5. ΣΠΕΛΕΟ ΕΓΧΕΙΡΙΔΙΟ Β ΣΠΗΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ

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. 80 kg.

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(Static breaking strength) A: 22 kN

B: 18 kN

End loop (figure of eight knot):

A: 15 kN

B: 12 kN

(Rope Elongation) 150 kg A: 5%

B: 5%

(Impact Force) 0,6m, 0,3 A: 5 / 100 kg

B: 5 / 80 kg

Falls held 2m, 1 A: 5 / 100kg

B: 5 / 80kg

(Knotability) A: 1,2 D

B: 1,2 D

(Sheath Slippage) A: 30mm

B: 15mm www.mammut.ch/en/ropes_tests_static.html

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The standard NF EN 25-100-0 for stainless steel

Mechanical characteristics Steel Grade A1, A2 ,A4

8.8 10.9 70 80

Min. tensile strength fuk (N/mm2) 800 1040 700 800

Min yield strength fyk (N/mm2) 640 940 450 600

Minimum failure load N for M8 29.200 38.100 25.620 29.200

Proof load 21.200 30.400 16.470

....

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26 kN

: 12 kN

: 8 kN (!!!)

: 55 g

Kong

26 kN

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kN

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: 51 g

Petzl

24 kN

: 10 kN

: 7 kN (!!!)

: 75 g

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24

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: 68 g

Petzl

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Maillon rapide

.

maillon rapide!

....

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22 kN

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/

greek-survival.blogspot.gr,

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, www.speleo.gr

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, ...., 2003

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Alpine Caving Techniques: A Complete Guide to Safe and Efficient Caving, George Marbach, Bernard Tourte

(Author), Melanie Alspaugh, 2002

Caving Practice & Equipment, British Cave Research Association, 1995

Life on a line, 2 , Dave Merchant, 2007

anuel technique de l cole franaise de speleologie, EFS, 1996

Vertical, Alan Warild, Lion Graphics, 1988

, Fischer, 2013

(), Hilti, 2012

http://www.speleo.gr, 11/11/13

http://snowguide.gr, 14/11/13

http://www.mammut.ch/en/ropes_tests_static.html, 11/11/13

http://www.spit.fr, 7/12/2013

http://www.petzl.com, 9/12/2013

http://www.kong.it, 3/11/2013

http://www.expe.fr, 3/11/2013

http://www.caveclimb.com/lifelines.htm, 14/11/13

http://greek-survival.blogspot.gr/2013/04/14.html, 11/11/13

http://www.animatedknots.com, 14/11/13

http://www.chockstone.org, 14/11/13

http://www.outdoors.org, 14/11/13

http://knotalotsailing.wordpress.com, 14/11/13

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(52% / 48%) 101

(75% / 25%) 105

(68% / 32%) 118

(71% / 29%) 122

(35% / 65%) 137

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, ( ).

:

1. . PETER KONOPKA

2.BIOCHEMISTRY FOR CAVERS. ELISABETH M. ELLIS

3. . ,

. .

....

95

(bad air)

Garry K. Smith 1998,

. , . , ...., 2013

(Foul air) ,

( )

. , ,

.

, (Bad air),

.

, ,

(CO2) 0,5% / (O2)

18% . , 0,03% CO2

21% O2 . ,

, : , , ,

.

CO2 ,

,

. , - .

,

0,5% (5.000 ppm ' ). 10%

.

.

. CO2 ,

, .

, (

) .

Strang Mackenzie-Wood, (1990) ,

,

, , .

James

(1977) Halbert (1982) Gibbs

.

1. , 1, CO2

, ,

. CO2 10

12%, 0,15% 0,65%.

,

.

....

96

CO2 O2 (N2)

.

1 , 1% CO2.

1% CO2 20,8% O2. Halbert (1982), 1

CO2 CO2

. 1 ,

CO2 O2

.

2. 2 CO2

(, ).

CO2. N2 .

