Humangenetik 13, 108--117 (1971) © by Springer-Verlag 1971

A New Human Allotype Carried by the ~G3 Subclass: Gm(25)

LILIANE 1:~ IVAT

Groupe de Recherche de I'I.N.S.E.R.M. U78 sur la G6n6tique des Prot~ines Humaines Bois-Guillaume

I~DELE INE BLANC

Centre d'H6motypologie du C.N.R.S., C.H.U., Purpan, Toulouse

C. RIVAT

Groupe de Recherche de I'I.N.S.E.R.M. U78 sur la G6n6tique des Prot6ines Humaines Bois-Guillaume

C. ROPARTZ

Centre D6partemental de Transfusion Sanguine et de G6n6tique Humaine, Bois-Guillaume

J. RUFFLE

Centre d'H6motypologie dn C.N.R.S., C.H.U., Purpan, Toulouse

Received May 27, 1971

Summary. The Gm(25) allotype has been tested on sera from various populations. I t is closely related to Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(ll), and Gm(14) in Caucasoids, and to Gm(10) and Gm(ll) in Mongoloids, but it distinguishes itself in l~egroids where the Gin(5, 10, 11, 14, --25) phenotype is present with a frequency depending on the regions studied. I t was demon- strafed to be carried by the Fc fragment of ~G 3 Gin(5, 10, 11, 14). In a Caucasoid family it was possible to demonstrate the transmission of a rare gene, Gml,l°,n,l?, 2s. Among Old World Monkeys Gin(25) is present in Baboons and absent in Cercopitheci.

Rdsumd. L'allotype Gm(25) a 6t6 6tudi6 sur des s6rums de populations vari6es. I1 est li4 aux Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(ll) et Gin(14) ehez les Blancs, aux Gin(10) et Gm(ll) chez les Jaunes, mais il s'en distingue chez les Noirs oh se retrouve le ph6notype Gm(5,10,11,14,--25) avee une fr6quence variable selon les r~gions. I1 est present sur le fragment Fc des yG a Gm(5,10,11, 14). Bans une famille Caucasoide nous d6montrons la transmission du rare gbne Gin1,1°, n, 1~,2~. L'6tude sur des Singes de l'Ancien Monde d6montre que le Gm(25) est present chez les Babouins et absent ehez les Cercopithbques.

The q u a n t i t a t i v e s t u d y of an t i -Gin (R iva t et al., 1961) since 1961 has shown t h a t the Gin(b) a l lo type descr ibed b y H a r b o e (]959) is of a ve ry complex na ture . The mosaic s t ruc tu re of Gm(b) has been d e m o n s t r a t e d in 1963 b y R o p a r t z et al. who dur ing a s t u d y car r ied ou t on sera f rom J a p a n e s e a n d Afr ican Negroes have been able to define 3 different an t igenic si tes fo rmer ly cal led Gm(ba) , Gm(bfl), Gm(bT).

F u r t h e r s tudies have shown t h a t Gm(b~) was H a r b o e ' s in i t ia l Gin(b) p resen t ly k n o w n as Gin(5). On the con t ra ry , Gm(ba) or Gm(10), and Gm(bfl) or G m ( l l ) r ema ined indiv idual ized .

A New Human Allotype: Gm(25) 109

At the same time, Steinberg and Wilson (1963) isolated the product of another mutation, Gm(bw) or Gin(3) closely related to Gm(5) present in Caucasoids and Mongoloids, but absent in Negroes.

The Gm(4) factor described later (Gold et al., 1965) has been shown to resemble Gm(3) defined by Steinberg. According to Steinberg the Gm(3) and Gin(4) fre- quencies in populations are virtually identical (Steinberg, 1965). Some discrepan- cies could be found in results of these 2 allotypes among African Negroes, Japanese and Hawaiians (Ropartz et al., 1966).

Another mutation, Gm(14), has been found and studied by Steinberg and Goldblum (1965).

These 5 allotypes are t ransmit ted in Whites as a phenogroup, though some of them behave independently in Mongoloids and Negroids.

The allotypes constituting the previous Gin(b) have been differentiated by serological studies on various populations. Gin(3) and Gm(4) have been localized on the Fd fragment of the yG 1 subclass, while Gm(5) was found on the Fe fragment of ~G 3. Gm(10), Gm ( l l ) and Gm(14) have also been localized on the Fc fragment of ~G3.

