Appendix 13: ORTHOGRAPY - California State University ...ghagopian/Documents/Appendix13... ·...

Appendix 13 Orthographic Glossary

Appendix 13: ORTHOGRAPY The material in this glossary is organized in enumerated entries of problematic letter pairs, as /n/ and /o/, or /μ/ and /÷/. Entries divide into numerical subentries: CO rules (classical orthography), followed by the RO rules (reformed orthography), if the latter differ. The common rules are unmarked, RO rules are marked as: RO. Examples are selected from words shared by EA and WA, root words (some with samples of derivation). Exceptions are marked with bold letters. Entries end with table of words with problematic spelling when the rules are too general and exceptions abound, as it is for consonants (see Appendix 4). CO and RO differences mainly concern the spelling of vowels and diphthongs. The orthography of consonants, save /ÚÛ/ and /ÐÑ/ is quite uniform in EA and WA, regardless of pronunciation differences.

Letters are presented in slash marks /o/, and, sounds in bracket [o]; thus, /n/ stands for the letter called Vo, and represents the vowel [o] and the sound combination [vo]. Differences in WA and EA pronunciation are marked with corresponding abbreviations. There is no specification, if the rule concerns both versions. EA and WA sound differences are disregarded unless they concern the sound(s) in question, for example, /n/ in initial positions sounds [vo] in both versions, e.g., áëÏÇ. In this case the difference in the pronunciation of the letter /Ï/ remains unrepresented; a transcription of áëÏÇ into EA [voski] and WA [vosgi] is deemed irrelevant in the entry of the letters /n/ and /o/.

1. THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF VOWELS

1.1 à and ú 1. The letter /á/ is more frequent than /û/.1 2. /á/ sounds [vo] in initial positions: áëÏÇ, áã, and [o] in the remaining cases: ÉáÏ, Ñá·Ç. In many dialects,

and in colloquial speech, /n/ maintains the Grabar pronunciation [o], i.e.: [ûëÏÇ]. 3. û always sounds [o]: û·áõï, ûñ¿Ýù, ûÓ, ûñûñ, ³ÝûÃÇ, Ï³ñûï, å³ßïûÝ, etc. RO: /o/ is used only in

initial positions, i.e., û·áõï, ûñ¿Ýù, ûÓ, ûñnñ. 4. Words beginning with an /û/ maintain the spelling in derivation, as: ûñ - ³Ûëûñ, ûñ¿Ýù - ³åûñÇÝÇ,

Ñ³Ûñûñ¿Ý. RO: the suffix -ûñ¿Ý follows the general rules: Ñ³Ûñáñ»Ý, Ù»ÕÙáñ»Ý, etc. 5. Medial /o/ occurs between two consonants in mono- and disyllable words. The number of these words is

quite limited, and their spelling should be memorized; see the table below. RO: the medial /o/ is eliminated; all words in the table below are spelled with /n/ following the general rule 3.

6. /o/ acquires grammatical value in the declension of Ñ³Ûñ, Ù³Ûñ, »Õμ³Ûñ, genitive: Ñûñ, Ùûñ, »Õμûñ. 7. /n/ acquires grammatical value in the declension of ÏÇÝ, ùáÛñ, genitive: ÏÝáç, ùñáç, etc.; details see in

Appendix 7. 8. /n/ and /o/ constitute diphthongs, as: É/áÛ/ë and /»û/Ã; details on diphthongs see in Part 2 (p. ). However,

/áÛ/ in final position is not a diphthong; it represents the simple vowel [o], the final /Û/ as you know is silent. In the Classical tradition, the final sound [o] is spelled with áÛ: »ñ»ÏáÛ, Ù»Í³ñ·áÛ. Proper names are spelled with the letter û: êÇ³Ù³ÝÃû, ¸ñû, Î³ñû, ä»åû2; it is appropriate for the latter to be spelled with áÛ, i.e., êÇ³Ù³ÝÃáÛ, ¸ñáÛ, but not vice versa. In declined forms, the final /o/ turns into / áÛ/, i.e., Î³ñáÛÇ. RO: the final sound [0] is always spelled with /n/ following the general rule 3 above (1.13).3

9. Exceptions: /n/ sounds [o] in initial positions if followed by /í/ or /Õ/ as in: áí [ov], áíù»ñ, and several ancient loans: áí³ëÇë, áíÏÇ³Ýáë, áíÏ¿³Ý, áíë³ÝÝ³Û, àÕÇÙåáë. Another group of exceptions applies the letter /í/ for the initial sound combination [vo]: íáÑÙ³Ï [vohmak] and modern borrowings: ìáÉÃ¿ñ, ìáÉÏ³, íáÉÃ [volt].

1 The letter /o/ represents the diphthong /³õ/ of Grabar which shifted into the simple vowel [o] in Middle Armenian, requiring the addition of the letter /o/, i.e., Grabar: ³Õ³õÃù, Middle Armenian: ³ÕûÃù. 2 This spelling tradition originates in Middle Armenian. 3 There is no silent /Û/ in RO and /Û/ always sounds [y]. Thus, CO exceptions Ñ³Û, ËáÛ, í³Û, etc. with a pronounced final [y] follow RO general rules of pronunciation of the letter ÚÛ. Details see in rules 42.3.

Gayané Hagopian Armenian for Everyone

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RO: /n/ sounds [o] only in áí and áíù»ñ. [vo] is spelled as /íá/ in some modern loans: ìáÉï»ñ, ìáÉ·³, íáÉï, etc. The rest of CO exceptions follow general rules in RO with no difference in pronunciation, i.e., áÑÙ³Ï, oíÏÇ³Ýáë, oíë³ÝÝ³, exception: o³ëÇë.

Remember the Following Words and their Derivatives Spelled with a Medial /o/

Note RO: all these words are spelled with /n/ ³Ïûë ³ñûñ ÃûÃí»É Ï³ñÍ»ûù RO Ûûñ³Ýç RO ³ÕûÃù μûÃ ÃûßÝÇÉ Ï³ñûï ÛûñÇÝ»É RO ³Õûï ·ûë ÉûÉÇÏ ÏïñûÝ Ý³ñûï ³ÕûñÇù ·ûïÇ ËûÉ ÓûÝ Ýûëñ ³ÙûÃ »ûÃÝ Ëûëù ÕûÕ³Ýç å³ßïûÝ ³ÝûÃ ½μûë³Ýù Í³ÝûÃ ×û×ù åéûß ³ÝûÃÇ ½·ûÝ ÍÕûï Ùûï ëûëÇ ëûë³÷ ³å³ñûß ½û¹»É ÏñûÝ Ùûñáõë í³éû¹ ³é³õûï ½ûñ»Õ ÏûßÇÏ Ûû¹ RO ïûÃ ³ï»Ýûù ½ûñù Ñ³Ù³éûï Ûû¹áõ³Í RO ïûÝ ³ñïûÝ»É ÁÝï³Ý»ûù Ñ»ï³½ûï»É ÛûÅ³ñ RO óûÕ óûÕáõÝ ³ñïûëñ Ã³÷ûñ Ñûï (áãË³ñÇ) ÛûÝù RO ùûÕ ³ñûï ÃûÃ³÷»É ÍÝûï Ûûßáï»É RO ûñûñ

Suffixes Spelled with /n/ and /o/. Note their Derivatives Suffixes spelled with /n/ Suffixes spelled with /o/

-³Í-áÛ ÅáÕáí³ÍáÛ -³é-ûï Ï³ñ×³éûï, Ñ³Ù³éûï -áÛÃ ß³ÑáÛÃ -ûù Çñûù, Ë»Éûù, Ý³Ëûñûù ÷³éûù -áÛÏ Ù³ÏáÛÏ -»ûù ³ñ¹»ûù, ÁÝï³Ý»ûù -áç ÏÝáç -ûÝ ·áÕûÝ, ·áñÍûÝ, Ã³÷ûÝ -áí-Ç-Ý ÏÇëáíÇ ÉÇáíÇÝ -ûÝù ½³ñÃûÝù -õáñ -áõáñ ½ÇÝáõáñ Éáõë³õáñ -ûñ¿Ý- Ñ³õ³Ýûñ¿Ý, íëï³Ñûñ¿Ý -áñ¹ ÉáÕáñ¹ -áó, ³Ý-áó ¹åñáó Í³ÕÏ³Ýáó -áï, -Ïáï ÉáõëÝáï

÷áõÃÏáï

Note: suffixes áí-Ç-Ý, and »-ûù represent blended instrumental endings, e.g.: Ë»Éûù > Ë»É³õù = Ë»Éùáí

1.2 º and ¾ 1. /»/ is more frequent than /¿/. 2. Initial /¿/ is seldom; its spelling does not change in word derivation, as: ¿ç - »É¨¿ç, ¿³Ï³Ý - ³Ý¿³Ï³Ý. 3. /¿/ always sounds [e]: ¾çÙÇ³ÍÇÝ, ã¿Ç, ¿³Ï, ë¿ñ, ß¿Ï, ·áõó¿, Ü³ñ¿. RO: /¿/ is excluded from medial and final positions: ë»ñ, ß»Ï, ·áõó», Ü³ñ», unless it begins a root in a

derivative word: ã¿Ç, ³Ý¿. Cf.: rule 12.2 above. 4. Initial /»/ sounds [ye] »ñ³½, and [e], in the remaining cases: ·»Õ»óÇÏ. Exception: the auxiliary verb »Ù

is spelled with /»/ but sounds [e] in its four present tense forms: »Ù [em], »ë [es], »Ýù [enk], »Ý [en]. RO: /»/ is generalized to cover also the 2nd P. pl. (¹áõù »ù) and the spelling is maintained in imperative,

subjunctive, and other forms derived from the latter: Ùáï»ó»°ù, áõï»ù, Ïþ»ñ·»ù vs. CO: ¿ù, Ùûï»ó¿°ù, áõï¿ù, Ïþ»ñ·¿ù, etc. See more in rule 12.10.5 below.

5. The final sound [e] is spelled only with /¿/, as: μ³½¿, ·ñ»Ã¿, Ï»óó¿, ì³Ñ¿. RO: /¿/ occurs only in initial positions (see also rules 12.2-3). 6. Proper names with [e] in the last syllable are spelled with /¿/, as: ²ñï³ß¿ë, ²ñÙ¿Ý, ¼³μ¿É etc.

Exception: ö³é³ÝÓ»Ù, ´³ñë»Õ, and derivatives of å»ï as: Ð³Ûñ³å»ï, Î³ñ³å»ï. RO: see the RO notes above. 7. The sound [e] is spelled /¿/ in derivative words when /¿/ precedes a suffix beginning with a vowel, as:

³ÅÙ¿-³Ï³Ý, Ññ¿-³Ï³Ý, ùÝ¿-³Í, Ë³μ¿-áõÃÇõÝ, ²Ý¹ñ¿-³ë, Ø³ïÃ¿-áë. 8. To differentiate the root-medial /¿/ and /»/ note the following:


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8.1 In word derivation, /¿/ shifts into /Ç/ in closed syllables: ë¿ñ - ëÇñ³Ñ³ñ, í¿å - íÇå³ë³Ý; in open syllables this shift does not occur: ñáå¿³Ï³Ý, Ã¿³Ï³Ý. Exception 1. /¿/ does not shift in: ï¿ñáõÃÇõÝ ‘state, nation’, (but: ïÇñáõÃÇõÝ ‘support’), Ññ¿ß³õáñ, í¿ïí¿ï³É, íñ¿ÅËÝ¹Çñ, WA ³Õ¿ÏáõÃÇõÝ, ·¿ßáõÃÇõÝ, and the derivatives of Ù¿Ï (as: Ù¿Ï½Ù¿Ï, ï³ëÝÙ¿Ï»ñáñ¹). Exceptions 2. /¿/ shifts into /»/: ³Õ¿ï - ³Õ»ï³ÉÇ, ³Õáõ¿ë - ³Õáõ»ëáõÏ, »Õ¿·Ý - »Õ»·ÝÇÏ, ï¿ñ - ³Ýï»ñáõÝã, Ï¿ï – Ï»ï³¹ñáõÃÇõÝ, É¿½ -É»½áõ (but ÉÇ½»É). Exception 3: The word ³Ù¿Ý constitutes a special case in derivation; with grammatical suffixes it maintains /¿/: ³Ù¿ÝáõÝ, ³Ù¿Ý¿Ý, ³Ù¿ÝùÁ. In word building it shifts into /»/: ³Ù»Ý³Ï³ñáÕ, ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝ, ³Ù»Ý³Ï»ñ, unless the second component begins with a vowel: ³Ù¿ÝÁÝÏ³É, ³Ù¿Ýáõñ¿ù, ³Ù¿Ýûñ»³Û.

8.2 /»/ does not undergo this shift: ë»ñ - ë»ñáõÝ¹, Í»ñ - Í»ñ³Ý³É. Exceptions: ¹»õ - ¹Çõ³ÛÇÝ and WA: ³ñ·»É(ù) - ³ñ·ÇÉ»É. RO: the elimination of the root-medial /¿/ makes this rule covert and also creates homographs. See words with root-medial /¿/ in the table below.

9. The medial sound [e] is spelled with /»/ in the following cases: 9.1 Before labials: å, μ, ÷, as: Í»÷, ë»å, Ë»Õ»÷, Ï×»å, Exceptions: ³Ýíñ¿å (EA íñÇå»É, WA

íñÇåÇÉ), ¹¿å(ù), í¿å. 9.2 Before any two root consonants, as: μ»ñ¹, ç»ñÙ, Ë»ÝÃ, Ññ³Å»ßï, cf.: Û³õ»ñÅ but Û³õ¿ï. 9.3 In penultimate and ante-penultimate syllables, as: ³õ»ïÇë, ³ñ»·³Ï, ·»Õ»óÇÏ, ·»ñ»½Ù³Ý, »ñ»ÏáÛ,

Ñ³Û»ñ¿Ý, Ññ»ßï³Ï. There is a large number of such words; compare them with the words in the table below and note that the medial /¿/ is followed by a single root consonant.