Halbert, (1982) Foul Air Type 2 O2,

CO2 . ,

CO2 O2 ( RQ),

0,7 1 ,

.. , . ,

RQ=0,7 O2 CO2.

3. , 3,

, O2

CO2. " 3"

.

O2

2. 3

.

3 1

2 .

James, (1977) CO2 .

)

)

)

) CO2

)

)

1 2.

) CO2,

.

CO2

CO2 1.57 1,38 O2,

, ,

. ,

. ,

.

.

CO2 ( ),

....

97

CO2

( ),

, () . (Smith. GK

1997a)

, , , ,

.

, CO2.

,

.

, ,

.

2 2+1 2+3, CO2

.

CO2 , ,

, 10 .

CO2 ( )

O2 2.

CO2, . Suicide

Hole Cave Crawney Pass N.S.W, 6

CO2 2 . CO2

.

CO2

Osborne, (1981), Pit

CO2 Gaden Cave - Wellington NSW . Osborne

. 1, Osborne

2.

, , . Pit

CO2,

0,4 . ,

. Osborne,

Pit CO2 1 2.

James & Dyson (1981) Bungonia, NSW , CO2

. . ......

CO2

. Drum Cave , ,

, ,

. -

CO2, , (

). CO2 .

, CO2

".

Grill Cave Bungonia.

(

), ,

....

98

. ,

, .

. (Smith GK, 1998).

. Jennings, et al. (1972) Bungonia

17,75 C. ,

, , ,

, . , ,

. , CO2

CO2.

, CO2

. O2

. ,

CO2 .

CO2

48 . (James Dyson , 1981)

,

. ( )

.

[ ()]

CO2

,

CO2.

0,5 1%,

, ,

. (Matherson, D., 1983)

1 2% CO2, ,

. , CO2 (P

CO2) 44 mm Hg.

pH

pH . , ,

,

. ,

,

. ,

. (

, 1990).

....

99

0,03% ,

0,5%

5 .

8 (

).

1,0%

,

, , , ,

, (jelly

legs).

2,0%

50 ,

.

2%

.

,

.

.

3,0%

100 , .

: , ,

5-10%

.

5%

. > 6%

.

10-15% , .

.

25-30%

. .

CO2

(Strang. J., and Mackenzie-Wood. P., 1990), (Laboratory Safety Manual, 1992) (Osha Regulated Hazardous

Substances, 1990), (Matherson, D., 1983).

2% CO2,

.

,

.

.

(1992), 0.5% CO2

(TLVTWA). , 8 , 5

, . 5% CO2

....

100

(IDLH).

30 .

. ,

, ,

. O2

CO2 . Hamilton-Smith,

(1972), , .....

(CO2) .

2

N2 CO2, CO2

,

. ( , 1992)

O2 % '

21-14%

,

.

14 10%

, .

. ,

.

10 6%

.

. ,

. ,

.

6%

. .

,

.

O2

;

, Field, (1992),

,

. Inergen CO2.

15% ' ,

. CO2

,

. CO2

, O2 .

,

....

101

3.1% CO2 15% O2 ( ),

, , .

4.3% CO2 12,4% O2, ,

,

. (Field, 1992).

CO2 O2.

,

O2 / 2 10% O2. 8%

CO2 ( ),

.

(AS 2685-1986, . 7) ,

18%. 1995 19,5

' , ( 2) 19.8kPa ...

, , ,

,

. (TWA).

, ,

. (AS 2865-1995, . 6-7).

2,

8 .

2,

, 2. , 2

, 2 .

2 2.000 17.67kPa (176,7 mbar)

2 17,5%.

CO2.

O 21%

0,03% CO2. 15% - 16,3%

4,5% CO2. 6

100 .

CO2 .

,

CO2 . CO2 ,

. ,

CO2.

(CO2 O2) ,

(alveoli).

, CO2 .

.

,

, .

CO2 . (Smith. G. K., 1993 &

1997b).

....

102

,

CO2 .

