Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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Transcript of Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Jeremie MerlinIPHC-CERN
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On Behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
2J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Std GEM :Kapton 50μmCopper 5μmHoles 70μm (dia)Pitch 140μm
CMS GEM config. :
Al cover
Readout PCB
GEM 3
GEM 2
GEM 1
Drift PCB
Al cover
3mm
1mm
2mm
1mm
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3J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
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Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
GE 2/1 – 1.6 < η < 2.4
GE 1/1 – 1.55 < η < 2.2
AGING ?With new configuration
Expected rate : HL-LHC = few kHz/cm2 // Phase II = few 10s kHz/cm2
Expected charge after 10 years : 100 mC/cm2 (Gain: 20 000)
4J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Aging of Gas Detectors :-> Radiation hardness
- modifications of the physical, chemical and electrical properties of the materials (GEM, O-rings, electronics …)
test : preferably with neutrons (bulk modification) -> CERN yellow book + CMS GEM tests-> Mechanical stability
- modifications of the stretching strength with time inducing non-uniformitytest : gain uniformity test + temperature cycles
-> Classical Aging- production of polymers in the plasmas surrounding the GEM holes (various
effects : gain losses, non-uniformity, self-sustained discharges, increase of the dark current, degradation of the space/time/energy resolutions, lower rate capability …)
test : strong irradiation in realistic conditions with gain monitoring and beam tests
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5J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
137Cs source- 566 GBq- Gamma 662 keVDistance : 40 cm55Fe for the reference chambers
- 3-5 MBq- X-rays 5.9 keVDistance : 1 cm + stainless steel window109Cd additional outgassing study
- 6 MBq- X-rays 22-25 keVDistance : 1 cm + stainless steel window
Detectors under test :- Preliminary work -> GE1/1 prototype III (without spacer but glue and PTFE)- Classical aging test -> GE1/1 prototype IV (No spacer, No glue, final set of materials)- Outgassing study -> materials from GE1/1 prototype IV
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6J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
outgassing test
aging test
GE1/1 - IV
137CS
lead
lead
lead
SWPC at GEM input
SWPC at GEM output
Gas : Ar/CO2/CF4 : 45/15/40
SWPC
Gas system
Outgassing Box
GEM
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7J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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8J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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9J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
OORO OQ
DC
BRID
GE to
CPU
inpu
tin
put
gate
veto
dual timer
amplifier discriminator
pre-amplifier shaper
delayattenuator
logic
Pico-A
Pico-A
DAQ
Nat. Instr.to
CPUto
CPU
SWPC
SWPC
GE1/1-IVProgrammable Logic Controller
T°C
P mbar
humi. %
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10J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Peak position
Temperature
Pressure
G0= Gmeas
A0A1.e(B0 . 1/P + B1 . T)
SWPCAr/CO2/CF4 (45:15:40)55Fe 3.5 MBq
Measurement
Correlation Correction
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11J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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Purity check before testing the detectors
Very first step : GAS LINE CHECK- SWPC on the output of the gas tubing to ensure cleanliness (> 2 weeks)
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12J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
-> GE1/1-IV :- Gas gain : 2x104
- Ar/CO2/CF4:45/15/40- Gas flow rate : 0.5L/h- Max interaction rate : kHz/cm2
-> GIF / common facility- frequent use of lead filters
-> First observations :- interaction rate similar to
CMS- accumulated charge : 9
mC/cm2
No aging effect observed in the GE1/1 detector up to 9mC/cm2 in realistic conditions
Investigations for better corrections
Sector 2Use of attenuation
filters PRELIMINARY
Classical Aging Test(GE1/1-IV)
Use of attenuation filters
PRELIMINARYSector 1
Electronics baseline fluctuation ?
Electronics baseline fluctuation ?