Recently, Blanc et al. (1970) described a new allotype, Gm(Bet) or Gm(25) in a numerical nomenclature which we are going to use in this work.

This allotype is related to Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm( l l ) and Gm(14) in Caucasoids, but not in Negroids and Mongoloids. Although it is always related to Gm(10) and Gm( l l ) in Mongoloids, it is not so in certain Negroes.

The results of the s tudy on this new allotype (Gm(25)) obtained in different populations, its genetic transmission, as well as its localization on immuno- globulins are reported in this paper.

Materials and Methods

Sera Studied

370 sera from Mozambic were added to those already studied by Blanc et al. (1970). 52 sera from monkeys were examined (13 sera from baboons and 39 sera from cereopitheci).

3 Caucasoid families were selected to study the transmission of this allotype. Dissociations of the habitually related Gin(5), Gm(10), Gm(ll) and Gm(14) have been found in these families. 11 Japanese families were also tested.

Gm Typing

The technique used was that of hemagglutination inhibition already described (Ropartz and Rivat, 1967).

Anti-Gin(25) Antiserum

3 specific anti-Gm(25) antibodies are presently known (anti-Gm BET, anti-Gm DAND, anti-Gm GRAN . . . ).

These 3 antibodies were obtained from apparently healthy donors (SNagg). 2 of them (BET and GRAN) were used in family studies and molecular localization. The anti-Rh used with these 3 antibodies (No. 275) also allowed the determination of allotypes Gm(5), Gin(10), Gm(ll) and Gin(14).

Isolation o/Proteins and Fragments

a) Myeloma yG were isolated by starch block electrophoresis followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose using phosphate buffer pH 6.5, 0.005 M.

110 L. Rivat, M. Blanc, C. Rivat, C. Ropartz, and J. Ruffle:

Myeloma ?A were isolated in the same way as ~G, but elution of the DEAE column was obtained using the same buffer in a stepwise molarity gradient from 0.005 to 0.5 M.

yM proteins 1 from patients with WaldenstrSm's disease were isolated by starch block electrophoresis followed by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration.

b) 7G heavy and light chains were obtained by partial reduction and alkylation, then separated by Sephadcx G-100 gel filtration using as eluant IM propionic acid, according to the technique of Fleischmanu et al. (1962).

c) Fab and Fc [ragments were obtained by modified Porter's method (Porter, 1959). Due to the special susceptibility ofTG a the time of hydrolysis was limited to 15 min. The fragments were then isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography at pH 8. The Fab and Fe fragments were eluted using a stepwise molarity gradient from 0.005 to 0.3 1Vf.

d) Criteria of Purity of Proteins. Possible contaminations in isolated 7G, 7A, ~M, L-chains, Fab and Fc fragments were checked by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion using total horse anti-human antiserum (Red Cross, Netherlands, PHO-10-P1), rabbit specific anti- ~G, anti-~A, anti-~iV[, anti-Kappa, anti-Lambda, anti-Fab and anti-Fe antisera (Centre D6partemental de Transfusion Sanguine, Bois-Gufllaume, 76 F).

e) Subclass Typing of Isolated ~G Myeloma Proteins. The techniques used for this deter- mination have been described elsewhere (Rivat et al., in press).

f) Modification of ?G 5y Succinylation. The succinylation technique using increasing quantities of sueeinic anhydride has been previously described by Rivat et al. (1967).

R e s u l t s

A. Population Study

The study of Gm(25) among 7260 Caucasoids, 4345 Negroids and 7879 Mongo- loids allowed the definition of the most frequent phenotypes by testing the factors Gm(3) or Gm(4), Gin(5), Gin(10), Gm(l l ) , Gin(14).

Though Gin(25) is closely related to the other 5 allotypes Gin(4), Gin(5), Gm(10), Gm( l l ) and Gm(14) in Whites, and to Gin(10) and Gin(11) in Mongoloids, it is not so in Negroids; we can thus find the phenotype Gm(5,10,11,14,--25).

