A Y I

HPOOPIKH

HIAKA YTHMATA

B'

A Y IHMHTPIO NIKOO

K T M H/Y &

ATPA 2001

HPOOPIKH

HIAKA YTHMATA

B'

A Y I

HMHTPIO NIKOO

K T M H/Y &

XAPIHMO BEPO

T M H/Y &

KPATH KATIKA

T M A

EPAIMO MPATH

EIA BAKAOOY

...

TYPORAMA

/ 19972001

ISBN: 9605381966

K : H 21/2

Copyright 2000

& , 26222 : (0610) 314094, 314206 : (0610) 317244

. 2121/1993,

.

A

E,

B,

E E

K 1

, ,

, , E ............................................................................................................... 13

1.1 .............................................................................................................. 14

1.2 .......................................................................................... 16

1.3 , .............................................. 21

1.3.1 ............................................................................................. 22

1.3.2 .................................................................... 24

1.3.3 ......................................................................................................... 28

1.3.4 (Cache memory) .................................................................... 33

1.3.5 (Virtual Memory) ................................................................... 37

........................................................................................................................ 39

1.4 / .................................................................................................. 40

1.5 ........................................................................................................ 42

.................................................................................................................................... 44

K 2

, , E ............................................................................................................... 47

2.1 ......................................................................................................................................... 48

2.1.1 ............................................................................................. 48

2.1.2 .................................................................................... 57

........................................................................................................................ 60

2.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 61

2.2.1 .................................................................. 61

2.2.2 (Addressing Modes) ................................................................................................ 63

2.2.3 ......................................................................... 68

2.2.4 .......... 69

2.2.5 ...................................................... 72

8 A Y I

........................................................................................................................ 74

.................................................................................................................................... 74

K 3

, , E ............................................................................................................... 77

3.1 ............................................................................ 78

3.1.1 ................................... 78

3.1.2 ..... 79

3.1.3 .... 94

........................................................................................................................ 98

3.2 ...................................................................................................................... 98

3.2.1 ............................................................................... 98

3.2.2 ......................................................................................................................... 101

3.2.3 .......................................................................... 102

3.2.4 .............................................................................................. 114

..................................................................................................................... 115

................................................................................................................................. 115

K 4

, , E ............................................................................................................ 117

4.1 ............................................................................................................. 119

4.1.1 ............................................................................................. 119

4.1.2 ............................................................................................... 129

4.1.3. ....................................................................................................... 132

..................................................................................................................... 134

4.2 .................................................................................................................... 136

4.2.1. ........................................................................... 138

4.2.2. ........................................................................................... 140

4.2.3. ............................................................................................................................ 141

4.2.4. ...................................................................... 141

..................................................................................................................... 142

4.3 ........................................................................................................................... 143

4.3.1 (fetch policy) ............................................................................................................... 144

4.3.2 ................................................................. 145

4.3.3 ...................................... 159

4.3.4 ....................................................................................... 160

..................................................................................................................... 164

4.4 ............................................................................................................................. 166

................................................................................................................................. 169

K 5

, , E ............................................................................................................ 171

5.1 (Buses) .................................................................................................................. 172

5.1.1 ........................................................................................................... 172

5.1.2 ..................................................... 179

5.1.3 ................................................................................................ 183

5.1.4 ......................................................... 183

..................................................................................................................... 187

5.2 / ................................. 188

5.2.1 / ..................... 188

5.2.2 / ......................................................................................................... 190

5.2.3 / .......... 191

..................................................................................................................... 198

................................................................................................................................. 198

A P A P T H M A A

, , E ............................................................................................................ 201

.1 ............................................................................... 201

9 E P I E X O M E N A

1 0 A Y I

.2 ............... 204

A A A ..................................................................... 209

E A ..................................................................... 237

/ E ...................................................................................................................... 239

B ............................................................................................................................................ 243

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Pentium / Intel / 1993 8 32 8 80

PowerPC 620 / IBM, 32 64 32 64

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2.1

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7 0

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PUSH,

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Push A

Push B

Add

Pop C

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Load A

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Load R1, A

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Store C, R1

R1

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R1.

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Load R1, A

Load R2,

Add R3, R1, R2

Store C, R3

R1

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R1

R2 R1.

R3 C.

. (hardware)

-

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CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers), -

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(floating point arithmetic),

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lookahead adder)

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8 , =00100001= 3310 -

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2 .

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A-1 B-1 -1 Y-2

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= 1 2, (3.2)

(exclusive OR).

(3.1) (3.2)

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(3.2).

3.3 -

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3.1. 3.1

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i i i=1, 2, 3, , 1. -

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purpose register file)

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8 6

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0

0

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A B-A

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3 2 1 0

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3 2 1 0

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AzB

Az

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1

1

zCLK

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2

2

zCLK

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3

zCLK

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D Q D Q D Q

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,

CLK AND

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CLK -

flipflops 3. flipflops

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CLK ,

3. ,

0, 1 2 ,

flipflops 0, 1 2

, .

flipflops

.

.

,

3.2

3.6

t1t0

00

01

10

11

8 8

flipflops,

.

.

3.6 , -

-

3.2.

Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

3.6

.

8 9

. -

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41, 21. 41 t1t0

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5 .

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C2, C1 C0 1, 0 1 (-

101 5) -

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( 41 21). 41 - t1t0. 21 - C, = 0, 1, , 1.

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2 . , C3

16 1, -

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0, -

. ()

:

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Ci

i

i

20

1

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k

9 0

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, -

/-

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flipflops,

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2

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9 1

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1/2 .