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13J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
SWPC INPUT : gain vs. time
SWPC OUTPUT : gain vs. time
Monitoring gas purity in GE11 gas tubing:
Significant gain drop observed in reference SWPCs (input and output of GE11)
Presence of C, O, F, S, Ca and K on the aged wires
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14J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Fe55INPUT WIRE (SWPC1)GAS GAS
HV
SWPC at GEM INPUT : SEM analysis
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15J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Fe55OUTPUT WIRE (SWPC2) GAS GAS
HV
SWPC at GEM OUTPUT : SEM analysis
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16J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
SWPC INPUT : gain vs. time
SWPC OUTPUT : gain vs. time
Monitoring gas purity in GE11 gas tubing:
Significant gain drop observed in reference SWPCs (input and output of GE11)
Presence of C, O, F, S, Ca and K on the aged wires
Investigations :-> No aging during the gas line check-> Faster aging on output SWPC-> gas flow rate < 1 L/h
Outgassing from GE11 ? need outgassing studies to identify the source of pollution
Fast gain drop with the SWPCs but NO aging was observed with the GEM
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17J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) : - Ambient temp/pres- Gas temp/pres
Outgassing box (O.B) : - Volume 1.5 L - Std gas mixture- Adjustable flow- Heating tape (50°C)
O.B detectors : - 10x10 GEM- SWPC- Heating tape (150°)
Gas Chromatograph (GC): - MolSieve (noble gas)- PPlotU (hydrocarbons)- OV-1 (heavy hydrocarbons)
Readout electronics : - Trigger signal (NIM)- ADC (VME)- Optical bridge
Procedure : -> Reference measurements with 10x10 GEM chamber- Purity check with SWPC- Insertion of the sample- 2 weeks at room T°- 2 weeks at 50°C-> repeat measurement with GEM detectorΔ min 2 months/sample+ 2-3 weeks possible cleaning
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18J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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GE1/1-generation IV
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19J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
SWPCGain : 104
Ar/CO2/CF4 (45:15:40)55Fe 3.5 MBq
50°CRoom T°
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SWPCGain : 104
Ar/CO2/CF4 (45:15:40)55Fe 3.5 MBq
50°CRoom T°
SWPCGain : 104
Ar/CO2/CF4 (45:15:40)55Fe 3.5 MBq
50°CRoom T°
No baseline corrections
VITON O-ring
SWPC
Polyurethane CellPack
SWPCSWPC
Polyurethane NUVOVERNE
CMS GEM Long term stabilityPurity check
As first step -> all tubing is validated with SWPC (extremely sensitive to pollution) 2 weeks at room T° 2 weeks at 50°C
20J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
CMS GEM Long term stabilityOutgassing studies
Source OFF
PLC maintenance
Gas bottle empty
50°C
SWPC
SWPC 50°CRoom T°
no correctionPLC maintenance
SWPC
HVOFF
SWPC 50°CRoom T°
VITON O-ring
Polyurethane CellPack Polyurethane NUVOVERNE
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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Recovering period
SWPC No effect with VITON O-ring No significant effect with
NUVOVERN (extension of the test) Strong gain drop with
CellPack
SEM (CellPack)
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Source OFF
PLC maintenance
Gas bottle empty
50°CGEM
GEM 50°CRoom T°
powercut
GEMGEM 50°CRoom T°
J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
CMS GEM Long term stabilityOutgassing studies
VITON O-ring
Polyurethane CellPackPolyurethane NUVOVERNE
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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Recovering period
GEM 10x10 No effects on gain for all
samples(event if outgassing material) Does the polymers affect other properties of the GEM foils ?