Table 2 gives the distribution of Gm(25) in Negro populations. All tested sera were found to be Gm(1). The inhibition titre goes up to 1/512 or 1/1024, whereas undiluted negative

serum failed to inhibit agglutination.

Table 1. Common phenotypes in Caucasoids, Negroids and Mongoloids

Gin(3) o r

Gm(4)

Gm(5) Gin(10) Om(ll) Gm(14) Gm(25)

Caucasoids ~ + -t- + + +

Negroids - - + + -b + + - - + - - + - - _ _

- - + + + + - -

Mongoloids + + + + + +

_ _ _ _ + + - - +

1 We express our thanks to Dr. J. P. Martin for the isolated F~¢I proteins.

A New Human Allotype: Gm(25)

Table 2. Distribution o/Gm(25) in Negro populations

i l l

Number Gin(5) Gin(10) Gm(ll) Gin(14) Gin(25) N of subjects examined

%

Senegal 788 ~ -~ -}- ~ ~ 722 91.62 ~- - - ~ - - - - - 39 4,94 -+- -? ÷ ÷ - - 15 t.9 _ _ _ ~ ~ _ _ _ L 11 t.4

The Ivory 723 ~- + -~ ~- -~ 655 90.6 Coast -~ --- -- - - - - 46 6.36

-}- -~ ~ ~ - - 17 2.35 - - + ÷ - - + 4 0.55 ÷ . . . . 1 0.]3

Mozambie 370 q- ~ + ~- q- 343 92.9 q- q- q- . - - iS 4.8 ÷ - - + ÷ - - 8 2.1 q- . . . . 1 0.27

All tested sera were found to be Gin(l).

Table 3. Study o] Gin(25) on isolated proteins and some o[ their chains and ]ragments

Proteins N Number Inhibition of titre inhibitory mg/mla proteins

yG ?G1 15 0 > 2 yG2 7 0 > 2 yGa Gm(5,10,11,14) 6 6 0.007--0.015

Gin(21) 1 0 > 2 ~G4 4 0 > 2 Fe yG s Gm(5,10,11,14) 1 1 0.015 Fab ~G 8 Gm(5,10,11,14) 1 0 > 2 H ~G3 Gm(5,10,11,14) 1 1 0.015

Light chains Kappa 6 0 > 2 Lambda 6 0 > 2

yA 17 0 > 2 ~M 10 0 > 2

a Lowest protein reacting concentration.

B. Localization on Immunoglobulin#

Local iza t ion of Gm(25) was tes ted on different classes of proteins (Table 3).

None of the s tudied yA, FM proteins, K a p p a or L a m b d a chains were found to

inhibi t the agglut inat ion. I n the yG class, only the 6 yGa Gm(5,10,11,14) s tudied were found to be inhibitors.

The h e a v y chains of a posi t ive ~Ga inhib i t the reac t ion a t a concent ra t ion of

0.015 mg/ml , and the s tudy of f ragments ob ta ined f rom this posi t ive prote in

showed t h a t Gm(25), as well as the Gm(5), Gin(10), G m ( l l ) and Gm(14) allo-

types are localized on the Fo f r agment of the molecule (Table 3).

112 L. Rivat, M. Blanc, C. Rivat, C. Ropartz, and J. Ruffle:

1 2

I [ 3 O / [ ] 1.2.17.21 1, I?,2t I

,~,.6 fl0,11,1~,25 I, I0,11,17, 25

5 ~ I. 10.11,17, 25 1.17. 21 - 2

,~,5,10.11,1~,25 ~.5,10,I1,1Z,,25 1,10.II,17,25 1,17,21 ~,5,10,I1.Ig,,25 1 1, 17~21

1~10.11~17,25 Z,,5,10.ll. 14~25

NT = Not tested

1 1,2,1Z21

h,5.10,ll,lZ, o25

I 1,2,17.21

/.,5,10,11, 1,~,25 3 4,S, 10, 11,14,25 4,5.10,II, IZ,,25

or

,~ ,5,10,I1,14.2.~ d.5,11

O • ~.5,10,II, 14.25

Z,,5,11

1,2,17.21 ~.5.10.11. N,25 4,5,11 5 4 ,5. I0, II, I~,, 25

1,2,17, 21 or

,4,5,11 L,,S, lO. ll,lz;,25 ,~,5,11

Fig. 1. Pedigrees of 2 Caucasoid families. Probable genotypes

The antigenic expression of Gin(25) remains unchanged even though the tertiary structure of 7Ga Gin(5,10,11,14,25) is considerably modified by the action of sueeinie anhydride at high concentration.