9.4 Exceptions: /»/ before one root consonant: ·»ï (river), cf.: expected **·¿ï4 (know) as in Ù³ëÝ³·¿ï, ·Çï»Ù, and å»ï (boss, chief), cf.: å¿ï(ù) (need), also, ³ñ»õ, ÷³Ã»Ã, etc.

Remember Words and Derivatives with /¿/. RO: use /»/

³Õ¿Ï *¹¿å (¹Çåã»É ¹åÇÉ) Íáõ¿Ý Ù¿ç Ù¿çù å¿ï(ù) ³Õ¿ï Ç ¹¿å ¹¿åÇ ¹¿åù *Ï¿½ (ÏÇ½»É) ëÝ³Ù¿ç Ã¿å¿ï ³Õáõ¿ë Ñ³½áõ³¹¿å ³Õ»Ï¿½ *Ù¿ï (ÙÇï»É) ë³Ï³õ³å¿ï ³Ù¿Ý ÙÇç³¹¿å ÑñÏ¿½ Ñ³Ï³Ù¿ï ë¿½ ³Ù¿ÝùÁ *¹¿ï (¹Çï»É) áÕç³Ï¿½ ÙáÕ¿ë ë¿ñ ÁÝ¹³Ù¿ÝÁ ³ÏÝ¹¿ï ëÇñ³Ï¿½ Û³õ¿ï μ³Ý³ë¿ñ ³Ý¿Íù »É¨¿ç ïûÃ³Ï¿½ Ýáõ¿ñ ÁÝÃ»ñó³ë¿ñ ³ßË¿ï »Õ¿· Ï¿ë *í¿Å (íÇÅ»É) ³å³õ¿Ý »ñ¿Ï Ï¿ï ß³Ñ¿Ý ·³Ñ³í¿Å ³å³ù¿Ý »ñ¿ó ·³Ñ»ñ¿ó »É³Ï¿ï ß¿Ï çñí¿Å ³éÝ¿ï *½¿Ý (½ÇÝ»É) ½¿Ýù Å³ÙÏ¿ï *ß¿ç (ßÇç³Ý»É) í¿× (íÇ×»É) ³ëå³ñ¿½ ³Ý½¿Ý í»ñç³Ï¿ï ³Ýß¿ç μ³Ý³í¿× ³ñ¹¿Ý ³ëå³½¿Ý ÏáÕå¿ù Ññß¿ç í¿Ù ³ñÅ¿ù Ññ³½¿Ý Ïáõ½¿Ïáõ½ ß¿Ý í¿å μ½¿½ ëå³é³½¿Ý ÏñÏ¿ë ÑáÛ³ß¿Ý í¿ë μáõ¿× ½¿ÝÇÃ Ïñ¿ï Ýáñ³ß¿Ý í¿ïí¿ï ·¿Ã ÁÝÏ¿óÇÏ ·³ÑÁÝÏ¿ó Ñ³Ý¹¿å ß¿Ýù í¿ñù Ï³ñ»í¿ñ ·¿ß Ã¿ Ã¿¨ Ñ³Ý¹¿ë ïÝ³ß¿Ý íñ¿Å ·¿ë »Ã¿ Ã¿³Ï³Ý Ñ¿· (Ñ¿ù) áÕç³Ï¿½ ï³ñ¿ó *·¿ï (·Çï»Ù) Ã¿Û Ñ»ÉÉ¿Ý áõÕ¿ß ï¿· ·ñ³·¿ï ï·¿ï Ã¿Å *Ñ¿Ý - μ³ñÓñáõÕ¿ß ï¿ñ ·¿ñ Å³å³õ¿Ý Íáí³Ñ¿Ý »ñÏÝáõÕ¿ß ïÝûñ¿Ý ·Ùμ¿Ã É»·¿áÝ Ññ³õ¿ñ ã¿½áù ÷áË³ñ¿Ý ·áÙ¿ß *É¿½ (ÉÇ½»É) but É»½áõ Ññ¿³Û å³ÝÃ¿áÝ ù³ñï¿ë WA ù³ñï¿½ EA ¹¿½ (¹Ç½»É) ³ñ³É¿½ åÝ³Ï³É¿½ Ññ¿ß å³ñ¿Ý ù¿Ý ÷ñ÷ñ³¹¿½ Ë³Ûï³μÕ¿ï Ó¿Ã å³ñ¿ï ùÝ¿³Í ¹¿Ù (¹ÇÙ»É) Ë¿Ã Ù¿· å³ñï¿½ ùñ¿³Ï³Ý ³Ý¹¿Ù ÁÝ¹¹¿Ù Ë¿Å Ù¿½ å¿ë ûñ¿Ýù ËáÅáé³¹¿Ù ËÉ¿½ Ù¿Ï ÇÝãå¿ë ¹¿Ùù Û»ï³¹¿Ù Í¿ë Ù¿Ý-Ù»Ý³Ï Ï³ï³ñ»É³å¿ë

4 Roots marked with an asterisk (*) have no independent usage in modern language.


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10. To differentiate /¿/ and /»/ in grammatical suffixes, note the following: 10.1 The plural of nouns contains /-»/: ïÝ»ñ, Í³ÕÇÏÝ»ñ. 10.2 The ordinal numerals’ suffix contains /-»/: ï³ëÝ»ñáñ¹. 10.3 The infinitive and participles deriving from it contain /-»/: Ï³Ý·Ý»É, Ï»ó»ñ »Ù, WA ÙÇ° »ñ·»ñ. 10.4 Conjugated verbs are spelled with /¿/ if the sound [e] is followed by a -ù, as: ·ñ¿ù, ëÇñ»ó¿ù. 10.5 Person endings belong with the auxiliary verb »Ù which contains /-»/ in four present tense forms:

·ñ»Ù, ·ñ»ë, ·ñ»Ýù, ·ñ»Ý (see also rule 12.4 above). RO: add also the fifth form, ·ñ»ù. 10.6 The same person endings in the past tense contain /-¿/ as the auxiliary verb: ¿Ç, ¿Çñ, ¿ñ, ¿ÇÝù, ¿Çù,

¿ÇÝ consequently: (ÏÁ, åÇïÇ, »Ã¿) »ñ·¿Ç, »ñ·¿Çñ, »ñ·¿ñ, »ñ·¿ÇÝù, »ñ·¿Çù, »ñ·¿ÇÝ. RO: /»/ is generalized in person endings: »ñ·»Ç, »ñ·»Çñ, »ñ·»ñ, »ñ·»ÇÝù, »ñ·»Çù, »ñ·»ÇÝ though the auxiliary verb maintains /¿/ (cf. the RO note to rule 12.3). 10.7 The WA ablative contains /¿/: Íáí¿Ý, Í³ÕÇÏÝ»ñ¿Ý (cf. rule 9.3). 10.8 Repetitives with the ablative maintain the spelling, /¿/: ïÝ¿ïáõÝ, μ»ñÝ¿μ»ñ³Ý, ûñ¿óûñ.5

11. Generally, the sound [e] preceding a final ù is spelled with /¿/: ³ñÅ¿ù, Ýß³Ý¹ñ¿ù, Ñ¿ù (cf. rule 10.4).

Remember also the suffixes spelled with /»/ and /¿/. Note their derivatives Suffixes spelled with » Suffixes spelled with ¿ -»Õ ½ûñ»Õ -³ñ¿Ý -»ñ¿Ý ÛáõÝ³ñ¿Ý Ñ³Û»ñ¿Ý ³Ý·É»ñ¿Ý -Ï»Õ ù³ÕóÏ»Õ -»Õ¿Ý áëÏ»Õ¿Ý ³ÏÝ»Õ¿Ý μ³Ýç³ñ»Õ¿Ý -»ÝÇ Ñ³Ûñ»ÝÇ -¿ ïáõÝ¿ ÑûñÙ¿ -»ÉÇ íëï³Ñ»ÉÇ -¿ áëÏ¿ Éáõë¿ -»ÉÇù Ëûë»ÉÇù -³-õ¿ï ³ñ¹ÇÝ³õ¿ï μáõñ³õ¿ï -»ó-Ç Ñ³Û»óÇ -¿Ý ³ñ¹¿Ý Ýáñ¿Ý å³ï×¿Ý -»Ýù ·ñ»Ýù -Ï¿Ý ÑÇõëÏ¿Ý Í³ÏáïÏ¿Ý -»Ýù ²Ýáõß»Ýù -¿ù ³ñÅ¿ù çñûñÑÝ¿ù -Å¿ï ³Ëï³Å¿ï -ûñ¿Ý ÷³ëïûñ¿Ý Ñ³õ³Ýûñ¿Ý

1.3 The Letter À Á [ě] and the Schwa [ə] No systematic differences are observed between RO and CO. WA favors ascribing a final /Á/ to

some words which end in /Ý/ in Grabar, with a preceding schwa in pronunciation, that is, [ÁÝ]. Thus, »ûÃÝ became »ûÃÁ, ï³ëÝ > ï³ëÁ etc. versus EA: »ûÃ, ï³ë. Remember that À Á represents the most frequent and the least spelled vowel in Armenian.

13.1 The weak vowel Á is pronounced and spelled: 1. In monosyllabic words with no other vowels: prepositions Áëï, ÁÝ¹, and the WA indefinite article ÙÁÝ. 2. In initial positions before the consonant clusters: -ÕÓ, -Ùμ, -Ý¹, -ÝÃ, -ÝÍ, -ÝÏ, -ÝÓ, -Ýï as: ÁÕÓ³É,

ÁÙμáëï, ÁÝÃ»éÝáõÉ, ÁÝÍ³Û»É, ÁÝÏ»ñ, ÁÝï³ÝÇù. The majority is a blended derivative from ÁÝ¹, and/or a result of historical shift: ÇÕÓ-ÁÕÓ³É, ÇÝÓ-ÁÝÓ»ÝÇ, ÁÝ¹-áõÝ»É, ÁÝ(¹)-Ï»ñ, ÁÝ(¹)-ï³Ý-Ç-ù, ÁÙ(>ÁÝ¹)μéÝ»É.

3. In medial positions in derivatives from the words above, as: ³ÝÁÝÏ»ñ, ³ÝÁÝ¹Ù¿ç. 4. In WA, to maintain the pronunciation of [áõ] as [v] before a vowel: ËûëáõÁéïÇÉ. 5. In WA writing tradition, in causative verbs, as: Ë³ÕóÁÝ»É, Ëûë»óÁÝ»É . This spelling is not absolute, the

/Á/ can be consistently omitted. 6. In hyphenation, when a hidden syllables (ëáõÕ í³ÝÏ WA, ·³ÕïÝ³í³ÝÏ EA) “opens”: ½Á-É³Ý³É, ëÁ-

É³Ý³É, ù³Õ-óÁñ. Note: the hidden syllable is formed with an initial schwa before root-consonant clusters: ½μ, ½·, ëå, ëÏ, ëÃ, ë÷, ëï, and ßï, as Á½-μûë³Ýù, Áë-Ã³÷, Áë-ïáÛ·: see also rules 13.22-3 below.

7. In final positions as the definite article: ïáõÝÁ, ÁÝÏ»ñÁ, ÁÝï³ÝÇùÁ.

5 These words are also spelled with separate components, as: μ»ñÝ¿ μ»ñ³Ý, ¹éÝ¿ ¹áõé, unless the first component is a frozen plural, as: ï³ñ¿óï³ñÇ.


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There are no suffixes with Á save the definite article. Derivatives of ÁÝ¹ and Áëï, which function as prepositions and also prefixes, are presented in the general list below.

Remember the Following Words Beginning with /À Á/ ÁÉÉ³É WA < ÉÇÝ»É ÁÝ¹ûñÇÝ³Ï»É ÁÝÏáÕÙ³Ý-ÇÉ WA -»É EA ÁÕ»Õ WA < áõÕ»Õ ÁÝ¹»Õ¿Ý (> ÑáõÝ¹) ÁÝÏáÛ½ ÁÕÓ³É ÁÝ»É WA (> ³éÝ»É < ³Ý»É EA) ÁÝÏñÏ-ÇÉ WA -»É EA ÁÙå³Ý < áõÙå ÁÝÃ³óù, ÁÝÃ³Ý³É ÁÝÓ³éÇõÍ (> ÇÝÓ, leopard) ÁÙμ»ñ³Ý³É ÁÝÃ»éÝáõÉ, ÁÝÃ»ñó»É ÁÝÓáõÕï ÁÝÓ»ÝÇ ÁÙμÇß ÁÝÃ»ñó³ñ³Ý ÁÝÃ»éÝ»ÉÇ ÁÝÓÇõÕ ÁÙμáßËÝ»É ÁÝÃñÇù ÁÝã³ë¿ñ (> ÇÝã-ù) ÁÙμéÝ»É ÁÝÍ³Û ÁÝã³½áõñÏ ÁÝã³ù³Õó ÁÙå»É ÁÝÏ³É»É ÁÝã³óù ÁÝ¹ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ÁÝÏ»ñ ÁÝï³ÝÇ(ù) ÁÝ¹³é³ç ÁÝ¹³ñÓ³Ï ÁÝÏ»óÇÏ ÁÝïÇñ ÁÝïñ»É ÁÝ¹·ñÏ»É ÁÝ¹¹¿Ù ÁÝÏÕÙÇÉ Áë»É < ³ë»É ÁÝ¹»É, ÁÝï»É ÁÝ¹Ñ³ï ÁÝÏ×»É Áëï Áëï Çë ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ÉáõÃÇõÝ ÁÝÏÝ»É EA ÇÝùÁëïÇÝù»³Ý

The weak vowel [Á] as a schwa [ə] creates hidden (not written) syllables. The schwa is shorter

compared to the vowel [Á ], which is both spelled and pronounced; therefore is the difference in symbolic presentation—[ě]. Poets sometimes spell it out to indicate the rhyme.6 In EA, the schwa is shorter than in WA; it becomes almost fugacious in the normal speed of speech.

