDbyte

Extrn emfan_decimal;near,new_line:near,num2:wordmodule1 :

1. emfan_decimal,new_line ( module2.asm).

2. num2 2 byte, 0 64k.

emfan_decimal,new_line,num2publicmodule2.asm.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

101/130

101

10

ROM-BIOS & DOS

1 ROM-BIOS

1.1 .

ROM-BIOS Read Only Memory BasicInput Output System ( ). . (, ..)

.

BIOS . 7 . BIOS . , (IN OUT). . BIOS

.

BIOS , BIOS RAM / 0400H 0500h. BIOS .

BIOS , . BIOS . BIOS // .. BIOS . BIOSDOS. INT n , n BIOS, . BIOS. BIOS .

BIOS /0F0000h 0FFFFFh.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

102/130

102

2.2 .

Int 10H

AH=0hAL=

Int 10H

=1hCH=(0-4)CL=(0-4)

Int 10H

AH=2hBH=DH=DL=

Int 10H

AH=3hBH=

CH=(0-4)CL=(0-4)DH=DL=

Int 10H

AH=6hBH=

AL=,

0 CH=CL=DH=

DL=

Int 10H

AH=7hBH=

AL=,0

CH=CL=DH=

DL=

Int 10H

AH=8h

BH=

AH=

AL=Ascii

Int 10H

AH=9hBH=AL=Ascii BL= CX=

Int 10H

AH=0AhBH= AL=Ascii BL=CX=

Int 10H AH=0Ch

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

103/130

103

BH=AL=CX=DX=

Int 10H

AH=0DhBH=DX=CX=

AL=

Int 10H

AH=0EhBH= AL=Ascii BL=

Int 10H

AH=0Fh AH=AL=BH=

Int 10H

AH=013hAL=00 BL

01 BL

02

03

BH=BL=CX=bytesDH=DL=ES=/BP=/

2.3 .

Int 13H

AH=00hDL= 00h-7Fh 80H-0FF

CF=0 AH=0AH=

Int 13H

AH=01hDL=00h-7Fh

80H-0FF

AH=00 01 ..

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

104/130

104

Int 13H

AH=02hAL=(0-9)CH=*CL=DH=

DL=ES:BX=/

CF=0AH=0 AL= CF=1 AH=

Int 13H

AH=03hAL=(0-9)CH=*

CL=DH=DL=ES:BX=/

CF=0AH=0 AL= CF=1

AH=

10 . 8 CH. 78CL. 6 CL .

2.4

Int 16H

AH=0h AH=AL=Ascii

Int 16H

AH=01h ZF=0 AH=

AL=Ascii ZF=1

Int 16H

AH=02h AL=Bit 0 SHIFT Bit 1 SHIFT Bit 2 CTRLBit 3 ALT

Bit 4 SCROLLLOCK

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

105/130

105

Bit 5NUM LOCKBit 6 CAP LOCKBit 7INS

Int 16H

AH=05hCH=CL=Ascii

CF=0 AL=0 CF=1 AL=1

2.6

Int 17H

AH=00hAL=Ascii DX=00H LPT1

01H LPT202H LPT3

AH=

2.8 .

Int 11H

AX=Bit 0 1 Bit 1 1 Bits 2-3 RAM

00 16kb01 32kb10 48kb11 64kb4

Bits 4-5 01 40X25 02 80X25 03 8025

Bits 6-7

00 01 10 11

Bit 8 Bit2 9-11 Bit 12 1 Bit 13 1 modemBits 14-15

2. DOS

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

106/130

106

2.1

DOS (COMMAND.COM) (Utilities) .

DOS INT 21H. DOS , IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS.DOS , .SYS , CONFIG.SYS DEVICE=. :

- 1024 bytes /256 .

- 256 bytes BIOS- 512 bytes

DOS- DOS

DOS .- CONFIG.SYS- 640KB .

COMMAND.COM.,COMMAND.COM

- 384kb 640kb 960kb /.

- 64kb 960kb 1Mb ROM-BIOS.

DOS BIOS. DOS. . :

) (,

, , ).) ().) .)

FCB .) DOS) .) ,

...

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

107/130

107

DOS. DOS .

