Antares/Virgo Coincidences :A feasibility study

Thierry Pradier

IPHC/DRS & University Louis-Pasteur Strasbourg-Ipradier@in2p3.fr

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

GW/HE ν Coincidences are...

...Possible ?

⇒ Common Sources for GW/HE ν⇒ Coincident signals in GW and HE ν

...Observable ?

⇒ Common Sky Map ?...Detectable ?

⇒ Accidentals Coincidence Rate :Rcoincidence ∼ RAntaresRVirgo∆tcoincidence

⇒ Setting Rcoincidence constrains detection efficiencies

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 2 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

GW/HE ν Coincidences are...

...Possible ?

⇒ Common Sources for GW/HE ν⇒ Coincident signals in GW and HE ν

...Observable ?

⇒ Common Sky Map ?...Detectable ?

⇒ Accidentals Coincidence Rate :Rcoincidence ∼ RAntaresRVirgo∆tcoincidence

⇒ Setting Rcoincidence constrains detection efficiencies

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 2 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

GW/HE ν Coincidences are...

...Possible ?

⇒ Common Sources for GW/HE ν⇒ Coincident signals in GW and HE ν

...Observable ?

⇒ Common Sky Map ?...Detectable ?

⇒ Accidentals Coincidence Rate :Rcoincidence ∼ RAntaresRVirgo∆tcoincidence

⇒ Setting Rcoincidence constrains detection efficiencies

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 2 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Why study GW/HE ν Coincidences ?

Sources invisible in electromagnetic channels may emit both GW/ν

Unique information on internal processes

Quantum Gravity : c2p2 = E 2»1 + ξ

“E

EQG

”+O

„E2

E2QG

«+ . . .

–⇒ |∆tQG | ' 0.15ms

“d

10 kpc

” “EHEν

1 TeV

” “1019 GeV

EQG

”for z � 1

S. Choubey & S. F. King, Phys. Rev. D 67, 073005 (2003)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 3 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

Galactic Sources of GW & ν

Focus on galactic sources

Only accessible sources for 1st detectors Antares & Virgo ?

∆tQG independent on cosmological models for z � 1

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 4 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

MicroQuasars : Gravitational Waves

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 5 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

MicroQuasars : Gravitational Waves

δm ∼ 10−4M� at 1 kpcAccretion less favourable

Ejection more promising if :

τacceleration . 1 s - fast !discrete/discontinuous flow

Th. P., A&A, to be submitted

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 5 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

MicroQuasars : Neutrinos from LS 5039

Production of γ/ν at the base of the jet favoured

F. A. Aharonian, L. A. Anchordoqui, D. Khangulyan & T. Montaruli J.Phys.Conf.Ser. 39, 408-415 (2006)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 6 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

MicroQuasars : Neutrinos & Flares

Source name ∆t (days) NµCI Cam 0.6 0.05XTE J1748-288 20 2.5Cygnus X-3 3 4.8

LS 5039 persistent 0.2

GRO J1655-40 6 1.8GRS 1915+105 6 0.5Circinus X-1 4 0.2XTE J1550-564 5 0.04V4641 Sgr 0.3 0.03V4641 Sgr 0.3 3.9Scorpius X-1 persistent 0.9SS433 persistent 252GS 1354-64 2.8 0.02GX 339-4 persistent 183.4Cygnus X-1 persistent 2.8GRO J0422+32 1-20 0.1-2

C. Distefano et al., Astrophys.J. 575, 378-383 (2002)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 7 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

MicroQuasars : Neutrinos & Flares

Source name ∆t (days) NµCI Cam 0.6 0.05XTE J1748-288 20 2.5Cygnus X-3 3 4.8LS 5039 persistent 0.2GRO J1655-40 6 1.8GRS 1915+105 6 0.5Circinus X-1 4 0.2XTE J1550-564 5 0.04V4641 Sgr 0.3 0.03V4641 Sgr 0.3 3.9Scorpius X-1 persistent 0.9SS433 persistent 252GS 1354-64 2.8 0.02GX 339-4 persistent 183.4Cygnus X-1 persistent 2.8GRO J0422+32 1-20 0.1-2

C. Distefano et al., Astrophys.J. 575, 378-383 (2002)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 7 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

Other possible sources...

Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption

GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)

HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1

Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence

Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts

γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

Other possible sources...

Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption

GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)

HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1

Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence

Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts

γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

Other possible sources...

Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption

GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)

HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1

Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence

Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts

γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

Other possible sources...

Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption

GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)

HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1

Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence

Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts

γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Outbursts from MicroQuasars Other Sources

Other possible sources...

Soft Gamma Repeaters : NS crust disruption

GW emission : J. A. de Freitas Pacheco, A&A 396, 397-401 (1998)

HE ν emission : F. Halzen, H. Landsman & T. Montaruli arXiv : astro-ph/0503348v1

Gamma-Ray Bursters : Hypernova or Binary Coalescence

Orphan Sources : no electromagnetic counterparts

γ-Telescopes have discovered a lot of sources not visible before...