13. 2 The schwa is pronounced but not spelled:

1. Before the preposition ½, attached to words beginning with a consonant: ə½Ñ³ó Ù»ñ Ñ³Ý³å³½áñ¹... 2. In initial positions before root consonant clusters consisting of a sibilant (½, ë, ß) and a stop (μ, å, ÷, ·,

Ï, ù, ¹, ï, Ã), as: ə½·³É, ə½·áÛß, ə½μ³Õáõ³Í, əëï³Ý³É, əëïÇå»É, əëù³Ýã»ÉÇ, əê÷Çõéù, əßï³å»É, etc.

3. Between the same consonants, if they result from shifts, as: ßáõù - ßəù»Õ, ëáõ· - ëə·³É, ½áõï -½əï»É. 4. Between sibilants (½, Å, ë, ß) and sonorants (É, ñ, é, Ù, Ý, Û), as: ½əÉ³Ý³É, ÅəÉ³ï, ½əñ³Ñ, ëəñ³Ñ. 5. Between any two consonants beginning a word: íəï³Ý·, ÃəÙμáõÏ, ÏəÝáõÝù, Ïəñ³Ï. 6. In more than three consonant clusters it is usually pronounced after the first and third: ÍəÝÍəÕ³Û,

ÙəñÙəÝç³É, ÙəÏəñïəáõ³Í, but ÏəñÏəÝáõÃÇõÝ. 7. Between a final ñ, Õ and preceding consonants, as: Ï³Ûëəñ, ÍáõÝəñ, Ù³Ýəñ, ³ñÏəÕ, ³ëïəÕ. but not if

the sonorant precedes it: Ï³ñ·, í³ñ¹, å³ñ½, ¹áõñë unless the final consonant is an article: ¹áõéəë my door.

8. Between consonant articles and the preceding stem consonant, as: ·Çñùəë, ïáõÝə¹, ³ÝáõÝəÝ.

2. THE ORTHOGRAPY OF DIPHTHONGS

2.1 Diphthong /áÛ/ 1. The diphthong /áÛ/ is pronounced [uy] if followed by a root consonant, as ÏáÛñ, ÉáÛë, μáÛñ, Ñ³ÙμáÛñ.

RO: this diphthong is spelled and pronounced /áÛ/: ÏáõÛñ, ÉáõÛë, etc. 2. It regularly shifts into /áõ/ in derivatives, Ïáõñ³Ý³É7, ÛáõÝ³Ï³Ý, Éáõë³μ³ó, Ñ³Ùμáõñ»É. 3. A sporadic shift into schwa is characteristic to some words accepted in the standard from dialects: μáÛÝ -

μÝ³õ»ñ, μÝ³õáñáõÇÉ.

6 In the same poem, the same word in different positions may appear with or without a written /Á/ in its hidden syllable depending on rhyme and rhythm of the poem. Students of orthography should ignore this /Á/. 7 Conversation WA accepts also ÏáÛñÝ³É, ÉáÛëÝ³É, etc.


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4. The final /áÛ/ is sounds as simple [o], as: Û»ïáÛ, Î³ñáÛ. Except: ËáÛ, ÜáÛ (see rule 42.333). RO: the final /áÛ/ is simplified to match the sound /á/: Ñ»ïá, Î³ñá, unless it sounds [oy]: ÜáÛ [Noy].

2.2 Diphthong Çõ 1. The diphthong /Çõ/ is pronounced [uy] if followed by a root consonant, as ÑÇõñ, ³ñÇõÝ, Çõñ, μÇõñ,

including all words derived with the suffix -áõÃÇõÝ: as ù³ÕóñáõÃÇõÝ. Note RO: with the same pronunciation, the diphthong is spelled [Ûáõ] as: ÑÛáõñ, ³ñÛáõÝ, Ûáõñ, ù³ÕóñáõÃÇõÝ, etc.

2. Some words maintain a parallel obsolete spelling with [»õ], same sound: ³É»õñ, ³é»õÍ, ·»õÕ, »õÕ. 3. The diphthong /Çõ/, RO: [Ûáõ] remains stable in word derivation, opposite to the diphthong /áÛ/:

ÑÇõñ³ë¿ñ, Çõñ³ÛÇÝ, μÇõñ³õáñ, or RO: ÑÛáõñ³ë¿ñ, Ûáõñ³ÛÇÝ, μÛáõñ³õáñ. 4. In dialects it often shifts into [e], [i] or the schwa, ÇõÕ > »Õ, ·»õÕ > ·»Õ. Some shifted forms are accepted

literary norms: ·Çõï > ·ïÝ»É, Ñ³½áõ³·Çõï, Çõñ > Çñ, Çñ»Ýù, ³ñÝáï, ³ñÝ³Ù³Í, etc. 5. The final letter combination /Çõ/ dissolves into its constituent sounds [iv], as: ³½ÝÇõ, ³ÝÇõ, å³ïÇõ.

RO: í is generalized for õ: ³½ÝÇí, ³ÝÇí, å³ïÇí (see details in 4.1).

2.3 Diphthongs »³ and Ç³ 1. /»³/ is more frequent than /Ç³/. 2. Both sound as [ya]: Ï»³Ýù, Ë³õÇ³ñ. RO: / »³/ is spelled /Û³/, /Ç³/ remains intact: ÏÛ³Ýù, Ë³õÇ³ñ. 3. /»³/ is common in roots ë»Ý»³Ï, and suffixes: ³é³õûï»³Ý, ³Ù»ñÇÏ»³Ý, ÉáõëÝ»³Ï, áëÏ»³Û. 4. In final positions, /»³/ is followed with a silent /Û/, ùñÇëïáÝ»³Û, but not /Ç³/: Æï³ÉÇ³, àõñÙÇ³, except

μ³ÙÇ³Û, ÏñÇ³Û. Exception: a single case is CO Ññ¿³Û, also Ññ»³Û, RO Ññ»³. 5. The Armenian last names are spelled with /»³/: ¸áõñ»³Ý, ÂáõÙ³Ý»³Ý, ê³ñáÛ»³Ý. RO: î»ñÛ³Ý,

ê³ñáÛ³Ý. 6. /»³/ shifts into /»/: Ï»³Ýù > Ï»Ýë³Ï³Ý, Ù³ï»³Ý > Ø³ï»Ý³¹³ñ³Ý, etc. Exception: Ë³ñï»³ß >

Ë³ñïÇß³Ñ»ñ. /Ç³/ does not undergo a shift. RO: 7. /Ç³/ is used in the following; in all other cases the sound [ya] is written as /»³/, RO /Û³/. 7.1 In the words μ³ÙÇ³Û, ¹³ëïÇ³ñ³Ï, Ë³õÇ³ñ, ÏñÇ³Û, Ñ»ùÇ³Ã8, áíÏÇ³Ýáë, ÷³ëÇ³Ý. 7.2 In geographical names: ÎÇÉÇÏÇ³, êÇëÇ³Ý, ²ëÇ³, ²Ý·ÉÇ³, ¶»ñÙ³ÝÇ³, êáýÇ³. 7.3 New loans: ¿Ý»ñ·Ç³, Ù³ï»ñÇ³, ùÇÙÇ³. 7.4 Foreign proper names: úý»ÉÇ³, ²Ù³ÉÇ³, êáýÇ³. RO: úý»ÉÛ³, ²Ù³ÉÛ³, êáýÛ³, ²ëÛ³.

2.4 Diphthong »û 1. The diphthong /»û/ is pronounced [yo]. It is not common and mostly occurs in frozen declined forms from

Grabar, as: ³ñ¹»ûù, ÁÝï³Ý»ûù, Ï³ñÍ»ûù. RO: /Ûá/: ³ñ¹Ûáù, ÁÝï³ÝÛáù 2. In everyday vocabulary only the word »ûÃÁ contains this diphthong: RO: ÛáÃ. 3. Some loans are spelled with it, as: ºûñùßÇñ, RO ÚáñùßÇñ; ³Ù»ûå³ WA, ³Ù»áμ³ EA.

3. ORTHOGRAPHY of CONSONANTS: General Rules Inherent characteristics of the consonant system allows to see the problem areas for spelling, as well as to

deduct some general rules based on letter frequency, and sound/letter combination. 1. The spelling of å, ï, Ï, Í, ×, is phonetic and quite clear both in EA and WA although these letters

represent voiced consonants in WA, and simple voiceless, in EA. 2. In initial position, the letters μ, ¹, ·, Ó, ç are spelled phonetically in EA. 3. In WA, the spelling of homophonic aspirates μ, ¹, ·, Ó, ç (voiced in Grabar and EA) and ÷, Ã, ù, ó, ã

does not follow absolute rules but some particular rules help to distinguish them.

8 The word in WA occurs also as Ñ»ù»³Ã, Ñ¿ù»³Ã, in EA it is standardized as Ñ»ùÇ³Ã (“fairy tale”).


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4. In EA, the voiced consonants μ, ¹, ·, Ó, ç shift into voiceless [p‘, t‘, k‘, ts‘, ch‘] in final, post-sonorant and intervocal positions creating difficulty to differentiate them from the letters /÷, Ã, ù, ó, ã/, like in WA.

5. Likewise, the voiced ½, Å, Õ, í, can be confused with their voiceless counterparts ë, ß, Ë, ý in consonant combinations.

Sound and Letter Combination Probability In root words, consonants combine by common phonetic features, that is, a voiced consonant is followed

by another voiced consonant, and a voiceless consonant assumes another voiceless next to cf.: Ó·»É and ùó»É. This general rule concerns the original distribution of Grabar consonants in triple and dual oppositions (see appendix 4) but still applies to EA, in writing, but not in pronunciation, also to WA9. 6. Expect /μ, ¹, ·, Ó, ç/ after sonorants: /ñ/, /Õ/ and /Ù/, /Ý/: ëáõñμ, »Õμ³Ûñ, Ï³ñ·, μ³ÕÓ³Ýù, ³ÕçÇÏ,

³Ý·³Ù, »é³Ý¹, ³ñÓ³Ý, ÇçÝ»É, ß³Õ·³Ù, ³½·, Ë»Õ¹»É ³ÕçÇÏ, ³ÕμÇõñ, ÙáõÝç, etc. More examples, as well as exceptions are presented in the entries of corresponding consonants.10

7. Expect /μ, ¹, ·/ to pair with /Å/ and /½/: μÅÇßÏ, ¹Åáõ³ñ, ³Å¹³Ñ³Û, ½μ³ÕÙáõÝù, ³½¹, ½·³É. 8. Expect /÷, Ã, ù/ to pair with /ß/ and /ë/: Ãßáõ³é, Û³÷ßï³Ï»É, ë÷á÷»É, ëÃ³÷, ëù»Ù. 9. Expect voiceless (simple or aspirated) consonants to combine with one another: ßï³å, ëïáÛ·, áãË³ñ,

ùÍÝ³Ýù, particularly, /Ë/ and /ß/ before /ï/: μ³Ëï, ¹³ßï, /÷, Ã, ù, ó, ã/ before /é/ and /Ë/: ÷Ëë»É, ãé»É, etc.

10. Combination frequency is only a high probability; combinations of originally voiced and voiceless consonants as ³Õù³ï, ³Õï, ½»Õã, ù³Õó, Ñ³ñó, ïñó³Ï, å³Ëáõñó, Ù³Ýã, ¹ßËáÛ, are seldom. Note, that a large number of such pairs derive from phonetic shifts, as: ë·³É > ëáõ· or appear due to word building as: ³Õ-ó³Ý, ßáõñç-å³ñ ß³Õ-Ï³å.

Letter Frequency 11. μ, ¹, · are more frequent, than ÷, Ã, ù. 12. Ó, ç are less frequent, than ó, ã. 13. ½, Å, Õ are less frequent, than ë, ß, Ë. 14. õ is more frequent than í and ý. 15. μ, ·, ¹, Ó, ç, ë, ß, Ë, õ, are more frequent in roots than their voiced and voiceless counterparts. 16. ¹, õ, ù, ó, ã, ë, ñ gain higher frequency due to their grammatical load.

4. ORTHOGRAPHY of CONSONANTS: Specific Rules

4.1 Spelling the Sound [v] with the Letters /í, õ, á, áõ, ¨/ 1. Sound [v] is spelled with two consonants, í, õ, two vowels, áõ, á and a blend sign: ¨ (»õ). RO: [v] is

spelled with í, á and ¨. 2. /à á/ is only used for the initial sound combination [vo]: áÕÏáÛ½ (see rules 11.2 & exceptions 11.9). 3. /ì í/ appears in all other initial positions: ì³ñ¹³Ý, ì³Ñ³Ý, í¿å. The spelling does not change in

derivation: ³ÝíÝ³ë, ·³Ñ³í¿Å, ëÇñ³í¿å, ½ûñ³í³ñ, Ï³ñ»í¿ñ, Ñá·»í³ñù.

9 This requires methodical memorization of each word spelling for majority of vocabulary and especially homophones, as μáõé - ÷áõé, ·³ÛÉ - ù³ÛÉ, ¹³ë - Ã³ë. However, a few common features and rules presented below help to distinguish them in writing. One of the generally useful things is to have in mind the historical shift of consonants, as well as familiarize oneself with the EA pronunciation of words beginning with the letters /μ, ¹, ·, Ó, ç/.

10 For WA particularly, this rule means that if one knows that ½·³É begins with ½, a voiced consonant, can assume that the following sound [k] should be /·/.


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4. Before vowels [v] is spelled with áõ, as: Ýáõ¿ñ, å³ïáõ³Ï³Ý. RO: use í: Üí³ñ¹, ëÇñí³Í. The writing tradition of Parskahayk, the modern Iranian Armenian community, the digraph /áõ/ is simplified into /õ/: Üõ³ñ¹, Ýõ¿ñ.