2.2 DOS

INT 20H

CS=/(PSP)

.COM

INT 21H

=00CS=/(PSP)

.COM

INT 21H

AH=01H AL=Ascii

INT 21H

AH=02HDL=Ascii

INT 21H

AH=03H AL=Ascii

INT 21H

AH=04HDL=Ascii

INT 21H

AH=05HDL=Ascii

INT 21H

AH=06HDL= AsciiDL=0FFh

ZF=0AL=Ascii

INT 21H

AH=07H AL=Ascii

CNTR-BREAK

INT 21H AH=08H AL=Ascii

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

108/130

108

CNTR-BREAK

INT 21H

AH=09HDS:DX=/

$

INT 21H

AH=OAH 0 byte bytes.1 byte bytes 2 /

bytes

ENTER. OCR

INT 21H

AH=0BH AL=0FFh AL=00h

INT 21H

AH=0CHAL=DOS(01h, 06h, 07h, 08h)

AL=Ascii

INT 21H

AH=0DH

INT 21H

AH=25HAL=DS:DX= /

INT 21H

AH=2AH CX=(1980-2099)

DH=(1-12)DL=(1-31)AL=(0-60=)

INT 21H

AH=2BHCX=DH=DL=

AL=00 0FFh

INT 21H

AH=2CH CL=(0-59)CH=(0-24)

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

109/130

109

DH=(0-59)DL= (0-99)

INT 21H

AH=2DHCL=CH=DH=DL=

AL=00 0FFh

INT 21H DOS

AH=30H AL=AH=

.3.10 0 AL=3 AH=10

INT 21H

AH=31HAL=DX=(1= 16 Bytes)

INT 21H

AH=35HAL=

ES:BX=/

INT 21H

AH=39HDS:DX=/

DOS

CF=0 CF=1 AX=03

AX=05

INT 21H

AH=3AHDS:DX= /DOS

CF=0 CF=1 AX=03 AX=05 AX=10

INT 21H

AH=3BHDS:DX= /DOS

CF=0 CF=1 AX=03

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

110/130

110

INT 21H

AH=3CHDS:DX= /DOS

CX=

00H

01H

02H 04H

08H 20H

CF=0 CF=1 AX=03 AX=05 AX=04

INT 21H

AH=3DHDS:DX= /DOS

AL= Bits 0-2000 001 010

CF=0 AX=CF=1 AX=03H AX=05H AX=04H

AX=01H AX=02H AX=0CH

INT 21H

AH=3EHBX=

CF=0 CF=1 AX=06H

INT 21H

AH=3FHBX=CX=bytesDS:DX=/

CF=0 AX=CF=1 AX=05 AX=06H

INT21H

AH=40HBX=CX=bytesDS:DX=/

CF=0 AX=CF=1 AX=05 AX=06H

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

111/130

111

INT 21H

AH=41HDS:DX= /DOS

CF=0 CF=1 AX=03 AX=05 AX=02

INT 21H

AH=42HBX=AL=00H 01H 10H CX:DX

CF=0 DX:AX=CF=1 AX=01H AX=06H

INT 21H

AH=48H

BX=

CF=0

AX=/CF=1 AX=07H AX=08H BX=

INT 21H 48H

AH=49HES=/

CF=0 CF=1 AX=07H AX=08H

INT 21H

AH=4CHAL=

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

112/130

112

8086

8086, .

AAA Adjust result of Ascii Addition

AAA

AAA ASCII AL AX unpacked BCD .:

1. LS nibble al 0 9 32. LS nibble al 0Af 0Fh AF (Auxiliary Flag) = 1,

6 AL, 1 AH, 1 AF3. MS nibble AL

.AX=0535h, BL=39 :

ADD AL,BLAAA

AX=0604h

AAD Ascii Adjust for Division

AAD

AAD AH AL unpacked BCD , AL. :

1. AH 0AH2. AH AL3. AH

AAM Ascii Adjust of Multiplication

AAM

AAM AL, unpacked BCD . :

AL 0Ah AL AH

AAS Ascii Adjust of Subtraction

AAS

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

113/130

113

AAS AL Ascii . :

1. LS nibble al 0 9 AF=1, 32. LS nibble al A F AF (Auxiliary Flag)=1, 6

AL, 1 AH, 1 AF3. MS nibble AL4. CF = AF

ADC ADd with Carry

ADC ,

1 2 Carry Flag

ADD ADDition

ADD ,

1, 2

AND AND logical

AND ,

2 1

CALL CALL procedure

CALL

5

CBW Convert Byte to Word

CBW

AL word :AL >= 80H AH=0FFHAL < 80H AH=00

CLC Clear Carry Flag

CLC

Carry Flag

CLD Clear Direction Flag

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

114/130

114

CLD

Direction Flag

CLI Clear Interrupt Flag

CLI

Interrupt Flag

CMC CoMplement Carry flag

CMC

Carry Flag 0 1 1 0

CMP CoMPare

CMP ,

1 2

CMPS

CMPSB CMPSW

.

3

CWD Convert Word to Dword

CWD

AX DX:AX.byte AX 0 , DX = 0.byte AX 1 , DX=0FFh.