Source Name ∅ (◦) Nsrc - Eν > 1 TeV min-max(mean) NatmHESS J1303−631 0.3 0.8-2.3(1.6) 11HESS J1745−303 0.4 0-18(9) 9.0HESS J1614−518 0.5 1-10(6) 19HESS J1837−069 0.2 1.2-4.5(3.3) 5.9HESS J1634−472 0.2 0.0-3.1(1.7) 9.8HESS J1708−410 0.1 0.1-1.6(1.1) 7.6

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 8 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map

Virgo Beam Pattern, daily averaged

A GW interferometer is an antenna

Beam Pattern depends on Wave Polarization Ψ and (α, δ)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 9 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map

Antares Visibility, daily averaged

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 10 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map

Antares/Virgo common Sky

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 11 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map

Antares/Virgo common Sky

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 11 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Virgo Beam Pattern Antares Observable Sky Antares/Virgo Sky Map

Antares/Virgo common Sky

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 11 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Quantum Gravity effects & coincidence window

mgraviton = 0, and Egraviton � 1 ⇒ ∆tGWQG negligible !δtνmass � 1 for Eν ∼ TeVQuantum Gravity : Dispersion

c2p2 = E 2[1 + ξ

(E

EQG

)+O

(E 2

E 2QG

)+ . . .

]ξ = −1 favoured (ν slower than c)z � 1 ⇒ independence from cosmological models

∆tGW-νQG ' 0.15ms(

d10 kpc

) (EHEν

1 TeV

) (1019 GeV

EQG

)S. Choubey & S. F. King, Phys. Rev. D 67, 073005 (2003)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 12 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Quantum Gravity effects & coincidence window

Maximum QG delay for EQG ∼ 1019GeV∆tQG . 1 s : Eν . 1 PeV , d . 50 kpc (whole Galaxy + LMC)

∆tQG . 1 s : Eν . 3 TeV , d . 20 Mpc (Virgo Cluster)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 12 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Virgo Detection : efficiency

N. Arnaud et al. Phys. Rev. D 65, 042004 (2002)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 13 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Virgo Detection : efficiency

N. Arnaud et al. Phys. Rev. D 65, 042004 (2002)

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 13 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Virgo Detection : efficiency

Case Any single interferometer/Virgo only more probable

⇒ Directional information not available !

N. Arnaud et al. Phys. Rev. D 65, 042004 (2002)Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 13 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Antares Detection : efficiency vs background

Λ ≈ log(L)NDOFStandard cut : Λ > −5.3 :⇒ Efficiency ∼ 75%⇒ Atm. ν : 10/day

For lower Λ, bkg explodes

For higher Λ, � drops

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 14 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Combined Detection Efficiency : ∆tcoincidence = 1 s

�coincidences ∼ �Virgo × �AntaresMaximum for Λ ∼ −5.5

Λ low :

⇒ Antares bkg high⇒ Virgo Threshold too high

Λ high :

⇒ Antares efficiency too low

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 15 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Time Window : Quantum Gravity Effects Virgo Detection Antares Detection Accidentals & Efficiency

Combined Detection Efficiency : �coincidence = 50%

Impose detection probability � = 50%

∆tmax ∼ 15 msTh. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 16 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Possible Scientific Output : Minimum accessible EQG

Limited by GW TimingResolution

Here EmaxQG ≈ 5× 1018 GeV

∆tQG ∝ E−1QGfor �coincidence = 50%, can go down to 10

17 GeV !

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 17 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Antares & Virgo Status : Virgo in 2007

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 18 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Antares & Virgo Status : common calendar

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 18 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Antares & Virgo Status : common calendar

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 18 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Conclusions...

GW/HE ν coincidences are :

possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)

Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :

Letter of Intent being written

2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+

Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz

circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo

km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Conclusions...

GW/HE ν coincidences are :

possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)

Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :

Letter of Intent being written

2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+

Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz

circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo

km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Conclusions...

GW/HE ν coincidences are :

possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)

Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :

Letter of Intent being written

2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+

Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz

circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo

km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19

Scientific Motivations GW/HE neutrinos Common Sources Observability Detectability Making Coincidences

Scientific Outputs Antares & Virgo Status Conclusions

Conclusions...

GW/HE ν coincidences are :

possible (Galaxy at least)observable : sky maps not ⊥ !detectable (with a bit of luck...)

Coincidences Antares 5 Lines/Virgo Scientific Run :

Letter of Intent being written

2009 : Full Antares/Virgo+

Antares 12 LinesVirgo upgrade ⇒ improvement by factor 2 above 1 kHz

circa 2015 : km3/Advanced Virgo

km3 in the Mediterranean...Advanced Virgo : enhanced sensitivity above 20 Hz

Th. Pradier (ULP & IPHC/DRS) XXth Rencontres de Blois, Challenges in Particle Astrophysics - May 21st 2008 19 / 19

Scientific MotivationsGW/HE neutrinos Common SourcesOutbursts from MicroQuasarsOther Sources

ObservabilityVirgo Beam PatternAntares Observable SkyAntares/Virgo Sky Map

DetectabilityTime Window : Quantum Gravity EffectsVirgo DetectionAntares DetectionAccidentals & Efficiency

Making CoincidencesScientific OutputsAntares & Virgo StatusConclusions