4.1 [v] preceding the vowel /á/ is spelled with í, as: ·áíù, ÅáÕáíáõñ¹, Ñáí, Ñ³Ùáí, ßáõïáí, ëáíáñ. This rule includes the instrumental ending -áí: ÷áÕáí, ÷áñáí, ÉáõëáõÙÃÝáí.

4.2 WA exceptions: ÅáÕí»É, Ëáñí»É, ëáñíÇÉ, ÃûÃí»É; these result from the loss of the penultimate vowel, cf.: ÅáÕáí, Ëáñáí³Í, ÃûÃáí, ëáíáñ.

5. In all other cases [v] is spelled with õ, as: ³½ÝÇõ, Çñ³õ. RO: use í: å³ïÇí, ³í³·. the letter /ôõ/ is eliminated from the alphabet. In modern Armenia, /õ/ sporadically appears in the upper case ¨: ºõñáå³.

6. Sound combination [vv] emerging as a result of the passive voice infix áõ does not change the spelling: ·ñ³õÇÉ - ·ñ³õáõÇÉ, ·áí»É - ·áíáõÇÉ. If a new hidden syllable appears, /Á/ is inserted: Ñ³ßÇõ Ñ³ßáõ»É > active voice Ñ³ßõáõÁÇÉ active voice, å³ïÇõ > active voice å³ïáõ»É, passive voice å³ïõÁáõÇÉ. RO: use íí: ·ñ³íí»É, å³ïíí»É.

7. In RO, ¨ is used to economically substitute the letter combination »õ: Ó¨, μ³ñ¨, μ¨»é, ê¨³Ý, /¨/ has no upper case: ºí³, ºíñáå³. The modern WA writing tradition does not recognize this digraph.

8. A summary on RO rules for spelling the sound [v]: 8.1 Use /á/ for the initial combination [vo]: áëÏÇ. 8.2 Use /¨/ for the combination [ev] and [yev]: ³ñ¨. 8.3 In all other cases, use /í/: í³ñ¹, ³í³½, Çñ³íáõÝù (see details and exceptions in 1.1: /á/ and /û/).

Suffixes Spelled with /õ/ Suffixes Spelled With /í/

-õ¿ï μáõñ³õ¿ï -áí ïÝáí-ï»Õáí, Ñ³Ùáí-Ñáïáí -õáñ Éáõë³õáñ -áí-Ç ÏÇëáíÇ ÁÝïñáíÇ -áõáñ ½ÇÝáõáñ μ³Ýáõáñ -áí-Ç-Ý ÉÇáíÇÝ Ï³ÙáíÇÝ ËÙμáíÇÝ

4.2 The Letters /ÚÛ/ and /ÐÑ/ 1. The consonant /Ñ/ is always [h]. It is weak in final positions (see rule 42.2 below). 2. The sound [h] is spelled with two characters: /Ñ/ and /Û/. RO uses only /Ñ/ for the sound [h]. 3. The sonorant /Û/ represents different sounds depending on its position in a word.

3.1 The sound [h] in initial positions: Û³ÕÃ»É, ÛûÅ³ñ; details see below, rule 42.31 3.2 In diphthongs, the sound [y] combined with vowels: CO /³Û/ and /áÛ/: Û³ÛïÝÇ, ·Ý³ÛÇ, ùáÛñ

»ñ»ÏáÛ»³Ý. RO: ³Û, áõÛ, and also Û³, Ûáõ, Ûá: Ñ³ÛïÝÇ, ùáõÛñ, ÏÛ³Ýù, ÙÛáõë, ÛáÃ (see rules 2.1-4). 3.3 In final positions /Û/ is silent, ³ñù³Û, RO: ³ñù³, save: Ñ³Û (details see below, rule 42.33).

4. RO summary: /Û/ always sounds [y]: ·Ý³ÛÇ, ÛáõÕ, Û³ñ, ÛáÃ, Ù³Ûñ, ÉáõÛë. In initial positions, it is substituted with the letter /h/: Ñ³ÛïÝÇ, and the final silent /Û/ is eliminated: »ñ»ÏáÛ³Ý. 11

42.2. The Final Weak /Ñ/ after /ñ/ The final /Ñ/ following the sonorant /ñ/ is weak, and practically silent in most common words as:

³ßË³ñÑ, ËáÝ³ñÑ It is easy to check in derivation when the word adds from the right and the final /Ñ/ becomes distinct: ÝÇñÑ -ÝÇñÑ»É (see the table below). In ûñÑ-Ý»É, ³ñÑ³Ù³ñÑ-»É the stem final /Ñ/ is weak too but more tangible in other derivatives: ûñÑÝáõÃÇõÝ, ³ñÑ³Ù³ñÑ³Ýù; the first /Ñ/ in ³ñÑ³Ù³ñÑ»É is always distinctly pronounced. Post-vocal final /Ñ/ is clearly enunciated, as: ·ñáÑ, ½áÑ, also: ·ñáÑ»É, ½áÑ»É, ïñáÑ»É.

11 RO rules at first look reasonable and economical. However, they contradict the internal laws of Armenian (e.g., RO brings forward its own set of rules to explain the emergence of /Û/ in ·Ý³ÛÇ, ³ñù³Û³Ï³Ý, etc., adding a footnote or small print to explain that /Û/ in fact is the recovered final sound of words ending in /³/ or /á/). RO deprives the speaker a deeper understanding of word internal meanings (e.g., the connection between Û-³Ýó-³Ýù, ½-³Ýó-³Ýù, etc.), also, it created false connections between words through homographs, affecting the meaning system: Û³ñ»É incline and Ñ³ñ»É beat; to say nothing about paronyms, as: ë¿ñ and ë»é, Û³Ù³é and Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ñá¹, Ñáï, Ñûï, Ûû¹, Ûûï.


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Final /Ñ/ in Roots and Derivatives ³ßË³ñÑ ³ßË³ñÑ³Ï³É ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ É»éÝ³ßË³ñÑ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ÅåÇñÑ ÅåñÑÇÉ ËáÝ³ñÑ ËáÝ³ñÑáõÃÇõÝ, ËáÝ³ñÑ-ÇÉ ÇÉ WA, -»É, EA ËáñÑ ËáñÑáõñ¹, ËáñÑ-ÇÉ WA, -»É, EA ÝÇñÑ ÝÇñÑ»É ßÝáñÑ ßÝáñÑ³ÉÇ ÞÝáñÑÇÏ (/h/ is silent in ßÝáñÑ³Ï³É) ×³Ý³å³ñÑ ×³Ý³å³ñÑ³ßÇÝáõÃÇõÝ

42.31 The Initial Sound [h] with /Û/ or /Ñ/ in CO 1. The initial /Û/ is pronounced [h] in CO: Ûá·ÝáõÃÇõÝ, Û³×³Ë. RO: the initial sound [h] is always spelled

with /Ñ/: Ñ³ñë, ÑáÛë. The initial /Û/ in RO is rare and always sounds [y]: Û³ñ, Û³ë³Ù³Ý. 2. In CO, the letter /Ñ/ is more frequent, than /Û/ for the initial sound [h].12 3. The initial /Û/ is followed by vowels, as: Û³×³Ë, ÛáÛë, ÛáÛÝ. 4. Exceptions: ÛÕ»É, ÛÕÇ, ÛÕÏ»É, ÛÕ÷³Ý³É, Ûëï³Ï, and their derivatives. 5. The letter /Ñ/ can be followed either with a consonant or a vowel, as: Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙ, Ññ»ßï³Ï. 6. Initial /Û/ often is separable, as: Û-³é³ç, Û-³ñÓ³Ï-áõÙ, Û-»ï-áÛ, Û-³Ý-Ï³ñÍ, Û-³-ËáõéÝ

(Ë³éÝÇËáõéÝ), Û-³Ýó-³Ýù, Û-³ÝÓÝ-»É, etc.13

Words and Derivatives Spelled with the Initial /Û/ Sounding [h] in CO

Û³·áõñ¹ Û³ÝÓÝ»É Û³ÝÓÇÝ(ë) Û³ñ»É ÛÇëáõÝ Ûáí³ï³Ï Û³·»Ý³É Û³ÝÓÝ³ñ³ñ»É Û³ñÏ, Û³ñÏ³ÝÇ ÚÇëáõë Ûáñ¹ Ûáñ¹áñ Û³Ë×³å³ÏÇ Û³Ýó³·áñÍ

Û³Ýó³Ýù Û³ñÓ³ÏáõÙ ÛÇñ³õÇ ÛáñÓ³Ýù

Û³ËáõéÝ Û³å³Õ»É Û³ñÙ³ñ ÛÕ»É ÛÕÇ Ûáñçáñç»É Û³Í³Ý³õ Û³å³õ»É Û³õ³ÏÝáõÃÇõÝ ÛÕÏ»É ÛáõÉÇë Û³ÏÇÝÃ Û³çáÕ Û³õ»É»³É Û³õ»Éáõ³Í ÛÕ÷³Ý³É ÛáõÕ³ñÏ³õáñáõÃÇõÝ Û³ÕÃ»É Û³çáñ¹ Û³õ»ñÅ Û³õ¿ï Ûáμ»É»³Ý ÛáõÝÇë Û³ÕÃ³Ý³Ï Û³é³ç Û³õÇï»³Ý Ûá·Ý³ÏÇ ÛáõÝáõ³ñ Û³×³Ë Û³é»É Û³÷ßï³Ï»É Ûá·ÝáõÃÇõÝ ÛáõéÃÇ Û³Ù³é Û³éÝ»É Û»Õ³ßñç»É ÛáËáñï³É ÛáõéáõÃù Û³Ù»Ý³É Û³ñáõÃÇõÝ Û»Õ³÷áËáõÃÇõÝ (³Ý)ÛáÕ¹áÕ¹ Ûëï³Ï Û³Ùñ Û³ëÙÇÏ Û»Õ»É Û»ÕÛ»ÕáõÏ ÛáÛ½

Ûáõ½ÙáõÝù Ûû¹

Û³Ûï Û³ÛïÝÇ Û³ëåÇë Û»Ý³ñ³Ý Û»Ý»É ÛáÛÅ Ûû¹áõ³Í Û³ÛïÝáõÃÇõÝ Û³ï³Ï Û»ë³Ý ÛáÛÝ ÛûÅ³ñ Û³Ý· Û³Ý·»É Û³ïáõÏ Û»ïáÛ ÚáõÝ³ëï³Ý ÛûÝù Û³Ý¹ÇÙ³Ý-»É Û³ñ Û³ñ³ï»õ Û»ñÇõñ³Ýù ÛáÛë Ûáõë³É Ûûßáï»É Û³Ý¹áõ·Ý Û³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÇõÝ ÛÇÙ³ñ Ûáåáå Ûûï»É Û³ÝÏ³ñÍ Û³ñ·³Ýù ÛÇß³ï³Ï ÛÇß»É ÛáéÇ Ûûñ³Ýç Û³ñ¹³ñ»É ÛÇßáó Ûáõß-»É Ûáí³½ ÛûñÇÝ»É

42.32 & 42.4 Medial /ÚÛ/ 12 It is impossible to differentiate the initial /Ñ/ and /Û/ by ear in standard Armenian; however, they used to be distinct sounds in Grabar and their difference is reflected in many Armenian dialects. Words with an initial /Û/ sound [y] or with a heavy breath (which gave rise to colloquial abbreviations of proper names, as: Ú³Ïáμ > ‘²Ïáμ; ‘ÚáíÑ³ÝÝ¿ë > ‘úÑ³Ý, ‘²õ³Ý¿ë, ‘úÝ¿ë, ‘úÝÇÏ; Úáíë¿÷ > ‘úë¿å, ‘àõë¿÷, úëÇÏ, etc.). On the other hand, words beginning with the /Ñ/ in some dialects have shifted to [Ë], e.g. Ñ³ó > Ë³ó, see rule 44.6. 13 This initial /Û/ is the Grabar preposition Ç, which shifts into /Û/ and attaches to the words beginning with vowels, cf.: Û³Ï³Ý¿ Û³Ýáõ³Ý¿ (*Ç ³Ï³Ý¿ Ç ³Ýáõ³Ý¿), but Ç ëÏ½μ³Ý¿, ÇÑ³ñÏ¿.


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1. The medial /Û/ is quite rare; it never occurs between two consonants. 2. The medial /Û/ sounds [y] when:

2.1 It is a diphthong component: Ñ³Û, Ñ³Ûñ, Ñ³Û»ÉÇ, ÉáÛë, ½áÛ·, »ñ»ÏáÛ»³Ý, etc. 2.2 It is the final /Û/ moving into a medial position in derivation before vowels: ³ñù³ÛÇ, ïÕ³Û³Ï³Ý. In

RO this /Û/ is called Ó³ÛÝ³Ï³å connecting vowel; the RO rule states that /Û/ emerges if the first component in a derivative word ends in /³/ or /á/.14

3. The medial /Û/ sounds [h] in derivation if the second component begins with an initial /Û/: Û³ÛïÝÇ > ³ÝÛ³Ûï [haytni > ahhayt ]; ÛûÝù > Ùñ³ÛûÝ [honk > mrahon]. RO: this sound [h] is spelled with /Ñ/: ³ÝÑ³Ûï, Ùñ³ÑáÝ.