.

,

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-

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3.7.

3.9

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.

.

-

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. -

(carry propagate). -

.

-

carrysave .

,

Booth. -

carrysave , -

carrysave . carrysave ,

, -

, .

carrysave, Booth,

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.

. 3.7,

, -

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1/2

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9 3

9 4

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,

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, .

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.

, ,

.

.

. = 01011000, = 10100010

. = 10010100, = 10011100

. = 00001010, = 01111111

3.2

9 5

3.10

.

9 6

3.11

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9 7

, 64 . -

flipflops ,

,

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;

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. O 30 .

3.3

, ,

;

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3.4

-

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3.7

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10(10)

38(10).

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, .

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1.3.2.

:

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3.

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5. .

6. .

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1 0 2

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(state assignment). -

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, s0, s1, s2, s3 s4, (00001), (00010), (00100),

(01000) (10000). -

, -

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(clock) , -

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units). '

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1 byte

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16 Mbytes .

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4

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1Mbyte, 20 220

.

,

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bytes -

32 Mbytes -

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4 -

4 16 -

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16

Mbytes

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16

1 Mbyte .

1 2 4

16 2 1 Mbyte = 32 Mbytes. - , -

.

4.4

32

Mbytes -

-

32 -

-

1 Mbyte .

(CONTENT ADDRESSABLE MEMORIES, CAM)

(associative).

, ,

,

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1,

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1 2 5

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XOR () .

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1 2 7

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1 2 8

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.

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(disk controller)

.

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X (seek time).

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,

, / . -

-

.

, / -

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(movinghead disks).

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.

(fixedhead disks).

(hard disks). (floppy disks),

. -

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-

.

.

-

. -

(back up storage), , -

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6.35 ,

200 . .

9

, 8 -

.

/ -

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.

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-

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(effective datatransfer rate), -

,

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4.1.3

, -

-

CDROMs, -

. .

, -

,

. CDROM,

. 12

CDROM 600 , 240.000

. 100 ms -

3.6 /s (

CDROM).

CD.

CD

(digital video disk, DVD).

, /

16 GB.

. -

,

CDROM.

1 3 3

.

.

,

4.3.

.

4.6.

4.1

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32 M (32Mbytes) 16

8 -

.

4.1

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4.1 4.6.

. 4.2 4.5

,

-

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4.2

1 3 4

-

,

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' (ROM),

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:

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4.3

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CDROM, .

1 3 5

1 3 6

4.2

-

-

.

, :

-

-

. -

, -

. -

-

.

, -

-

.

1, 2,., n. 1

. 4.9 4.10 .

Ci, ti Si ,

i -

i. Mi Mi+1 :

Ci > Ci+1ti < ti+1Si < Si+1

./ : ,

.. :

. : .

-

i i+1.

i

1 3 7

.

.

.

4.9

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,

.

,

.

,

,

-

.

1 3 8

i+1. -

i -

i+1. -

(data consistency coherence problem)

, -

. i+1

i.

-

.

1, i,

i1,

1,

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1.

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1, .

4.2.1

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(locality of references). -

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1 3 9

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0

-

,

,

,

-

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1 4 0

+1. ,

1,

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i -

, SPi .

i

Mi+1. , , i,

SPi1 I, ,

i i1.

SPi2 Mi1,

, i2 .

SP1 ,

1, .

,

1 ,

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(loops) . -

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4.2.2

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1

n.

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:

1. ,

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.

2. ti i.

3. .

4. -

.

5. (allocation algorithm) -

I

i+1. Mi

,

.

4.2.3 K

Ci i, Si -

i

n . ,

, C Cn,

S1 Sn.

4.2.4 A

. . -

(hit ratio) Ei i -

1, 2, , i1 -

i. i

i, Ni+1,.N -

i, i+1,...

E

N

N N Nii

i i

=+ ++1 ... n

C C S C S C S

S S Sn n

n

=+ + +

+ + +1 1 2 2

1 2

...

....

1 4 1

1 4 2

i i

Ai=1Ei. A

i, i+1 i

, -

i+1

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. -

T Ti

i 1

i==

En

T1 1= t

t1

T B B B Bij

i

i j+=

+

= + + + + = ++ 1 1 1

2

1

2 3 1t t t t t t...

t Bi +1

.

.

. -

.

. -

;

4.4

1, 2, , .

1 -

.

-

-

. -

i -

i+1.

-

. -

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-

.

-

1

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. i

-

1, 2, , i1

i. .

4.3

-

, -

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, :

,

. 4.3.1

1 4 3

. 4.3.2

.

,

-

. -

4.3.3. 4.3.4

.

-

.

,

:

, .

,

.

4.3.1 (fetch policy)

(fetch policy)

(on demand) (prefetch).

-

.

-

.

, -

.

1 4 4

4.3.2 (placement policy)

(placement policy) .

,

(direct mapped),

(kway set associative) (fully associative).

,

. , -

,

-

, -

.

.

.

,

, -

. 4.11 -

-

.

-

.

, ,

, 1, 5, 9 13.

1 4 5

1 4 6

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1, 5, 9 13

01, , 01.

-

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2 ,

2 . 2+ .

2 ,

4.13 -

. RAM,

. RAM

, -

. 4.13,

. -

,

. 4.13

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,

. , -

,

. -

, -

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1 4 7

4.12

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.

1 4 8

0z1z2z3z4z5z6z7z8z9

0 1 2-1

4.13

.

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-

. -

,

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,

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