SEM (CellPack)
22J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
New outgassing procedure to identify possible aging effects (not only on the gas gain) on the GEM foils
10x10 GEM detectorAr/CO2 : 70/30
-> GEM foil testing-> Gain calibration-> Charging up-> Discharge probability-> Rate capability
Obtain reference values before the outgassing tests
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Thanks to Alejandro Puig-Baranac
23J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Leakage current (nA)
Time (s)
Voltage
< 0.5 nA
-> Good stability for each foil-> No discharges at 600 V-> GEM1 current : < 0.5 nA-> GEM2 current : < 0.5 nA-> GEM3 current : < 0.5 nA
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Divider current (uA)
Count Rate (Hz) Effective GainFrequency
ADC channel
GEM foil : leakage current measurement
Assembled detector : Gain calibration
24J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1 Charging up 18/03/2014 aged detectornew detector, charging up fan testCharging up 15/04/2014Charging up 22/04
Time (h)
Nor
mal
ised
gai
n
1
2)
4
3)
CERN foils Holes: 70μm (Cu) 50μm (Kapton)Pitch: 140μmdouble-mask Ar/CO2:70/30Gaps:3/1/2/1 (Ceramic Divider)+300kΩ HV filter
irradiation over 25 cm2 / ADC time 25 s Rate of particles: (Fe55)1) 1,9 kHz2) 1,4 kHz3) 1,5 kHz4) 1,6 kHz Humidity between 480 and 500 ppm
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GEM detector : leakage current measurement
0 1 2 3 4 51.1
1.121.141.161.18
1.21.221.241.261.28
1.3
Corrected Initial ScanCorrected Final Scan
position
Irradiation only in Position 2Norm. gain
25J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Triple-GEM (10x10 cm2)CERN foils Holes: 70μm (Cu) 50μm (Kapton)Pitch: 140μmdouble-mask
Source 241Am (2-3 MBq)Ar/CO2:70/30Gaps:3/1/2/1 (Ceramic Divider)+300kΩ HV filter
@Gain=6.105 (3700V/740uA) : ΔVGEM1= 416V ΔVGEM2= 407V ΔVGEM2= 389V
Effective gain
Discharge probability
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GEM detector : Discharge probability & rate capability
9E+01 9E+02 9E+03 9E+04 9E+050.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
Normalized Gain10x10 triple-GEM (CERN)3/1/2/1 (Ceramic)Ar/CO2 : 70/30Gain : 8000 (654uA/3300V)Copper Xray 16kV2mm Colimator GEM Irradiation Corner (d= 0.35 cm)GEM Opposite Corner (d= 0.51 cm)
Gamma Flux (Hz/mm2)
26J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Conclusion and plan - An extensive test on aging of CMS GEM detectors is ongoing :
- The aging preparatory work has been done with GE1/1 proto-III- All the gas tubing have been validated with SWPCs- The aging test started with GE1/1 proto-IV (resistant up to 9mC/cm2)- New setup at GIF++ in September (also with SPS beam)
- Outgassing studies started in parallel to validate GE1/1 materials :- Gas tubing systematically validated with SWPC before each test- No effects observed with VITON O-ring- Strong outgassing with Polyurethane CELLPACK-> new procedure with reference measurements and calibration- No significant effects with Polyurethane NUVOVERNE (test extended)
-> The performances of the GEM after the irradiation will be compared to the initial ones (test beam and calibration in lab)-> All the components will be tested to ensure the long term operation and provide a set of recommendations for the production/assembly/operation of the CMS GEM detectors-> Radiation hardness tests are planned with neutron source (see Alejandro’s talk)
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27J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Thank you
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28J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
IEEE-NSS29/10/2013
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Reference measurement #3 : Charging Up
0 1 2 3 4 51.1
1.121.141.161.18
1.21.221.241.261.28
1.3
Corrected Initial ScanCorrected Final Scan
position
Gain
(a.u
.)
0 1 2 3 4 539000
40000
41000
42000
43000
44000
45000
Initial Gain cor-rectedFinal Gain cor-rected
position
Gain
(a.u
.)
0 1 2 3 4 539000
40000
41000
42000
43000
44000
45000
46000
Initial Effective GainFinal Effective Gain
position
Gain
(a.u
.)
15/04/2014Readout Current
15/04/2014Energy spectra
22/04/2014Readout Current
0 1 2 3 4 51250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
Initial Scan
Final ScanGain
(ADC
chan
nels)
22/04/2014Energy spectra
Irradiation only in Position 2
29J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Reference measurement #4 : Discharge Probability
Drift
G1G2
G3
A
Readoutx y
10M
10M
10M
10M
DIVIDER 3/1/2/1
HV CPU – I/V monitoringMylar 2μm
241Am
Inverter +Discriminator
ScalerReadout
GEM bot
CPU
CPUTP
How to identify discharges ?