Thus, even after the action of suecinie anhydride at a concentration of 300//0 (w/w anhydride/yG) which is approximately equal to 90---95% of blocked lysine residues, the expression of Gin(25) is identical with that found on the native protein.

C. Family Studies

The transmission of the rare phenogroup illustrating the relationship between Gm(10) and Gin(25) in Whites was demonstrated in 3 Caucasian families.

In family B. 293 (Fig. 1) 2 children II-2 and II-5 from different fathers have the following phenotype: Gm(1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,17,--21,25).

We ought to admit that the probable genotype of the mother, phenotypieally Gm(1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,17,21,25) is Gm1,17,~l/GmZ,l°,ll,lT, 25 and that she has transmitted to her children the gene Gm1,l°,ll,17, 25 whose produet is masked by the presence of identical paternal genes Gm4,5,1°,l~,z4, ~5. I t is only in child 1-[-3 genotypieally Gml,17,21/Gml,Zo,ii,zT,=5 that the relation between Gm(10), Gm(ll) and Gin(25) becomes evident.

A New Haman Atlotype: Gin(25)

1 i [ ]

I I.,4,5,10, II,lZ,.25

1 7; 2

1,~,5,10, I t , 1~,25

1 I []

1,2 "1.10,11,25

I[ I h..~2 I I

1,2

2 © 1,2

I fl0.11, 25

3 1

1,10.11;2.~

2

" 0 I

T

I 4 I

1.I0,11,25 1, I0, I1,25 I,I0,11,25 1. I0,I1,25

113

1 2

i [ ] I © 11,1,~.25 ] I l,d,,5,10,

I. I0,11,25 1 I

]I i "L I0,11, 25

Fig. 2. Transmission of gene GmL10,11,~5 in 3 Japanese families

On the other hand in family 92 (Fig. 1) Gin(10), Gin(14) and Gm(25) are absent in 2 children II-4 and II-5 which means that the mother who is probably Gma,5,1°,lz,14,25/Gm4,5,11 has only transmitted the gene Gm4,5,11 to her children.

The same gene Gma,~, 11 is transmitted in family Klin (Annex) and all subjects having this gene are thus Gin(--25).

The study made on 11 Japanese families (Annex) shows the absence of Gin(25) as well as Gm(5), Gm(10), Gm(l l ) and Gm(14). In contrast, those having the Gm(5,10,11,14) or Gin(15,10,11,--14) phenotypes are Gm(25). The Gm(10), Gm(l l ) and Gin(25) factors are present simultaneously in Japanese, this has been proved by the finding of the transmission of gene GmZ,l°,Zl, ~5 in 6 families (No. 2, 3,5,6,8,12 - - Fig. 2 and Annex).

D. Study o/Gin(25) on Monkey Sera

Among the 52 sera from Old World Monkeys only those from the 13 baboons proved to be positive for Gm(25). The highest inhibition titre was 1/64.

D i s c u s s i o n

A. The detection of this new allotype (Gin(25)) stresses the importance of studying various populations, as this allotype does not individualize except in Negroes. In fact, it was found to be related to Gm(10) and Gm(l l ) in 1 of our Caucasoid families (Fig. 1) as well as in Mongoloids.

114 L. I~ivat et al.: A New Human Allotype: Gin(25)

Table 4. Comparative study o/Gm(bs) and Gin(25) using the phenotypes observed among di~erent Negroid populations

Phenotype Gm VanLoghem Present et al. study b 5 25

5,10,11,14 ~ ~: 5,--10,11,--14 -- - - 5,--10,11,14 ~- - - --5,10,11,--14 ~- q-

In the nomenclature used by Van Loghem et al. Gin(5) = Gm(bl); Gm(10) = Gm(ba) ; Gm(ll) = Gm(b0); Gin(14) = Gm(ba); Gm(15) = Gm(s); Gm(16) = Gm(t); Gm(24) ~- Gm(cs). Gm(bs) received no number.