2 2+1 2+3.

(big)

21% -18%

> 19%

17,5%

,

17% -16,5%

.

17% -16,5%

, ,

, .

16,5% -16%

,

16% -15.5%

( )

16%

15% - whispery

.

15% O 2 ,

.

14,5% -

,

....

103

(Expired Air Resuscitation EAR).

10% ,

, . (Smith. G. K.

1997a).

CO2

O2. CO2

O2 .

(2 +1) & (2 +3) . CO2 O2, ,

CO2 ,

O2 .

CO2

, , , , !

,

( ).

!

,

. ,

,

. , :

, ".

AS 2865-1986, Australian Standard (1986), Safe working in a Confined Space, Published by Standards

Australia (Standards Association of Australia)., 42pp, ISBN 0-7262-9473-X.

AS 2865-1995, Australian Standard, Worksafe Australia National Standard (1995), Published by Standards Australia

(Standards Association of Australia), Safe working in a Confined Space, 48pp, ISBN 0-7262-9473-X.

Clinical Management of Poisoning & Drug Overdose, (1990) edited by Haddad, Lester M; Winchester,

James F., 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders p. cm. Published in Pennsylvania. Clinical Features &

Consequences of Metabolic Acidosis. P.135-140, ISBN: 0721623425

Crawshaw, R. and Moleman, D., (1970) Experiments with cave atmospheres: The CO2 Problem. Published

in the Sydney Speleological Society. Journal, Vol. 14, No. 8, P. 177-185.

Field. Dr. G., (August 1992), The Physical Effects on Humans of Exposure to Gas Mixtures of Air and

Inergen, Report prepared on behalf of Unisearch Limited, Department of Respiratory Medicine - The

Prince of Wales Hospital, for Grinnell Asia Pacific Pty Ltd.

Friedman. R., (Nov. 1989), Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry, Printed by the National Fire Protection

Association USA. ISBN 0-87765-363-1.

Halbert. E.J. (1972),. Foul Air in Bungonia Caves, Published in Bungonia Caves, by the Sydney

Speleological Society. Occasional Paper No. 4, P. 144-146. ISBN 0-9599608-0-5.

Halbert. E.J.M., (1982), Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide and oxygen data in atmospheres using the Gibbs

Triangle and Cave Air Index. Printed in Helictite, V.20 (2), P.60-68, Journal of Australasian Cave Research.

....

104

Hamilton-Smith. E., (1972) Bats of the Bungonia Caves, Published in Bungonia Caves, (1972) by the

Sydney Speleological Society. Occasional Paper No.4, P.151-156. ISBN 0-9599608-0-5.

James. J. M., (1977), Carbon Dioxide in the Cave Atmosphere. Transcript of the British Cave Rescue

Association. V. 4, No.4, P. 417-429.

James. J., and Dyson, J., (1981), CO2 in Caves Published in Caving International Magazine (Cave Science

Topics) No. 13, October 1981 P. 54-59.

Jennings. J. N., James. J. M., Counsell. W. J., and Whaite. T.J. (1972) Geomorphology of Bungonia Caves and

Gorge, Published in "Bungonia Caves", (1972).by the Sydney Speleological Society. Occasional Paper No.4,

P.113-143. ISBN 0-9599608-0-5.

Laboratory Safety Manual, (October 1992), Oxygen-deficient Atmosphere, Section 24, P.4-5. By the

Occupational Health & Safety Unit of the University of N.S.W, Australia. Published by CCH Australia Limited.

ISBN 1- 86264-439-X. Authors - R. Haski, G. Cardilini and W. Bartolo.,

Matherson, D., (1983) Article on Carbon Dioxide Hazards in the Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health

and Safety. (Third edition 1983), Published by the International Labour Organisation, CH-1211 Geneva 22,

Switzerland.,. P. 392-393 ISBN 92-2-103289-2

McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, (1982), fifth edition, Chemical Weathering P. 305.