4. RO: the medial /Û/ always sounds [y]: Ñ³Û»ÉÇ, ÉáÛë, ³ÝÑ³Ûï, etc.

42.33 Final Silent /ÚÛ/ 1. The silent /Û/ follows final /³/ and /á/: ïÕ³Û, Û»ïáÛ, Ù»Í³ñ·áÛ, ÏñÝ³Û, Ïþ»ñÃ³Û, Ùáé³ó³Û, ÎÇÉÇÏÇáÛ.

etc. RO eliminated it: ïÕ³, Ñ»ïá, Ù»Í³ñ·á, ÏñÝ³, Ï»ñÃ³, Ùáé³ó³, ÎÇÉÇÏÇá. 2. It drops before any ending beginning with a consonant, ïÕ³óÏ³Ý, »ñ»ÏáÝ»ñ, but: ïÕ³ÛáõÃÇõÝ. 3. Exceptions: /Û/ sounds [y] in a few monosyllabic words: Ñ³Û, μ³Û, ×³Û, í³Û, ·áÛ, ËáÛ, ÏáÛ, ÜáÛ. 4. In RO these words follow the regular pronunciation of /Û/ as [y]. 5. Exceptions: without a final /Û/ are spelled:

5.1 Pronouns ending in /³/ ë³, ¹³, Ý³, ³ëÇÏ³, ³ïÇÏ³, ³ÝÇÏ³, etc. 5.2 Several root words: ³Ûá, Ñ³, ³Ñ³, ³å³, Ñ³å³, ÑÇÙ³. 5.3 Imperative verbs: Ï³ñ¹³°, Ë³Õ³°, ÙÝ³°, Ñ³Ù³ñ»³ (the latter is an adverb deriving from a frozen

imperative). 5.4 Geographical names: ²Ù»ñÇÏ³, ºõñáå³, ²ëÇ³, ²ýñÇÏ³, èáõëÇ³, Ø³ñáÏû, etc. 5.5 Newer loan words: ³Õ³, ÷³ß³, ³ÙÇñ³, é³¹Çá, äáõïï³, û÷ñ³ WA, ´áõ¹¹³, ûå»ñ³ EA.

4.3 Consonants in Triple Oppositions: /´ ö/, /¶ ø/. /¸ Â/, /Ò ò/. /æ â/15

43.1 ´ and ö 1. /´/ is more frequent than /÷/ (General rule 3.11 & 15.). 2. /´/ sounds [b] in EA, and /÷/ [p‘]. In WA, they are homophones: [p‘], G. rules 3.2 & 3.3. 3. In EA, /μ/ shifts into [p‘] in some positions, see the middle column below (G. rule 3.4). 4. ´ appears in the instrumental of nouns ending in -ÇõÝ if they consist of two or more syllables (³ñÇõÝ -

³ñ»³Ùμ), RO ³ñÛ³Ùμ. /ö/ has no special grammatical load.

Remember words spelled with ´ and ö

Words Spelled With /´ μ/ Words spelled with /ö ÷/ [b] in EA, [p‘] in WA [p‘] in WA & EA

²μ¿É ³ñμ»É ³Õμ ¹³ñμÇÝ ³Ù÷á÷ ³ñ÷Ç ³ñμ³Ý»³Ï RO ³ÕμÇõñ RO ³÷ ¹³÷ÝÇ »ñ÷Ý

14 A footnote or small print then explains that the connecting vowel in fact is the recovered final sound of words ending in and /³/ or /á/. Thus, RO brings its own complications and exceptions. However, the main negative aspect of RO is in that it affected the meaning system creating numerous disconnected homographs, as ë¿ñ and ë»ñ > ë»ñ; Ñûï and Ñáï > Ñáï, Û³ñ»É and Ñ³ñ»É; to say nothing about paronyms, as: Û³Ù³é and Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ñá¹, Ñáï, Ñûï, Ûû¹, Ûûï 15 For the third member / å, ï, Ï, Í, ×/ in these oppositions, see General rules 3.1, 3.9, 3.10, 3.15, 3.16.


481


μ³ÙμÇõÝ RO »Õμ³Ûñ »ñμ ½»÷Çõé RO μ³ñμ³é ¹»ñμ³Û Çμñ ÉÇñμ Ë³μ»É Ë³÷ßÇÏ Ë³÷³Ý»É ¼³μ¿É RO ÍÍáõÙμ Ñ³Ùμ»ñ»É ×áÕ÷»É ß³Ù÷áõñ Ã³Ùμ»É Ð³Ùμ³ñÓáõÙ Ñ³ÙμáÛñ RO ÛÕ÷³Ý³É RO Ú³Ïáμ RO Û³ñμ»É Ñ³ñμáõË ã³÷ ÷³Ù÷áõßï Ûáμ»É»³Ý RO ×³Ùμ³Û, RO ×³Ù÷³ ÷³÷³· ÷³÷áõÏ Ý»ñμáÕ ï³ñμ»ñ Ýáõñμ áÕμ áñμ ÷áÕ÷áÕÇÉ ÷ñÃÇÉ ÷ñóÝ»É å³ñμ»ñ³Ï³Ý ß³μ³Ã áõñμ³Ã ÷ñÏ»É ÷ñ÷áõñ ê»ñáíμ¿ ø»ñáíμ¿ RO ëáõñμ ëñμ»É

Suffixes spelled with /μ/ Suffixes spelled with /÷/

-μ³ñ í»Ñ³μ³ñ ù³ç³μ³ñ -ã³÷ ³Ûëã³÷ -»³Ùμ ³ñ»³Ùμ áõñ³ËáõÃ»³Ùμ, RO -Û³Ùμ (root) Ñá·³ã³÷

43.12 /Ù/ and /Ý/ Sounding [m] before the labials /μ, å, ÷/

1. In simple words /Ù/ is used, e.g., ³Ùμ³ëï³Ý»É, ³Ùμ³ñï³õ³Ý, ³Ùμ³ñ, ³ÙμáË, ³ÙμáÕç, ×³Ùμ³Û, ³Ùå, éáõÙμ, Ñ³Ùμ»ñ»É, Ñ³ÙμáÛñ. Note that only in ³Ù÷á÷, ß³Ù÷áõñ /Ù/ is followed by /÷/.

2. It is /Ý/ in derivatives, as: ³ÝμÇÍ, ³Ýμ³õ, and before other than labial consonants: éáõÝ·, Ñ³Ý¹¿å.

43.2 ¶ and ø

1. /¶/ is more frequent in roots, and /ù/, in suffixes, see General rule 3.11. 2. /¶/ sounds [g] in EA, and /ù/ [k‘]. In WA, they are homophones: [k‘], G. rules 3.2 & 3.3. 3. In EA, /·/ shifts into [k‘] in some positions, see the middle column below, G. rule 3.4. 4. The final root is /ù/ rare, it occurs only in: ³ñÓ³·³Ýù EA, ³ñÓ³·³Ý· WA16, μáõù, Ã³ÕÇù, Ã³ù-(áõÝ,

Ã³ùÝáõ»É), Ã»ù, Ãáù, Ãáõù, ×»Õù, ë³ñù, ù³Õ³ù, ùáõñù. In all other words, the final sound [k‘] is spelled with /·/ unless it is overwritten by the following rules 43.25-6, and -7.

5. /ø / is associated with the plural number, Ù»Ýù »Ýù, ¹áõù ¿Çù, áÙ³Ýù, ³ÝÓÇÝù, etc. 6. The final /ù/ also represents the frozen Grabar plural which drops if the word adds from the right, as:

Ï³éù - Ï³é³å³Ý, í³Ýù - í³Ý³Ï³Ý, ¹Çñù -¹Ý»É, ¹Çñ, ¹ñáõÃÇõÝ. 7. All productive suffixes with /ù/ are associated with the blended plural. 8. Here are two other suffixes to differentiate /·/ and /ù/: -·ÇÝ (Ï³Ãá·ÇÝ, ç»ñÙ³·ÇÝ, ÙáÉ»·ÇÝ) creates

adverbs and ù³Ý (a preposition and a suffix) produces adverbs and pronouns (³Ûëù³Ý, áñù³Ý). 9. Note for EA pronunciation: the sound [g] in the first column is slightly devoiced in final and intervocal

positions: [yerg\k], [zug\kel], etc.

Remember words spelled with ¶ and ø

Spelled With /¶ ·/ Spelled with / ø ù/ [g] in EA, [k‘] in

WA [k‘] in WA & EA

³ñ»·³Ï ³õ³· Ù³ñ· Final root /ù/ ³·³Ñ ³Ý·³Ù ÙÇñ· μáõù ³ñ·³ëÇù ·á· Ùáõ· Ã³ÕÇù μ³ñ·³õ³×»É RO »ñ· Ûá·Ý³ÏÇ RO Ã³ùáõÝ μáõñ· ½áÛ· ½áõ·»É Ûá·Ý³Í RO Ã»ù ·³·³Ã17 ¿· Ýáñá·»É Ãáù ·áñ· Ã³· Ã³·³õáñ

RO Ýáõ³· Ãáõù

16 This is the original Grabar spelling of the word, the plural is ³ñÓ³·³Ý·ù. 17 Initial /·/ always sounds [g] in EA, the rule concerns /·/ in weak positions.


482


·ñ·é»É Ã³ñ·Ù³Ý áéá·»É ë³ñù ¹ñ³Ù³ïáõñ· Ï³ñ³· áõñ³· ù³Õ³ù »ñ³Ý· Ï³ñ· å³ï³ñ³· ùáõñù ¹³·³Ý³Ï Ó³· å³ñ·¨ Initial and medial

/ù/ Í³·»É ÓÇ· éáõÝ· ³ñù³Û RO Ï³Ý· Ñ³·áõëï ë³· Ñ»ï³ùñù(Ç)ñ-³Ï³Ý ×Ç· Ñá·Ç á·Ç ßá·Ç ë·³É ëáõ· Ñ»ñù»É Ù³ñ·³ñÇï Ñá·ë í³·ñ Ù³ùáõñ ÷áùñ Ù¿· RO ÙÇ·³Ù³Í Ó·»É ï»·ñ ùñùáõÙ ùñùñ»É ß³Õ·³Ù ×ñ³· û·áëïáë ùÝ³ñ ùñùÇç etc. etc. ï»· Ù³ñ³· û·áõï

û·Ý»É

Suffixes with /ù/ & /·/ Final dropping /ù/ & derivatives

& Derivatives ³ÉÇù ³É»ÏáÍ ³É»Ñ»ñ Í³Ëù Í³Ëë»É Û³ñ·³Ýù

RO Û³ñ·»É RO Ï³éù Ï³é³å³Ý

-·ÇÝ ç»ñÙ³·ÇÝ ³ñ·³ëÇù ³ñ·³ë³μ»ñ Ï³ñÍÇù Ï³ñÍ»Ù -³Ýù 1 ì³ñ¹³Ý³Ýù ³ßË³ï³Ýù ³ßË³ïáÕ Ñ³Ýù Ñ³Ý»É but

Ñ³Ýù³÷áñ -³Ýù 2 »ñ³½³Ýù μ³ÕÓ³Ýù μ³ÕÓ³É Ñ»ïù Ñ»ï³åÝ¹»É -³ñù ·áñÍ³ñù μ³ñÓáõÝù μ³ñÓñ ÓÇñù ÓñÇ -»Ýù Ø³Ãáë»Ýù μ³ñù μ³ñáÛ³Ï³Ý Ù»Õù Ù»Õ³õáñ Ù»Õ³Û -ÇÝù ³ÝÓÇÝù μ»ñù μ»ñ»É Ý»ñùáõëï Ý»ñë Ý»ñ³Í»É -Çù ï³ÝÇù μ³ñÇù ¹ÅáËù ¹ÅáË³ÛÇÝ ß¿Ýù ßÇÝ»É -áÛù Ñ³×áÛù åÇïáÛù ¹Çñù ¹ñáÛÃ RO å³ßï³ÙáõÝ

ù å³ßïûÝ å³ßï»É

-áõ³Íù Û³õ»Éáõ³Íù »½»ñù »½ñ »½»ñ»É í³ñù í³ñ»É ½ûñ³í³ñ RO -áõÝù Ñ³ñóÙáõÝù »ñ³ËïÇù »ñ³Ëï³å³ñï í¿ñù íÇñ³õáñ Ï³ñ»í»ñ -ã¿ù ÏÇëáÕã¿ù »ñÏÇÝù »ñÏÝ³ÛÇÝ ï³ÝÇù ïáõÝ ï³Ý»óÇ -ù³Ý ³Ûëù³Ý ½ûñù ½ûñáõÃÇõÝ RO ï³ñ»ñù ï³ññ ï³ññ³Ï³Ý Ë»Éù Ë»É³·³ñ ïáõñù ïáõñ, ïáõ»óÇ RO Ëáñù ËáñÇÝ ùñïÇÝù ùñïÝ»É

43.3 ¸ and Â

Remember words spelled with ¸ and Â

Words Spelled With /¸ ¹/ Words spelled with /Â Ã/ [d] in EA, [t‘] in

WA [t‘] in WA & EA

³¹³Ù³Ý¹ ³ñ¹³ñ Ï³ñ¹³É ³ÝÃ³é³Ù ËñÃÇÝ ³Ý¹³Ù ³ñ¹»ûù Ï»Ý¹³ÝÇ ³ÝÑ»Ã»Ã Ï³Ã ³Ý¹áõÝ¹ ³ñ¹¿Ý ÏáÏáñ¹ ³Ý÷áÛÃ Ï³Ãë³Û ³å³ñ¹ÇõÝ ³ñ¹ÇõÝù Ð³Õáñ¹áõÃÇõÝ ³ñÃáõÝ Ï³ÝÃ ¹Õñ¹³É ³õ³Ý¹ Ñ³ñ¹ »ÝÃ³Ï³Û Ï³ÝÃ»Õ ¹û¹ûß μ³¹ Ù³ñ¹ »ÝÃ³ÙÝ³Û ÏñÃ»É »ñ¹áõÙ μ³ñ¹ Û³ñ¹³ñ»É »ÝÃ³ñÏ»É Ñ³ñÃ ½³ñ¹ μ»ñ¹ Ý»³ñ¹ »ñÃ ë·»ñÃ Ñ»ñÃ Ã³Ï³ñ¹ μáõñ¹ μñ¹»É áñ¹ »ñÃ³É ÑáñÃ ÃÝ¹³É ¹³¹³ñ18 áñ¹Ç »ñÃ¨»Ï ÙáñÃ