DAA Decimal Adjust accumulator after Addition

DAA

. DAA AL , BCD . :

1. AF = 1 LS nibble AL 0Ah 0Fh 6 AL ON AF

2. CF = 1 MS nibble AL 0Ah 0Fh 60h AL ON CF

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

115/130

115

.AL = 68h BL = 28h, ADD AL,BLDAAAL = 96H 90H

DAS Decimal Adjust accumulator after Substraction

DAA

. DAS AL, BCD . :

1. AF = 1 LS nibble AL 0Ah 0Fh 6 AL ON AF

2. CF = 1 MS nibble AL 0Ah 0Fh 60h AL ON CF

.AL = 67h BL = 28h , SUB AL,BLDASAL = 39H 3FH

DEC DECrement

DEC

1

DIV DIVine

DIV

byte, AX , ALAH. word, DX:AX AL AH.

ESC ESCape

ESC

data bus /. , .

HLT HaLT

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

116/130

116

HLT

IDIV Interger DIVision

IDIV

DIV .

IMUL Interger MULtiply

IMUL

. MUL

IN INput

IN ,

INC INCrement

INC

1

INT INTerrupt

INT

INTO INTerrupt on Overflow

INTO

4 Overflow Flag 1.

IRET Interrupt RETurn

IRET

() .

JA/JNBE Jump if Above/Jump if Not Below or Equal

JAE/JNB Jump if Above or Equal/Jump if Not Below

JB/JNAE Jump if Below/Jump if not Above Equal

JBE/JNA Jump if Below or Equal/Jump if Not Above

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

117/130

117

JC Jump if Carry flag set

JCXZ Jump if CX register is Zero

JE/JZ Jump if Equal/Jump if Zero

JG/JNLE Jump if Greater/Jump if Not Less or Equal

JGE/JNL Jump if Greater or Equal/Jump if Not Less

JL/JNGE Jump if Less/Jump if Not Greater or EqualJLE/JNG Jump if Less/Jump if not Greater

JNC Jump if not Carry set

JNE/JNZ Jump if Not Equal/Jump if Not Zero

JNO Jump if Not Overflow

JPO/JNP Jump if Not Parity/Jump if Parity Odd

JNS/ Jump if Not Sign

JO Jump if Overflow

JP/JPE Jump if Parity Even

JS Jump if Sign

BYTE (-128 127) . .

JMP JuMP

JMP

.

LAHF Load int AH Flags register

LAHF

AH byte . bits :

LDS Load register and DS from memory

LDS ,

, bytes 16bits, bytes DS. (far pointer).

LEA Load Effective Address

LEA ,

/16bits, bytes

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

118/130

118

LES Load register and ES from memory

LES ,

, bytes 16bits

, bytes ES. (far pointer).

LOCK LOCK the bus

LOCK

LOCK

LODS LoaD String

LODS/LODSB/LODSW

/ DS:SI . 3.

LOOP LOOP if cx not zero

LOOP

cx 1 / cx 0.

/byte.

LOOPZ/LOOPE LOOP if cx not zero and Zf = 1 (WHILE Equal)

LOOPZ/LOOPE

cx 1 / cx 0 0 (ZF = 1). /byte.

LOOPNZ/LOOPNE LOOP if cx not zero and Zf = 0 (While not Equal)

LOOPNZ/LOOPNE

cx 1 / cx 0 0 (ZF = 0). /byte.

MOV MOVe

MOV ,

. .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

119/130

119

MUL MULtiply accumulator

MUL

. byte, AL AX. word, AX DX:AX.

NEG NEGate

NEG

. /. , .

NOP No Operation

NOP

/. .

NOT NOT

NOT

bit . /.

OR OR logical

OR ,

2 1.

OUT OUTput

OUT ,

POP POP from top of stack

POP

, SP . word.

POPF POP Flags register from top of stack

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

120/130

120

POPF

(Status Register).

PUSH PUSH onto top of s tack

PUSH

, SP. word.

PUSHF PUSH Flags register onto top of stack

PUSHF

, SP . RCL Rotate through Carry left

RCL Rotate through Carry left

RCL ,

bits . Carry flag 8 bit.

RCR Rotate through Carry right

RCR ,

bits .

REP REPeat

REP/REPE/REPNE/REPZ/REPNZ

. .

4.

RET RETurn

RET ( )

, RETN (RETurnNear) RETH (RETurn Far). 5. ret , , SP . RET Pascal PUSH (CALL) .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

121/130

121

ROL Rotate Left

ROL ,

bits .

Carry Flag, bit .

ROR Rotate Right

ROR ,

bits . Carry Flag,

bit .

SAHF Store register AH into Flags

SAHF

LAHF . AH byte SF.

SAL/SHL Shift Arithetic Right /Shift left

SAL/SHL ,

bits .

SAR Shift Arithetic Right

SAR ,

bits , bit .

SBB SuBtract with Borrow

SBB ,

1 2 Carry Flag.

SCAS SCAn String

SCAN/SCANS/SCANW

/ DS:SI . 3.

SHR Shift Right

SHR ,

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

122/130

122

bits bits 0.