3 allotypcs Gm(10), Gin(14) and Gm(25) are absent in 4.9% of Negroes from Senegal, and in 6.3 % from the Ivory Coast. In 2.1% of the Negroes from Mozambie only Gm(10) and Gm(25) were found to be absent. Moreover, Gm(5,10,11,14,--25) is found in 1.9% of Negreos from Senegal, 2.3% from the Ivory Coast and 4.8% from Mozambic. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is different from Gin(10) and Gm(14).

Van Loghem and Martensson (1967) described an allotype, other than Gm(25), which they called Gm(bs) and which in the Japanese population is also related to Gin(10) and Gm(ll). This Gm(b5) can be differentiated from Gin(10) in Surinam Negroes as shown by the presence of phenotype Gm(5,--10,11,14), Gm(bs~- ). Moreover, it can be distinguished from Gm(25) since we have not found any Gm(5,--10,11,14,25) among the 4715 Negroid sera studied.

On the contrary, we have found that the phenotype Gm(5,10,11,14,--25) is present in 1.9% to 4.8% depending on the areas studied, a finding which has never been observed by Van Loghem et al. (Table 4).

Phenotypes with low frequency were found among the 3 studied populations given in Table 2: Gm(1,--5,10,11,--14,25), Gm(1,5,--10,--ll ,--14,w25) and Gm(1,5,--10,11,14,--25). These phenotypes are most probably the products of alleles already described by Jenkins et al. (1970) in Negroes.

B. The results concerning molecular localization of Gm(25) given in Table 3 confirm that this allotype belongs to the group forming "Gm(b)". In fact, it is situated on Fc of ?G a as well as Gm(5), Gm(10)~ Gm(ll) and Gm(14).

Moreover, in 1967, investigations on 7G have shown that Gin(5), Gin(10) and Gm(ll) behave differently ff the tertiary structure of the protein is modified (action of anhydrides blocking lysine residues (Rivat et al., 1967). The results obtained on succinylation of 7Ga Gin(25) confirm those of previous investigations which have shown that with the exception of Gm(5) all allotypes constituting the former "Gin(b)" are independent of the tertiary structure of the molecule, contrary to other allotypes of the Gm and Inv systems. We can thus conclude that Gm(25) as well as Gm(10), Gm(ll) and Gm(14) are situated far from the folding regions of the chain.

C. The genetic study was carried out on Caucasian families where "rare gene complexes" are found. Therefore it was possible to deduce that Gin(25) in family

Annex 1

Gm typing data o/the Japanese/amilies

:Family Gm Phonotype Probable Gm genotype

1 I1 1,--2,---4,--5,--10,--11,--14,--25 1/1 I2 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25

I I 1 1 , - -2 , - - -4 , - -5 , - -10, - -11, - -14, - -25 1/1 I I 2 1 , - -2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1/1 I I a 1 , - -2 , - - -4 , - -5 , - -10, - -11, - -14, - -25 1/1

2 I1 1,2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25 I2 1,2--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25

I I 1 1,2,---4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1.2/1,10,11,25 I I 2 1 ,2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1,2/1,2 I I a 1,2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25

3 I1 1 ,2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1,2/1 12 1,--2,---4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25

111 1,--2,~4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25 4 I1 1,--2,---4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25

I2 1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,25 1/1,g.5,10,11,14,25 1II i,--2,4,5,10,11,14,25 1/1,4,5,10,11,14,25 I I 2 1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,25 111,4,5,10,11,14,25

5 11 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25 I2 1,2,--4,--5,--10,--11,--14,--25 1,2/1 or 1,2/1,2

I I 1 1,2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25 I I 2 1,2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1.2/1,10,11,25 IIa 1,2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25 II4 1,2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25

6 I1 1,2,----4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25 12 1 , - -2 ,~4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - - -25 1/1

II1 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25 I I 2 1,2,---4,--5,--10,--11,--14,--25 1,2/1 I I 3 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25 II4 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25 II5 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10.11,25

7 I1 1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,25 1/1,4,5,10,11,14,25 I2 1 , - -2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1/1

II1 1 , - -2 , - - -4 , - -5 , - - I0 , - -1 t , - -14 , - -25 1/1 8 3[ x i,---2,4,5,10,11,14,25 1,4,5,10,11,14,25/1,10,11,25