18 In initial positions in Ea, /¹/ is always [d].


483


ÃáõÝ¹ ¹¹áõÙ ç³ñ¹ »ñÏ³Ã Û³ÏÇÝÃ ÍÕñÇ¹ ¹ñ¹»É ç³ñ¹áõμáõñ¹ ½³ñÃûÝù Û³ÕÃ»É Ñáñ¹ »ñ¹-ÇÏ í³éû¹ ÁÝÃ³óù ß³ÝÃ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³Ï É»³ñ¹ É»ñ¹ í³ñ¹ ÁÝÃ»éÝáõÉ ßù»ñÃ Ù³Ý³õ³Ý¹ Ë³ñ¹³Ë í³ñ¹³å»ï ÁÝÃñÇù áñÃ Ñ³Ý¹ ËÉáõñ¹ íñ¹áí Ã³ñÃ»É å³ñÃ»õ í³Õáñ¹»³Ý ËÝ¹Çñ û¹ Ã»Ã¨ Ã»ñÃ ë³Ã Ëáñ¹áõμáñ¹ ûñÇáñ¹ ÃÇÃ»é ë³Õ³ñÃ Ë³Ã³ñáõÙ íÇÃ Prefixes and suffixes spelled with /¹/ Ë»Ã (Ë¿Ã) ÷³ñÃ³Ù ¹Å- (ïÅ-) ¹Å·áÑ ¹Åμ³Ëï Ë»ÝÃ

(Ë»Ý¹) ÷»ñÃ»É

ÁÝ¹- ÁÝ¹³Ù¿ÝÁ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ

ËáñÃ ÷ñÃÇÉ

-³ñ¹ Ëáñ³Ý³ñ¹ íÇÙ³ñ¹ -áñ¹ »ññáñ¹ Ý³Ëáñ¹ Suffixes spelled with /Ã/ -áõñ¹ ³×áõñ¹ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹ -áÛÃ ³ëáÛÃ Ñ³ëáÛÃ »ñ»ÏáÛÃ -áõÃÇõÝ ·ñáõÃÇõÝ Ù³ñ¹ÏáõÃÇõÝ

1. /¸/ is more frequent both in roots and derivatives than /Ã/ (General rule 3.11). 2. /¸/ sounds [d] in EA, and /Ã/ [t‘]. In WA, they are homophones: [t‘](G. rules 3.2 & 3.3). 3. In EA, /¹/ shifts into [t‘] in the universally weak (final, intervocal, ante/post-sonorant) positions, see the

middle column below (G. rule 3.4). Note that in initial position is always [d] in EA; words which contain an initial [d] and medial [t‘] in EA are in bold in the second column.

4. /¸/ is grammatically associated with the second person pronouns, ¹áõù, ³Û¹, ·áñÍ¹.

43.4 Ò and ò 1. /Ò Ó/ is more frequent in roots and in /ò ó/ in derivation (General rule 3.11). 2. /Ò/ sounds [dz] in EA, and /ó/ [ts‘]. In WA, they are homophones: [ts‘] (G. rules 3.2 & 3.3). 3. /ò/ is grammatically associated with the following:

3.1 Past (aorist) stems: ëÇñ»ó, Ï³ñ¹³ó¿ù, ë³éáõó»³É, ·Ý³óù, Ý³Ûáõ³Íù, ÁÝÃ³óù, etc. 3.2 Causative verbs: Éé»óÝ»É, áõñ³Ë³óÝ»É. 3.3 Genitive plural in some pronouns and declension ó in nouns: ³ÝáÝó/Ýñ³Ýó, ³ëáÝó/ëñ³Ýó, Çñ»Ýó,

ì³ñ¹³Ý³Ýó, ³ÝÓ³Ýó, áÙ³Ýó, Ù³ñ¹áó/tÙ³ñ¹Ï³Ýó. 4. Ò has a limited grammatical load: personal pronouns, 2nd p. plural: Ó»ñ, Ó»½, Ó»½Ù¿/Ó»½³ÝÇó

Ó»½Ùáí/Ó»½³Ýáí. 5. Take special note of the following roots which are productive in word-building: μ³ñÓ, ¹³ñÓ, Ù»ñÓ,

³Ýó, ÏÇó, óáÛó.

Remember Words with Ò and ò

Words Spelled With /Ò Ó/ Words Spelled with /ò ó/ [dz] in EA, [ts‘] in WA [ts‘] in WA & EA ³ÝÓ ³ñÓ³Ïáõñ¹ ³Õó³Ý ³ÝÓÝ³å³ëï³Ý ³ñÓ³Ý ³Ýó-³Í ³Í³Ýó Ã³÷³ÝóÇÏ ³ÝÓáõÏ μ³ñÓ μ³ñÓÇÃáÕÇ ã³÷³½³Ýó ³Ýóáñ¹ ³ï³ÕÓ μ³ñÓñ μ³ñÓáõÝù ³å³Ã³ñó ³ñÓ³Ï μ³ñÓñ³μ»ñÓ μ³ñÓñ³Ý³É ²ñó³Ë ³ñáõ³ñÓ³Ý Ù³ÝÏ³μ³ñÓ í»ñ³Ùμ³ñÓ ³ñóáõÝù μ³ÕÓ³Ýù ¹³ÕÓ μ³ó ·áó ·»ÕÓ ¹³ñÓ-Ý»É ¹³ñÓ»³É ÁÝÃ»ñó³ñ³Ý ÁÕÓ³É ï³ñ»¹³ñÓ ÷áË³¹³ñÓ Ã³÷³ÝóÇÏ Ã³Ë³ÝÓ»É ³ñ¨³¹³ñÓ Ñ³Ûñ»Ý³¹³ñÓ ÏÇó Ïóáñ¹ ¹ñÏÇó Ñ³ñ³ÏÇó ÇÕÓ ¹»ÕÓ ¹»ÕÓ³Ý Ñ³ñó Ñ³ó


484


ÉáñÓ ¹»ÕÓ³ÝÇÏ ÙñóáõÃÇõÝ áõñó Ï³ÕÏ³ÝÓ»É ¹»ñÓ³Ï å³Ëáõñó ïñó³Ï Ñ»ÕÓáõÏ ¹»ñÓ³Ý óáÛó óáõóÝ»É ûñ³óáÛó Å³Ù³óáÛó Ñ»ñÓ»É ËáõñÓ ÷áóË Ù³ÕÓ Ñ³Ù³ñÓ³Ï ù³Õó Ù»ñÓ Ù»ñÓ³Ï³Û Ñ³Ùμ³ñÓáõÙ ù³ÕóÏ»Õ Ù»ñÓ³õáñ μ¨»é³Ù»ñÓ

Ñ³Ý¹»ñÓ-³Ýù Ñ³Ý¹»ñ-»³É ù³Õóñ

ÙÕÓ³õ³Ýç Û³ñÓ³ÏáõÙ ÛáñÓ³Ýù áñÓ Suffixes With ó í³ñÓ-»É í³ñÓÏ³Ý í³ñÓ³Ï -³óù Ñ³Û»³óù Éáõ³óù Suffix with Ó íñÓÇÝ -áÛó ½ñáÛó ë³éáÛó Ï³éáÛó -»ñÓ áõÕ»ñÓ ÷áñÓ -áó ¹åñáó ·³½³Ý³Ýáó Ñ³Ý¹»ñÓ ûÓ -óÇ ¹ñ³óÇ Ùß»óÇ ³Ù»ñÇÏ³óÇ

43.5 æ and â 1. /â ã/ is more frequent in derivation, and /æ ç/, in roots (General rule 3.11). 2. /â ã/ sounds [ch‘] in EA, and /ç/ [j]. In WA, they are homophones: [ch‘] (G. rules 3.2 & 3.3). 3. /â/ is grammatically associated with negation: áã, ã¿, ãÏ³Û, ãË³Õ³Ù. 3.1 /â/ is a verbal infix in present stems: Ï³éãÇÉ, Ñ³Ý·ãÇÉ, ÷³Ïã»É. 4. /æ/ is grammatically associated with the declension áç, as: ÏÝáç, ùñáç, ÁÝÏ»ñáç.

Remember Words with æ and â

Words Spelled With /æ ç/ Words Spelled with /â ã/ [j] in EA, [ch‘] in WA [ch‘] in WA & EA

³Õç³ÙáõÕç ³ÕçÇÏ ³ãù ßÇç(³Ý)»É ³ç ³é³ç ³é³çÇÝ ³éç¨ ¹³ñãÇÝ ³Ýáõñç ³ç³ÏÇó ÁÝ¹³é³ç Û³çáñ¹ ½»Õã»É ·³Õç ³ñç Ãéã»É ÃéãáõÝ ·»ÕçáõÏ ½Õç³É ËáãÁÝ¹áï Ï³Ý³ã »Õç»ñáõ ¿ç ³é¿ç ¾çÙÇ³ÍÇÝ ÇçÝ»É í³Ûñ¿çù Ï³Ýã Ïáã »ÕçÇõñ ËáËáç ùñùÇç ÙÇÝã(¨) ÙÇÝã¨ ÙÇÝã¹»é »ñç³ÝÇÏ Ï³Ùáõñç Ñ³Õ³ñç áã ã³ñãÇ áãË³ñ Ãñç»É Ññß¿ç ³Ýß¿ç ÷³ñã ÷áõã É³Ýç Éáõñç Ù¿ç Ù¿çù Ù³ñ¹³Ù¿ç ËáËáç³É ùñùç³É ÙÇç¨ ÙÇçÇÝ ÙÇç³ï Affixes Spelled With /ã/ Ù³ñç³Ý ÙñçÇõÝ ßáõñç ß»Õç -ã- áãÇÝã ãáõ½»É ã·³É ã¿ñ (ßáõñç) ßñç³·³Û»É áÕç ³ÙμáÕç ³éáÕç ã- ã³ëïáõ³Í ãÏ³Ù ãï»ë ßñç³Ý Û»Õ³ßñçáõÙ áÕç³ËáÑ áÕçáÛÝ -Çã ·ñ(Ç)ãáõÃÇõÝ ÃáíÇã áõëáõóÇã Ûáñçáñç»É ëï»ñç áçÇÉ áñç í»ñç ù³ç -ã- ¹Çåã»É Ï³éã»É, -ÇÉ WA ç³Ëç³Ë»É çÕçÇÏ WA, ãÕçÇÏ EA -ã¿ù μ»ñáÕã¿ù Ï³åáÕã¿ù

4.4 Spelling the Consonants in Dual Oppositions: Õ-Ë, ½-ë, Å-ß, í-õ-ý, ¨, and ñ-é

44.1 Ô and Ê

Remember Words with Ô and Ê Words Spelled with /Ô Õ/ Words Spelled with /Ê Ë/

[Õ] sounds [Õ] /Õ/ sounds [Ë] /Ë / always sounds [Ë] ³Õ³ã³Ýù ³ÕμÇõñ ³Ëï ³Ëï³Å»ï ËñáËï


485


³Õ»ñë-»É ³ÕçÇÏ ³åáõËï Í³Ë»É Í³Ëë-»É Í³Ëù ³Õç³ÙáõÕç ³Õù³ï μ³Ë»É Ï³Ë»É ³Õï ³Õïáï μáÕÏ μ³Ëï ÏËï³ñ ·áÕ ·³ÕïÝÇ μ(Õ)Ë»É ÏÙ³Ëù ¹»Õ ¹»ÕÇÝ ¹³ÕÓ ·Ëïáñ Û³Ë×³å³ÏÇ Ã³ÕÇù ÃáõÕÃ ¹»ÕÓ³Ý ¹ÅáËù Ý³Ë Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ý³Ëáñ¹ Ë»ÕÏ³ï³Ï ¹»ÕÓ³ÝÇÏ ¹ñ³Ëï Ý³Ë×Çñ Í³ÕÇÏ Î³Õ³Ý¹ »Õμ³Ûñ »ñ³Ëï³å³ñï Ý³Ëß-áõÝ Ï³Õ-³É Ï³ÕÏ³ÝÓ-»É Ë»Õ¹»É »ñ³ËïÇù áõËï (»ñ¹áõÙ) ÏáÕå ÏáÕå¿ù ÏÕå³Ýù Ï»Õïáï ½ÙñáõËï áõËï³¹ñáõÅ áõËï»É ×Õ»É ×áÕ÷»É ×»Õù-»É Ã³Ë³ÝÓ»É å³Ý¹áõËï Ù»Õ³õáñ Ù»Õù Ã³Ëï ç³Ëç³Ë»É Ù»Õñ Ù»Õáõ Û³ÕÃ»É ÃËÏÇ ê³Ý¹áõËï19

áõÕÇ áõÕ³ñÏ»É ß³Õ·³Ù ÃáõËå ëËïáñ áõÕï ÁÝÓáõÕï ß³ÕÏ³å ÃáõËë ëñï³μáõË åÕïáñ áÕÏáÛ½ ÅËï»É í³Ë-Ïáï ë³Ý¹Õ³ß³ñ ë³Ý¹áõÕù É³Ëï É³Ëï³Ë³Õ ì³ËÃ³Ý· ï»Õ-³É ³Ûëï»Õ ù³Õóñ Ë³Ëï»É í³Ë×³Ý ïáõÝáõï»Õ, etc. Ëñ³Ë×³Ýù íËï³É Ëñ³Ëáõë»É ï³Ëï³Ï, etc. 1. /Ê Ë / is more frequent than / Ô Õ/. 2. [Ô] voiced and [Ë] voiceless have phonetic pronunciation in EA and WA, as: Ï³Ë³Õ³Ý, Ë³ÕáÕ,

Ë³Õ, Ë»Õ×, ËïÕï³É, Ù³é³ËáõÕ . Exceptions: see rules 4 & 5 below and 44.6. 3. /Õ/ seldom occurs in initial positions. 4. /Ô/ in weak positions can shift into /Ë/, that is, »Õμ³Ûñ sounds [»Ë÷³Ûñ], Ë»Õ¹»É: [Ë»ËÃ»É] etc.;20

focus on the second column in the table below. See G. rules 3.5, 6 & 9. 5. /Ë/ does not shift into /Õ/. 6. /Ë/ mostly combines with other sounds with similar phonetic features å, Ï, ï, Í, × (simple voiceless in

Grabar and EA), see G rule 9. Exceptions: ³Õù³ï, μáÕÏ, ·³ÕïÝÇ, ÃáõÕÃ, Û³ÕÃ, ù³Õóñ etc. 7. Note the paronyms: ³Ëï malady, ³Õï slime; áõËï oath, áõÕï camel as examples ³Ëï, áõËï and

exceptions ³Õï, áõÕï to rule 44.16 above. 8. /Õ/ mostly combines with vowels, sonorants and voiced (in Grabar and EA) consonants μ, ·, ¹, Ó, ç,

³ÕûÃù, ³ÕμÇõñ, Ñ»Õ·, Ñ»ÕÓ, ³ÕçÇÏ, ³ÕÙáõÏ, see General rule 3.6.