STC SeT Carry flag

STC

CF = 1.

STD SeT Direction flag

STD

DF = 1.

STI SeT Interrupt flag

STI

IF = 1.

STOS STOre String

STOS/STOSB/STOSW

/ ES:DI. 3

SUB SUBtract

SUB ,

2 1

TEST TEST

TEST ,

AND 2 1, . .

WAIT WAIT

WAIT

/ , TEST.

TEST. .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

123/130

123

XCHG exchange

XCHG ,

1 2.

XLAT exchange via Look up At Table

XLAT

/ DS:[BX+AL] AL. AL.

XOR eXclusive OR

XOR ,

bitwise XOR 2 1.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

124/130

124

/ . ASSEMBLY 8086. debuger .

BIT (BInary digiT).

BIT 8 BIT BYTE. 4 bit nibble, byte nibble. , byte. byte.

(byte) .

. . (BCD ..)

.

.

. 0 ( LSBIT, Less Significant BIT), 1, 2 .. ( MSBIT, More Significant BIT) 2 n-1 n bit . byte n = 8. byte:

b7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0

:

b7 27 b626 b5 25 b4 24 b3 23b2 22b1 21b020

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

125/130

125

:

1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0:

1 128 + 0 64 + 1 32 + 0 16 + 0 8 + 1 4 + 12 + 0 =166 .

2 0. .. 135:

135 : 2 = 67 1 > 1 (bit)67 : 2 = 33 1 > 133 : 2 = 16 1 > 116 : 2 = 8 0 > 0

8 : 2 = 4 0 > 04 : 2 = 2 0 > 02 : 2 = 1 0 > 01 : 2 = 0 1 > 1 (bit)

:

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

bit 00000000 11111111 0 28

- 1 ( 0 255). CF...

(128)10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0+(129)10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

(257)10 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

(1) CF.

, . 0 1 . 2. (0 1 1 0 ) . .. BYTE

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (5)10 5 :

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

126/130

126

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0

+ 1

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 (-5)10

bit 10000000 01111111 -27-1 27- 1 (-128 +127).

F...

( 64)10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0+( 65)10 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

(129)10

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 bit 7bit.

A

( -1)10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+( -2)10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

(-3)10 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 6bit 7bit

.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information) . 26 26 10 20 . 7 27 = 128. bit 0. bit 1 128 ( 128 255) ( ...) . extended ASCII.

32 ASCII . ASCII .

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

127/130

127

ASCII

HEX MSD 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

LSD BITS 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

0 0000 NUL DLE SPACE 0 @ P ` p

1 0001 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q

2 0010 STX DC2 2 B R b r

3 0011 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s

4 0100 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t

5 0101 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e U

6 0110 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v

7 0111 BEL ETB 7 G W g w

8 1000 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x9 1001 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y

A 1010 LF SUB * : J Z j z

B 1011 VT ESC * ; K [ k {

C 1100 FF FS , < L \ l |

D 1101 CR GS - = M ] m }

E 1110 SO RS . > N ^ n ~

F 1111 SI US / ? O _ o DEL

ASCII

NUL - DLE

SOH DC1

STX DC2

ETX DC3

EOT DC4

ENQ NAK

ACK SYN -

BEL - ETB

BS - CAN -

HT EM

LF SUB -

VT ESC

FF FS -

CR GS

SO RS

SI US

SPACE DEL

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

128/130

128

ASSEMBLY 8086. ,

, . . ASCII.

D ( Decimal ) . .. 14 13 byte .

DB 14,13D

B (Binary). 0 1. .. :

DB 01010101B, 11111111b

byte .

H (Hex). , . :

0 0000 01 0001 12 0010 23 0011 3

4 0100 45 0101 56 0110 67 0111 78 1000 89 1001 9A 1010 10B 1011 11C 1100 12D 1101 13

E 1110 14F 1111 15

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

129/130

129

. .. 1 4 A F 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 .

. 0, . .. CH(High) CX 0CX12 . :

DB 0ACH,12H

byte .

.

5/24/2018 Assembly [ ]

130/130

ASSEMBLER 8086 DOS 1989

Kris jamsa Programming the complete Reference 1991

8088 8086 IBM PC/TX &

1987

Microsoft Microsoft. MS-DOS Operating System ForPersonal Computers Compatible with IBM.

1990

Leo J. Scanlon 8086/88 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEPROGRAMMING

1984

James W. Cofron PROGRAMMING THE 8086/88 1987

Peter Norton ASSEMBLY Language Book 1986

Peter Norton Inside the IBM PC, Revised and Enlarged 1986

Rodert Jourdain Programmers Problem Solver for IBM PC XT &AT 1987

Russel Rector - GeorgeAlexy - -

THE 8086 BOOK 1980

Borland International Turbo Assembler Users Guide 1988

Borland International Turbo Assembler Reference Guide 1988