3[2 1 , - - -2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10, - -11, - -14, - -25 1/1 31311 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25

9 311 1 ,2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1,2/1 or 1,2/1,2 3[3 1 ,2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1,2/1 or 1,2/1,2

31311 1,2,---4,--5,--10,--11,--14,--25 1,2/1 or 1,2/1,2 II2 1,2,---4,--5,--10,--11,--14,--25 1,2/1 or 1,2/1,2

10 311 1,2,---4,---5,--I0,--11,--14,--25 1,2/1 or 1,2/1,2 3[3 1 , - -2 , - - -4 , - -5 , - -10, - -11, - -14, - -25 1/1

31311 1,2,---4,-~5,--10,--11 , - -14, - -25 1,2/1 3[3[2 1 ,2 , - -4 , - -5 , - -10 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1,2/1

12 311 1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,25 1/1,4,5,10,11,14,25 3[2 1,2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1,2/1,10,11,25

I3[ 1 1,2,4,5,10,11,14,25 1,2/1,4,5,10,11,14,25 13[ 2 1 ,2 , - -4 , - -5 , - - i0 , - -11 , - -14 , - -25 1,2/1 3[I a 1,--2,--4,--5,10,11,--14,25 1/1,10,11,25

116 L. Rivat, M. Blanc, C. Rivat, C. Ropartz, and J. Ruffle:

Annex 2 Gm typing data o] the Klin /amily

Family Phenotypes Probable Gm genotypes

12 grandmother I I a mother 112 father

I l l 1 I l i a Ilia I I I , III~ IIIs

IIIlo

I I I n IIIla III14 III15 III1~

1,2,4,5,--10,11,--14,24,--25 --1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,24,25 1,2,4,5,10,11,14,--24,25 --1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,24,25 --1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,24,25 1,2,4,5,--10,11,--14,24,---25 1,2,4,5,10,11,14,--24,25 --1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,24,25 --1 ,---2,4,5,10,11,14,--24,25

--1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,--24,25

1,2,4,5,10,11,14,--24,25 1,2,4,5,--10,11,--14,24,.--25 1,2,4,5,10,11,14,--24,25 1,2,4,5,10,11,14,--24,25 --1,--2,4,5,10,11,14,24,25

1,z/4,5,11,z4 4,5,1o,11,14,z5 / 4,5,11,z4 1,2/4,5,10,11,14,25 4,5,10,11,14,25/4,5,11,24 4,5,10,11,14,25/4,5,11,24 1,2/4,5,11,24 1,2/4,5,10,11,14,25 4,5,10,11,14,25/4,5,11,24 4,5,10,11,14,25/4,5,10,11, 14,25 4,5,10,11,14,25/4,5,10,11, 14,25 1,2/4,5,10,11,14,25 1,2/4,5,11,24 1,2/4,5,10,11,14,25 1,214,5,10,11,14,25 4,5,10,11,14,25/4,5,11,24

In this Caucasoid family the Gm(24) factor was tested and found to be present.

293 is related to Gm(10) and Gm( l l ) since the mother transmits gene Gml,10, ll, 17,25 to 3 of her children.

Transmission of a gene Gml,l°,ll,15,18,17 (a, ba, b0, s, t, z) has been described by Van Loghem et al. (1970) and by Natvig et al. (1968). This gene is present with frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 in Mongoloid populations but rarely in Cau- casoids.

Out of the 11 Japanese families studied 6 revealed examples of the transmission of gene Gml,l°,11, ~5 (Gin(15), Gm(16) and Gin(17) factors were not tested).

In family 293 where this gene is present there was no history of foreign ad- mixture. I n families 92 and Klin the t ransmit ted gene is Gin4,5,11. There was absence of both Gin(10) and Gin(14) as well as Gm(25).

Unfortunately, we could not s tudy Negro families, and this seems interesting as Gin(25) distinguishes only in Negroes.

D. Among Old World Monkeys allotypes Gm(10) and Gm( l l ) have been found to be present in baboons and absent in eercopitheci (Rivat et al., 1968). All of the 13 baboons tested in the present work have been found to be Gm(25), whereas all of the cercopitheci are negative for this factor.