ISBN 0-07-070280-1

Osborne. R.A., (1981), Toward an air quality standard for tourist caves: Studies of Carbon Dioxide enriched

atmospheres in Gaden - Coral Cave , Wellington Caves, N.S.W. Printed in Helictite, V. 19 (2), P. 48-56,

Journal of Australasian Cave Research.

Osha Regulated Hazardous Substances (1990). Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S.

Department of Labor. ISBN 0-8155-1240-6.

Safe Handling of Compressed Gases, (1992). P.5, Sec. 3.5, Commonwealth Industrial Gases Ltd, Aus. ISBN

0-909327-09-2

Smith. G.K., (1993), Caves, Carbon Dioxide & you, Published in Australian Caver, No. 133, P. 20-23.

Journal of the Australian Speleological Federation Inc.

Smith. G.K., (1997a), Naked Flame Tests for CO2 in Limestone Caves & The Effect of CO2 and O2 on

Humans, published in the Australian Speleological Federation Inc. Proceedings of the 21st Biennial

Conference, P. 40-52.

Smith. G.K., (1997b), Caves, Carbon Dioxide & You.. published in the Australian Speleological Federation

Inc. Proceedings of the 21st Biennial Conference, P. 35-39. Updated from the original article publication in

1993.

Smith. G.K., (1998), Foul Air at Bungonia, published in Under Bungonia, P. 84 - 91, Life on Paper

Publishing, PO Box 115 Oak Flats, 2529. NSW Australia.

Strang. J. and Mackenzie-Wood. P., (1990). A Manual on Mines Rescue, Safety & Gas Detection. Printed

by CSM Press, School of Mines Colorado. P. 126-133

....

105

:

!

. , . , ....

1.

.

,

.

.

, ,

(C 20~ C 50). , (

) ,

( )

() :

(

& )

(!).

2.

( SRT ) '70.

( ) (. 3. PETZL AUTOFOREUSE )

.

. , ,

'90,

, ( )

.

.

(, , )

. ,

.

,

.

( ) '

, ( )

....

106

.

, ( ) :

1 8 (!) ,

.

3.

(.

1.)

.

,

,

.

1.

: )

)

)

)

( ~20 m

8). ,

.

4.

Dave Merchant Life On a Line [1]

,

-

(SRT),

.

1.

(

)

FF=0,5.

1.

SRT

5.4 kN ( 540 )

9.8 kN ( 980 ). ~10

kN (=1000=1 ).

(kN )

( )

75 gr SRT - 1.05

75 Kgr SRT - 0.9

75 Kgr SRT - 1.6

200 Kgr

3.0

( FF =0.5)

80 Kgr SRT 5.4

200 Kgr 9.8

1.

....

107

5. -

To 1997 () G

-001 Metal Anchors For Use in Concrete [2] . ,

,

. G -001 (

2003) (-, -

) , (

), K . ,

CE : )

G -001 ) ()

.

, (, , )

AG -001.

6.

(Annex C) G -001

(

)

( ), (

) ( ).

.

.

2.

V Annex C ETAG -001:

(. 2.) (Steel Failure)

.

(. 2.) (Edge Failure)

.

.

(. 2.) (Pry - out Failure)

( )

.

.

,,.

' , k ,

, .

( ).

, ( )

' ' '.

....

108

G -001

C 20- C 50

(. ) :

1) 10 MPa

( ) 400 Pa ( ). ,

, 10 MPa.

2)

. 2

' G -001, ,

.

7.

,

HILTI [3] SPIT [4] .

:

)

. , ,

.

) 8 mm (8), '

, '

.

) .

ST - R - M 8 LTI FIX - Z

- A 4-8 SPIT (. 1.) . .

LTI ST - R - M 8

HST R -98/0002 [5],

. ETAG -001, Annex C :

( ): 10.4 kN (1040)

s =25 cm

. ( , . .: s =15 cm

5 kN 500 )

(

) >60 mm , 8 x 95 & 8 x 115 ( 8 x 75 ).