Suffixes spelled and pronounced with /Õ/ -»Õ Ï³ÝÃ»Õ áõÅ»Õ There are no productive affixes with /Ë/

-»Õ¿Ý Ï³Ý³ã»Õ¿Ý áëÏ»Õ¿Ý -áÕ ËÝ³ÙáÕ û·ÝáÕ

44.2 ¼ and ê 1. /ê ë/ is significantly more frequent than /¼ ½/. 2. [ê] voiceless and [½] voiced are distinct phonemes differentiating minimal pairs, as: ½³ñ¹, ë³ñ¹; ½áõï,

ëáõï; ½áõñ, ëáõñ; ÷³ñÇ½(»)óÇ, ÷³ñÇë»óÇ. Except for some positions, see the next rule. 3. WA shows a tendency for a weaker, voiceless /½/ in consonant clusters ½μ, ½·, ½Ï, ½¹, ½ï, ½Ù, ½Ý where

it can be confused with /ë/, e.g., the words ³½· and ³ëù, ³½¹ and ³ëï , sound quite similar. In EA they are clearly distinct. The word list in the table below is intended for WA spelling; note that the words containing /½/ are often misspelled.

4. /ê/ does not shift into ½ in pronunciation. Observing this rule promotes a native-like pronunciation of Armenian by English speaking students.

19 And all names derived with - ¹áõËï, Iranian loan meaning daughter: Þ³Ñ³Ý¹áõËï, àñÙÇ½¹áõËï, etc. 20 This shift is reflected in colloquial forms, as: WA ËñÏ»É from áõÕ³ñÏ»É.


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5. /ê/ is grammatically associated with: 5.1 First person in pronouns: »ë, ³Ûë, ÇÙë, Ï»³Ýùë. 5.2 Second person in present tenses: Ó·»ë, ·Çï»ë, ³åñ»ë - ³åñÇë, Ï³ñáÕ »ë - ÏñÝ³ë.

Words Spelled With /½/ Words Spelled With /ë/

³½· ½·³É ²ëïáõ³Í ¹áõëïñ ëå³ëù ³½¹ ½·»ëï ³é³·³ëï áëïÇÏ³Ý ëåÇï³Ï ³½¹»É ½·áÛß ³é³ëï³Õ áõëïÇ ëï³Ùáù

ë ³½¹ñ ½·ûÝ ³ëåÝç³Ï³Ý ë·³É ëï³Ý³É ³½ÝÇõ ½Ï»é ³ëïÇ×³Ý ëÏ³Ñ³Ï ëï»ÕÍ»É ³Ý½·³Û ½Ù³ÛÉáõ³Í ³ëï ëÏ»ëñ³Ûñ ëïáõ»ñ ½³ñ¹ ½Ùáõéë ³ëù ëÏÇõé ë÷éáó ½μ³ÕÇÉ ½Ý¹³Ý ³ëïÕ ëÏëÇÉ ëù»Ù ½μ³ÕÙáõÝù

½ï»É ¹³ëï³Ï ëå³ÝÝ»É íëï³Ñ

½μûë³Ýù Ï³½¹áõñ»É ¹³ëïÇ³ñ³Ï ëå³ë»É etc. 6. /½/ is a Grabar preposition still in use in pronoun accusatives, WA formal styles: ½Çë, ½³ÛÝ, ½ù»½.21 7. Suffixes containing /½/ and /ë/ share the feature of being quite blended with stems:

7.1 The suffix -ëï appears with a preceding vowel variations: -³ëï: ÇÙ³ëï, Ý³õ³ëïÇ; -»ëï: ³ñáõ»ëï, ³ñÑ»ëï, ½·»ëï, Ñ³Ù»ëï, áõï»ëï; -Çëï: Ñ³Ý·Çëï; -áõëï: ³åñáõëï Ñ³ñáõëï Ñ»éáõëï Ý»ñùáõëï; also as –ëï-³Ý: Ñ»é³ëï³Ý, Ð³Û³ëï³Ý.

7.2 The preposition-prefix is mostly blended: ½-³ñï-áõÕÇ, ½-³ñ¹-³ñ-»É, ½-³ñÙ. ½-³Ýó (³éÝ»É). 7.3 The suffix -³½ is practically frozen: Ý³õ³½, Ýáõ³½. 7.4 Note the large number of derivatives from μ³½áõÙ > μ³½Ù³ÃÇõ, μ³½Ù³½³õ³Ï; also, μ³½(áõÏ) >

μ³½Ï³Ãáé, μ³½Ùáó, μ³½ñÇù.

44.3 Ä and Þ 1. /Þ ß/ is considerably more frequent than /Ä Å/. 2. [Þ] voiceless and [Å]voiced are distinct phonemes, cf.: ¹Åáõ³ñ, Ãßáõ³é; ³ÝáõÅ, ³Ýáõß; ·áõÅ ·áñß;

except for some positions, see the next rule. 3. WA shows a tendency for a weaker, voiceless /Å/ especially at the end of a word and before sonorants [Û],

[Ý], and [ñ] where it can be confused with /ß/; see the word list below and note that words containing / Å/ are often misspelled. In EA they are clearly distinct sounds.

4. /Þ/ does not shift into [Å] in pronunciation. 5. Neither of these consonants carry a grammatical load. 6. No productive affixes contain /Å/ or /ß/. The prefix ¹Å- is not active but has some key derivatives: ¹ÅÏ³Ù

¹ÅÝ¹³Ï ¹Åμ³Ëï. (blend in ¹Åáõ³ñ ). The WA writing ïÅ- (ïÅ·ÇÝ, ïÅ·áÑ, ïÅ·áÛÝ) unifies its pronunciation with EA and Grabar. Note also the suffix -³ß in ÃÃáõ³ß. Note also the Greek loan prefix ³ñùÇ or ³ñßÇ as in ³ñù»åÇëÏáåáë, WA ³ñßÇ¹áõùë, ³ñùÇå»Õ³·áë; EA ³ñßÇå»É³·.

Words Spelled With /Å/ Words Spelled With /ß/

³ËáñÅÇÉ ¹Å·áÑ ÅáõÅÏ³É ³Ýáõß ¹ßËáÛ ×³ßÏ»ñáÛÃ ³ÛÅÙ ¹ÅÏ³Ù Ë³Å ³ßË³ïÇÉ ¹ñáßÙ Ýß³Ý ³ßËáÛÅ ¹ÅÝÇ ËáÅáé ³ßË³ñÑ ½³õ»ßï ßï³åÇÉ ³ñÅ³ÝÇ ¹ÅáËù Ñ³Ý¹áõñÅ»É ³åáõß Ãßáõ³é ßù³Ùáõïù ³ñÅ¿ù ¹Åáõ³ñ Ù»ñÅ»É ³ñμßÇé É³õ³ß å³ïß·³Ù

μ 21 /½/ is blended in many derivatives: ³ñÃáõÝ - ½³ñÃáõÝ, ½-³é-Ç-í»ñ, ½-³ñÙ-³Ýù, ½-·ÉË-Çã, ½-»é-³É cf. with the preposition Ç > Û: ½-³Ýó-³Ýù (Û³Ýó³Ýù), ½-³ñ¹-³ñ-»É (Û³ñ¹³ñ»É), etc.


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μ³ÅÝ»É ¹ñÅ»É ß³ñÅÇÉ ·áÉáñßÇ Ëáñß ù³ñß»É μÅÇßÏ »ñ³ÅÇßï áõÅ»Õ ·áñß ËáñßáÙ ùÝùáõß ¹³Å³Ý ÅÉ³ï ïÅ·áÛÝ ¹³ßÝ³Ï Ïáõßï etc.22

44.4 ì í, ôõ and üý 1. /í/ and /õ/ devoice and shift into [f] in some words: Ñ³ñ³õ, Ý³õÃ. However, they are distinct phonemes

differentiating a few words: ýëýë³É - ÷ë÷ë³É. See rules on spelling the sound [v] at 4.1. 2. /ý/ is a seldom used letter occurring in:

2.3 Words of foreign origin, as ýñ³ÝÏ, ý³ëáÝ, ýáÝá·ñ³ý. 2.4 Onomatopoetic words: ýëë³É, ýßýß³É, ýéé³É, ýéýé³É and interjections, áõý, ûý.

3. Some dialects, like Grabar have no /ý/ and substitute it with /÷/ in new loans, as öñ³Ý·ëï³Ý, or ÷áõïμáÉ for ýáõïμáÉ, cf.: ÷ÇÉÇëá÷³Û philosopher borrowed from ancient Greek; and the same trend in: ÂÇýÉÇë - ÂÇ÷ÉÇë, ²ýñÇÏ³ - ²÷ñÇÏ¿, etc.

44.5 ðñ and èé 1. /ð/ (soft, monovibrant tap) is significantly more frequent than /é/ (hard, multivibrant trill), see G. rule

3.16. 2. [ð] and [é] are distinct phonemes differentiating words: ¹»ñ - ¹»é (see more examples below). If

pronounced correctly, their spelling does not cause problems. However, modern WA tends to generalize /ñ/ for /é/, and EA, especially in Yerevan conversational style, favors the generalization of /é/.

3. Both have positional and combinational limitations. 4. /ð/ does not begin words, save a few loans: ñáå¿, ñ³μáõÝ, ð³ýýÇ. 5. /è/ does not start originally Armenian (Indo-European) roots either but most loans are spelled with it:

é³μμÇ, é³½ÙÇÏ, é»Ñ³Ý, é³ÙÇÏ, éá×ÇÏ, éáõÙμ, éáõÝ·, éáõë, éûÙ, èáùë³Ý, èáõëÇ³, etc. Some borrowings are found in double spelling, as: ñ³μμÇ, é³μáõÝ, especially the novel loans in WA and EA differ depending on the source language pronunciation:23 WA ñ³ï³ñ, ñáõμÉÇ, ðáÙ³ÝÇ³; EA: é³¹Çá, éáõμÉÇ é³¹³ñ, é»ïÇÝ, èáõÙÇÝÇ³, etc.

6. /ð/ mostly combines with voiced consonants (G. rule 3.6): í»ñç, Ï³ñ·, μ»ñ¹, μáñμ; cf.: Ãñç»É but Ã³ó. 7. /è/ mostly combines with voiceless consonants (G. rule 3.9): Ãéã»É, ÏéÃÝ»É, Ëéåáï, Ñéã³Ï,

áõé×³Ý³É, except before /Ý/: ¹³éÝ³Ý³É, Ë³éÝÇËáõéÝ; see rule 12 (44.512) below. 8. Grammatically, /ñ/ is associated with:

8.1 the nominal plural number: »ñ, Ý»ñ, 8.2 past tense forms: ¿ñ, Ë³Õ³ñ, ·Çï¿Çñ, 8.3 WA participles: (ÙÇ°, ã»Ù) Ë³Õ³ñ, ëÇñ»ñ, ËûëÇñ/Ëûë»ñ.

9. /è/ does not carry a grammatical load. 10. In repetitives, the root /é/ shifts into /ñ/ in the first component: μ³ñμ³é, (> μ³é), ÃñÃÇé (> ÃéãáõÝ,

ÃÇÃ»é), ¹Çõñ³·ñ·Çé, ÙñÙáõé, ë³ñëáõé, Ï³ñÏ³é»É. If the root contains a /ñ/, it remains intact in reduplication: Ï»ñÏ»ñáõÝ, Ù³ñÙñáõÝ.

Spelling /èé/ and /ðñ/ in Homonyms and Paronyms

Trill /èé/ Tap /ðñ/ Trill /èé/ Tap /ðñ/ Trill /èé/ Tap /ðñ/ ³Ëáé ³ÕûñÇù Ãéã»É Ãñç»É ×³é ×³ñ ã³ñ ³Ïé³Û ³ñù³Û Å³Ûé ë³Ûñ ×ÙéÃÏ»É Í³Ýïñ

22 Note, that in this selection /ß/ appears in positions where it is often confused with /Å/. Otherwise, words containing /ß/ would create a much longer list, cf. the larger number of words containing /ë/ versus /½/. 23 WA as a rule follows the English pronunciation and EA, the Russian pronunciation.