I t seems tha t during evolution Gm(25), Gin(10) and Gm( l l ) appear a t the same time, and it is likely tha t we can also find Gin(25) in Great Apes, as the other 2 were already revealed in previous work.

References

Blanc, M., Ducos, J., Ruffle, J.: Un nouvel allotype Gm ehez l'homme: le facteur Bet (~mar- queur~ racial probable. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 271, 145 (1970).

Fleischmann, J. B., Pain, R. If., Porter, R. R.: Reduction of gamma globulins. Arch. Biochem. Suppl. 1, 174 (1962).

A New Human Allotype: Gm(25) 117

Gold, E. R., Martensson, L., Ropartz, C., Rivat, L., Rousseau, P. Y.: Gm(f) a determinant of human gamma globulin. Vox Sang. (Basel) 10, 299 (1965).

Harboe, M. : A new hemagglutinating substance in the Gm system, anti-Gin(b). Acta path. mierobioh scand. 47, 191 (1959).

jenkins, T., Zoutendyk, A., Steinberg, A. G. : Gamma globulin group (Gm and Inv) of various Southern African Populations. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 32, 197 (1970).

Natvig, J. B., Kunkel, H. G., Yount, W. J. , Nielsen, J . C.: Further studies on the yG heavy chain gene complexes with particular reference to the genetic markers Gin(g) and Gm(n). J. exp. Med. 128, 763 (1968).

Porter, R. R. : The hydrolysis of rabbit gamma globulin and antibodies with crystalline papain. Bioehem. J. 73, 119 (1959).

Rivat, C., Rivat, L., Bourguignon, J. , Ropartz, C. : M~thodes de d6termination de la sous- classe des chaines lourdes des immunoglobu]ines yG humaines. Immunochemistry (in press).

--- - - Ropartz, C. : Propri~tgs physico-ehimiques et immunologiques des yG humaines modi- fi6es. I. Action des anhydrides ac4tique, succinique et mal6ique. Immunochemistry 4, 375 (1967).

Rifa t , L., Rivat, C., Ropartz, C., Krupe, M., Sehmitt, J. , Dubouch, H.: ]~tude de diff6rents facteurs des syst~mes Gin, Inv et ISf chez les singes. Humangenetik 6, 215 (1968).

- - Rousseau, P .Y . , Ropartz, C.: Etude du comportement des anti-Gm par la mgthode quantitative. 8th Congress of the European Society of Haematology, Wien 1961.

Ropartz, C., Gold, E .R . , Rivat, L., Rousseau, P. Y. : Frgquence du faeteur Gm(4) parmi quelques populations blanches, noires et jaunes. Transfusion (Paris) 9, 293 (1966).

- - Rivat, L. : D~termination des groupes Gm, Inv. et ISf. D4tection des antiglobulines. Spgci- ficit4 des anti-Rh. Immunology Techniques. Unit of Immunology of the W.H.O. 32 (1967).

- - - - l~ousseau, P. Y.: Le Gin(b) et ses problgmes. Vox Sang. (Basel) 8, 717 (1963). Steinberg, A. G. : Comparison of Gin(f) with Gm(b 2) (Gin bw) and a discussion of their genetics.

Amer. J . hum. Genet. 17, 311 (1965). - - Goldblum, R. : A genetic study of the antigens associated with the Gm(b) factor of human

gamma globulin. Amer. J. hum. Genet. 17, 133 (1965). - - Wilson, J. : Studies on hereditary gamma globulin factors: Evidence that Gm(b) in Whites

and Negroes is not the same and that Gm like is determined by an allele at the Gm locus. Amer. J. hum. Genet. 15, 96 (1963).

Van Loghem, E., Martensson, L.: Genetic (Gm) determinants of the Y2 c (V1) subclass of human IgG immunoglobulins. Vox Sang. (Basel) 13, 369 (1967). Natvig, J. B.: Uncommon Gm gene complexes. Vox Sang. (Basel) 18, 421 (1970).

Dr. Liliane Rivat Centre D6partemental de Transfusion Sanguine et de G6ngtique Humaine Boite Postale 5 F-76 Bois-Guillaume, France

9 ttumangene~ik, Bd. 13