SPIT FIX - Z - A4-M8

FIX - Z - A 4 -04/0010 [6],

. ETAG -001, Annex C :

( ): 7.53 kN (753)

s =25 cm

. ( , . .: s =15 cm

4.5 kN 450 )

(

) >60 mm , M 8x110 ( 8 x 70 & 8 x 90 ).

A 1. LTI ST - R

- M 8 SPIT FIX - Z - A 4- M 8

(9.8 kN ). 8

SPIT FIX - Z - A 4- M 10.

....

109

2. ,

,

: xpress - Anchor UPAT

( ) -00/0004 [7]

. Coeur Goujon PETZL [8]

795, G -001.

8. M ""

3.

()

.

:

: (3~4 cm)

( )

(. 1.). (10 MPa)

~4 kN (400) shock

80 Kgr (5.4 kN) (. 1)

SRT .(!)

:

( )

,

(2, CO2, ) .

,

: PETZL AUTOFOREUSE

.

( )

. Vertical Online [9] lan Warild

.

: LTI HKD - E, SPIT GRIP & PETZL LONGLIFE 3.

(~12 mm )

( 8 mm).

.

'

( )

....

110

9.

:

(. 7.)

(. 8 HILTI

8.45 mm 8 SPIT 9 mm )

.

.

.

( : )

.

( )

.

,

. , ,

-.

10.

[1]. Dave Merchant Life On a Line (2003), ( . Part-1: 5.Anchors & Belays Part-3:12.Rope Testing)

Internet: www.lifeonaline.com

[2]. European Organisation for Technical Approvals (EOTA), G -001: Metal Anchors For Use in

Concrete (2003) (. Annex C: Design Methods for Anchorages), Internet: www.eota.be

[3]. HILTI (Internet: www.hilti.gr)

[4]. SPIT (Internet: www.spit.fr)

[5]. Deutsches Institut fur Bautechnik (DIBt) -98/0002: LTI HST-R (2003)

[6]. Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment (CSTB) - -04/0010: SPIT FIX-Z-A4 (2004)

[7]. CSTB - -00/0004: U PAT EXA Express Anchor (2005), Internet: www.cstb.fr

[8]. PETZL (Internet: www.petzl.com)

[9]. lan Warild - Vertical Online (2001), ( . 2.Rigging Equipment), Internet: www.caves.com

....

111

Y ,

, ....

.

(

).

.

F 80 .

F.

( ),

. ( 0 .

).

(80)

(140/2 = 70).

.

F=54

80 .

120 spit.

/

&

10 1,99

20 1,97

30 1,93

40 1,87

50 1,81

60 1,73

70 1,64

80 1,53

90 1,41

100 1,29

110 1,15

120 1

130 0,84

140 0,68

150 0,52

160 0,35

170 0,17

180 0

....

112

. (,

180 ). F

80 .

F.

= 80 =140,

.

(80) (140/2

= 70).

.

=117

80 .

.

120.

....

113

, ....

.

( )

: (: ).

.

: Z-rig

. 1:1

.

!

. ,

. .

.

.

....

114

:

=> :

basic =>

=>

stop =>

: 3:1

....

115

(..)

.

( )

.

..

( )

:

:

W:

F:

.

i: (

: (

.

....

116

T1:

1i=T1o =T

F1= T1i+T1o = 2T

T2:

2i=T2o =T1o=T

F2= T2i+T2o = 2T

F2

T3:

3i=T3o =F1+T2o=3T

F3= T3i+T3o = 6T

T4:

4i=T4o =T3o=3T

F4= T4i+T4o = 6T

F4

T5=F3+T4o=9T

W=T5

W=9T

9:1 (: )

5. ΣΠΕΛΕΟ ΕΓΧΕΙΡΙΔΙΟ Β ΣΠΗΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ

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Transcript of 5. ΣΠΕΛΕΟ ΕΓΧΕΙΡΙΔΙΟ Β ΣΠΗΛΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