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³Ýï³é ³Ùμ³ñ É»é áÕç É»ñ Ù»é»É Ù»ñ»É ³é³ï ³ñ³ï Éáõé Éáõñ Û³Ù³é Û³ñÙ³ñ ³éÝ³Ï³Ý ³ñÝ³ù³Ù Éé»É Éñ»É ß³é³·áÛÝ ß³ñ³Ï³Ý ³éáÛ· ³ñáÛñ Ë³éÝ Ë³ñ³Ý å³é³õ å³ñ³å ³éáõ ³ñáõ ËéÙ÷³É ËñïÝ»É ÷³éù å³ñÏ μ³ñÏ ³éûñ»³Û ³ñûñ Í³é³Û Í³ñ³õ å³ï³é ÷³÷³ñ μ³é μ³ñù Í³é Í»ñ ó³ñ ç»é³Ï ×»ñÙ³Ï μ»éÝ»É μ»ñ»É Íáé Óáñ Íáñ³Ï ç»éáó ç»ñÙáó μáõé μáÛñ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÇõÝ Ï³ñ³õ³Ý³ïáõÝ ë³éÝ ë³ñ ·³é ù³ñ Ï³éã³Í Ï³ñ×³Í ë³õ³éÝ³Ï ½áõ³ñ³Ï ¹³éÝ Ã³ñÙ Ï³éù Ï³ñ· ë¿ñ ë»é ¹³é Ã³é ¹³ñ Ï»é³ë Ã¿ññ³ë ëÏÇõé ÅËáñ ¹»é¨ë Ã»ñ¨ë ï»ñ¨ Ï»é Ï»ñÏ»ñáõÝ ·»ñ ë÷éáó ëñμáó ¹»é ¹»ñ Ã»ñÇ ÏÝ×Çé ùñùÇç í³×³é»É í×³ñ»É ¹áõé ¹áõñ ïáõñù Ïé»É Ïñ»É ù»ñ»É í³é í³ñ »é³É »ñ³Ï ÏéÇõ óñÇõ í×Çé í»ñç »é»³Ï »ñ»ù ÏéÝ³Ï ·ñïÝ³Ï ï³é ï³ñÇ ï³ñ»ñù ½³é³Ýó³Ýù ½³ñ¹³ñ³Ý

ù ÏéáõÝÏ ÏñáõÝÏ ù³é³ÏáõëÇ Ï³ñ³ëÇ

½»÷Çõé ß»÷áñ Ñ³é³ã Ñ³Õ³ñç ù³éáñ¹ Ï³ñûï ½Ï»é Ï»ñ Ñ»éáõ Ñ»ñáõ ù»éÇ ·»ñÇ Ãßáõ³é ¹Åáõ³ñ Ó»éù Ó»ñ Í»ñ ùáé ùáñ Ïáñ Ãáé ÂáñÇÏ ÓÙ»é ÓÙ»ñáõÏ ùáõé³Ï ·áõñ·áõñ³Ýù 11. In onomatopoeic repetitives this shift does not occur: åáéåáé³É, ¹é¹é³É, ÏéÏé³É, ÑéÑé³É, ÙéÙé³É,

ýéýé³É, ÷é÷é³É. Observing the last two rules helps to differentiate words like ·áõñ·áõñ³É, ·ñ·é»É, and ·áé·áé³É, cf. the table above.

12. Only /é/ precedes a root or stem /Ý/: ³éÝ»É, ëå³éÝ³É, ë³éÝ, ¹³éÝ. It shifts into /ñ/ if the stem /Ý/ drops in derivation. In Grabar this rule was quite absolute in word building and in inflection, as: ¹áõéÝ - ¹ñ³Ý, ¹ñáõÝù, É»³éÝ - É»ñÇÝ, ³Ù³éÝ - ³Ùñ³Ý, ÓÙ»éÝ - ÓÙñ³Ý. WA tends to maintain the latter forms, along with novel not shifted forms, as: ¹áõéÇ, ³Ù³éáõ³Ý; in EA, this rule is frozen in older derivatives, as: ¹³éÝ³É - ¹³ñÓÝ»É, but: ¹é³Ý, É»é³Ý, ³Ùé³Ý, ç»éáõóÇã, etc. See the table below.

/ð/ < /è/ before /Ü/ ð Emerging before Ü in Derivation ³Ù³éÝ³Ùáõï

³Ù³ñ³Ýáó WA ³ñÝ³í³é > ³ñ(Çõ)Ý+ ³+í³é

μ³éÝ³É μ³ñÓ»É ·³ñÝ³Ý > ·³ñ(áõ)Ý+³Ý μ»éÝ»É μ³ñÓñ³μ»ñÓ

μ»ñ»É ë³÷áñÝ»ñ > ë³÷áñ+Ý»ñ

¹³éÝ³É ¹³ñÓ»³É ÏáÛñÝ³É WA > ÏáÛñ+(³)Ý³É ¹éÝ³å³Ý ¹ñ³óÇ ¹ñÏÇó Ùïù»ñÝÇÝ WA

> Ù(Ç)ïù+»ñ+ÝÇ+Ý

ÓÙ»é ÓÙñ³Ý WA Ý³ñÝç³·áÛÝ > Ý³ñ(Ç)Ýç+³+·áÛÝ

ÁÝÃ»éÝ»ÉÇ ÁÝÃ»ñóáõÙ ãáñÝ³É WA > ãáñ+(³)Ý³É Ñ³Ùμ³éÝ³É Ñ³Ùμ³ñÓáõÙ ëñÝ·³Ñ³ñ > ëñ(Ç)Ý·+Ñ³ñ ç»éÝáõÉ obs. ç»ñÙ í»ñÝ³·Çñ > í»ñ(Ç)Ý+³+·Çñ

13. The suffixes -³é- (å³Ûï³é, Ï³ñ×³éûï) and ³ñ-ù, ³ñ-³ñ, ³ñ-³Ý (·áñÍ³ñù, ·áñÍ³ñ³ñ, ·áñÍ³ñ³Ý) derive from the Grabar verb to do, its present stem ³é(Ý-»Ù) and the past stem ³ñ(³ñ-Ç). Many prefixes with /ñ/are quite blended, are also still strongly associated with roots, as: ß³ñ-»É, å³ñ-»É, å³ñ-áÛñ, ëïáñ-³Ý³É, í»ñ-³Ý³É, í»ñ-óÝ»É, ï³ñ-μ»ñ, etc.

Prefixes with /ñ/ Suffixes with /ñ/ ³Ý¹ñ- ³Ý¹ñ³¹³ñÓ ³Ý¹ñßÇñÇÙ»³Ý -³ñ³Ý ¹³ë³ñ³Ý Ã³Ý·³ñ³Ý ³ñï ³ñï³¹ñ»É ³ñï³·³ÕÃ -³ñ³ñ Ï»Ý³ñ³ñ Éáõë³ñ³ñ


489


·»ñ- ·»ñ³·áÛÝ ·»ñ³½³Ýó -³ñ¹ ·Ùμ¿Ã³ñ¹ Û³ñ- Û³ñ³μ»ñáõÃÇõÝ Û³ñ³ï»õ -³ñù ·áñÍ³ñù ÉáõÍ³ñù ß³ñ ß³ñ³¹ñ»É ß³ñáõÝ³Ï -Ï³ñ íÝ³ë³Ï³ñ å³ñ- å³ñ³·³Û å³ñ³·ÇÍ -

(³/»)ñ¿Ý Ñ³Û»ñ¿Ý ÛáõÝ³ñ¿Ý

ëïáñ ëïáñ³¹³ë ëïáñ³Ï¿ï -μ³ñ ëÇñ³μ³ñ Ù³Ûñ³μ³ñ í»ñ-ÇÝ í»ñ³¹³ñÓ í»ñÝ³ïáõÝ -(»)ñáñ¹ »ññáñ¹ ï³ëÝ»ñáñ¹ ï³ñ ï³ñûñÇÝ³Ï ï³ñ³Å³Ù -áñ åÕïáñ Ñ³ïáñ μáÉáñ ïñ³Ù ïñ³Ù³μ³Ý»É ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÇõÝ -áÛñ å³ñáÛñ, ëÝ·áÛñ -(á)õáñ ½ûñ³õáñ μ³Ýáõáñ

Prefixes with /é/ -áñ¹ Ý³Ëáñ¹ ù³éáñ¹ ³é- ³é³ç ³éÑ³ë³ñ³Ï ³éûñ»³Û

½³é³Ù -áõñ¹ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹ Û³·áõñ¹

½³éÇí»ñ (from the preposition ³é-) -ûñ¿Ý å³ñ½ûñ¿Ý Û³Ù³éûñ¿Ý

-³é ³ñç³é Ãßáõ³é -³é-ûï

Ï³ñ×³éûï Ñ³Ù³éûï

44.6 ÐÑ and ÊË

Differentiating /Ñ/ and /Ë/ at times is difficult for students of Armenian as a second language, as well as for native speakers of Armenian dialects where the shift Ñ > Ë is active.

Paronyms with /Ë/ and /Ñ/ Ë³½ Ñ³½ Ë³ñÏ»É Ñ³ñ»É ËáÛ½ ÛáÛ½ Ë³É Ñ³É Ë³õ Ñ³õ ËáÛë ÛáÛë Ë³Ï Ñ³Ï Ë¿ñ Ñ¿ñ Ëáåáå Ûáåáå Ë³Ùñ³Í Ñ³Ùñ Ë»óÇ Ñ³ó Ëáï Ñáï Ë³ÛÍ Ñ³Ûó ËÇõë ÑÇõë ËáñÃ ÑáñÃ Ë³Ûï Û³Ûï ËÝáóÇ ÑÝáó Ëáñ Ñáñ Ë³Ý¹ Ñ³Ý¹ ËÝã»É ÑÝã»É ËáõÅ»É Ûáõß»É Ë³ã»É Ñ³ã»É ËÝçáÛù Ñ³×áÛù ËáõÝÏ ÛûÝù Ë³éÝ»É Û³éÝ»É Ëßï»³Ï Ññ»ßï³Ï Ëñ»É Ññ»É Ë³ïáõïÇÏ Ñ³ïÇÏ ËáÃ»É Ñáï»É Ëûëù Ñáëù Ë³ñÇëË Ñ³ñáõëï ËáÕáí³

Ï ÑáÕ etc.

4.5 Double Consonants 1. Double consonants are spelled as pronounced; they are not frequent as a rule emerge in derivation:

o ³Ý-Ýß³Ý, ³Ý-ÝßÙ³ñ, ³Ý-ÝÙ³Ý, o ³ÝáõÝ-Ý»ñ, ³ÝáõÝ-ÝÇÝ, Ï³ÝáÝ-Ý»ñ, ÉÙÝ-Ý³É o »ñ-ñáñ¹, ãáñ-ñáñ¹, ÇÝ-Ý-»ñáñ¹, o »ñÏ-ÏáÕÙ, »ñÏ-Ï»Ýó³Õ, o Ï»óó¿ > Ï»Ý³É- Ï»³-ó + ó + ¿, o ûññ³Ý > ûñûñ, μ»ññÇ > μ»ñ»É, ëå³ÝÝ»É > ëå³Ý³Ý»É, ÷³ÃÃáõÏ > ÷³Ã³Ã»Ù, ÷³Ã»Ã, o ½ÝÝ»É~ Ù³Ýñ³½ÝÇÝ, ùÝÝ»É ~Ëáñ³ùÝÇÝ, ÷ÃÃ³Í ~ ÷ÃÇÃ, ÃÃ»ÝÇ ~ ÃáõÃ, ÍÝÝ¹»³Ý ~ ÍÝáõÝ¹,

áõÕÕ³ÙÇï ~ áõÕÇÕ, ÍÍÏ»ñ ~ ÍÇÍ. o Ãßß³É > ÃßÃß³É, μ½½³É > μ½μ½³É, etc. o The original vowel between the following double consonants does not reconstruct in existing words:

··áõ³Ýù, ½½áõ³Ýù, ¹¹áõÙ, ÉÉáõÏ, ËËáõÝç, ßßáõÏ. However, the schwa pronounced between them assumes a vowel shift, consequently, an emergence of double consonants in word building.


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2. Passive voice infix -áõ- creates double [vv] if following a verbal stem ending in a õ, í, áõ, ·áíáõ³Í. RO: use double /íí/ (see )

3. Three roots have a double /ññ/ without a schwa between them: ³Ý¹áññ, ÙññÇÏ, ï³ññ; the last two can obtain a vowel between them: ï³ñ»ñù and ÙÁñÁñÏ³Í (this form is mostly found in poetry for rhyme).

4. Foreign words spelled with double consonants in source languages maintain them in Armenian. A pronunciation free of foreign accent assumes their double pronunciation: ²ÃÇÉÉ³Û, ²åáÉÉáÝ, ²ùÇÉÉ¿ë, ¾ÙÙ³, ²ÝÝ³, ìÇ»ÝÝ³, exception: ÙÇÉÇáÝ, also note ïáÉ³ñ WA, ¹áÉÉ³ñ EA.

Useful Tips for Correct Spelling Structural Analysis: Armenian is an agglutinating language where affixation is the key mode of

connecting words together. Affixes (suffix, prefix, infix) in word-building and grammar have a limited quantity. Therefore, a structural analysis of derivative words and a feel for word building components and grammatical endings significantly contributes to correct spelling, cf.: ÁÝÃ³óù - ÁÝÃ (root, see rule 13.12) + ³ó (aorist, see rule 43.431) + ù (plural, see rule 43.26); Éáõ + ³ó + ù; ã³ñ + ã³ñ + ³Ýù, etc. Below are a few quite general rules: o The aorist stem and causatives are spelled with /ó/: Ï³ñ¹³ó, Ï³ñ¹³óáÕ, Ï³ñ¹³ó³Í, Ï»ñóÝ»É. o Past participle ends in /Í/: Ï³ñ¹³ó³Í, Ï»ñ³Í; the future Participle ends in /ù/: Ëûë»ÉÇù. o /ù/ is associated with the plural: »ñ·»Ýù, Ï³ñ¹³óÇÝù. It can drop in word building (í¿ñù - íÇñ³õáñ).

Etymological Awareness: Some etymological awareness also contributes to correct spelling. Remember:

o Older loans retain the Grabar spelling and are quite uniform in EA and WA: û·áëïáë August, ë»åï»Ùμ»ñ September, ÑáÏï»Ùμ»ñ October, ß³μ³Ã Sabbath, ²Ù»ñÇÏ³ America, Æï³ÉÇ³ Italy, ÐéáÙ Rome, ì»Ý»ïÇÏ Venice, ºõñáå³ Europe, ÛáõÉÇë July, ÚáíÑ³ÝÝ¿ë John , ÚÇëáõë Jesus, etc.

o Newer geographical names and other loans diverge in spelling according to their modern pronunciation, as: WA äáëÃÁÝ, EA ´áëïáÝ Boston, WA Èáë ²Ý×»É¿ë, EA-RO Èáë ²Ýç»É»ë Los Angeles, etc. Details in EA Lesson 15, vocabulary differences.


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