-> Divider current/voltage drops-> Readout current-> Signal polarity
Alpha rate = 150Hz
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30J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Reference measurement #4 : Discharge Probability
2mm hole in the Kapton window + 2um Mylar foil
2mm hole in the Drift
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31J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
IEEE-NSS29/10/2013
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Reference measurement #4 : Discharge ProbabilityVoltage (V) Current (uA)
Baseline
Discharges
Power supply I/V measurements
Time (s)
Ramp Up HV
Discharge Discharge Discharge
Source ON
End of test
Readout current (pico-ammeter)
HV power supply and pico-ammeter not fast/sensitive enough to detect all discharges
32J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
IEEE-NSS29/10/2013
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
Reference measurement #5 : Rate capability
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400.0E+00
2.0E+05
4.0E+05
6.0E+05
8.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.2E+06
1.4E+06
1.6E+06
Rate vs Xray current
10x10 triple-GEM (CERN)3/1/2/1 (Ceramic)Ar/CO2 : 70/30Gain 8000 : (654uA/3300V)
Copper Xray 16kV2mm Collimator
2 layers absorber (100%)3 layers absorber (15%)5 layers absorber (1%)
Gamma Flux (Hz/mm2)
Xray current (mA)
Reliable measurements @ rate < 30 kHz
Configuration :-> GEM detector in front of the Xray Gun (d=few mm) Monitoring :- GEM Readout current- Count rate & spectra- Xray voltage & current
33J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
P. Everaerts, PhD Thesis 2006 (Gent University)
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F. Sauli, NIM A 479 (2002) 294-308
GEM detector : Discharge probability & rate capability
34J. A. MerlinOn behalf of the CMS GEM collaboration
Aging study of large triple-GEM detectors for the high rate environment in CMS
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COMPASS configuration
B. Ketzer et al., NIM A535, 314 (2004) , P. Abbon, et al., NIM A 577 (2007) 455-518 CERN-EP/2001 -091 & IEEE TR. On Nucl. Sci. Vol47,NO.4,AUGUST 2000
-> No Gain drop or loss of energy resolution was observed-> No Losses of efficiency or time resolution until now
- Triple GEM @ gain : 8.103 in Ar/CO2 (70/30)- Rate up to 2.5 MHz/cm2 ( 1000 X CMS GE1/1 @ HL-LHC)
LHCb configuration
-> No losses of performances was observedafter 10 LHCb years
- Triple GEM @ gain : 6.103 in Ar/CO2/CF4 (45/15/40)- Rate up to 500 kHz/cm2 ( 100 X CMS GE1/1 @ HL-LHC)
IEEE P. de Simone, AUGUST 2004 & S.Bachmann et al., NIM A 438(1999),376-408
-> No aging due to polymerization-> No change of materials properties
- Triple GEM Ar/CO2 (70/30) , Position 5.3 ≤ |h| ≤ 6.5 - Rate up to 12 MHz/cm2( 1000 X CMS GE1/1 @ phase II)
Nuc. Sci. Sym. and Med. Imag. Conf. (NSS/MIC), 2011 IEEE, 1124 – 1131G. Croci, “Dev. and Characterization of MPGDs for HEP applications and beyond” PHD Thesis
TOTEM configuration
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GE1/1 Performances
550 570 590 610 630 650 67010
100
1000
10000
0
5
10
15
20
25
Effective Gain Rate (kHz)
Current (uA)
Xray : 19.5 kV / 5mATh : -70 mVTEMP : 20,8 °CPRESS : 969,5 hPaHUMY : 41 %
Operating Region
Ar/CO2 : 70/30
Relative Gain
Position X (mm)Position Y (mm)
PRELIMINARY
FE55 : 5.9 kV TEMP : 21,4 °CPRESS : 970,1 hPaHUMY : 39 %
GAIN 104
Ar/CO2 : 70/30
GAIN
Energy Spectrum (FE55)
Stability (charging up)
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Triple-GEM :- Ar/CO2/CF4 (45-15-40)- G = 2 104
- Xrays 5.9 keV
Rate Capability
GE1/1 Residuals
GE1/1 Performances
σx < 116μm
37CPU
GIF
O.BREF
GC
Gas analysis
38Antonio Valerio Franchi (Uniroma1 - La Sapienza (Roma))
RT(s) Comp. (%)CF4 24.731 ± 0.00340.211 ± 0.005Ar 27.224 ± 0.00344.819 ± 0.003CO2 46.451 ± 0.00215.097 ± 0.015
Gas analysis