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4th LYCEUM OF SERRES GRADE A CLASS

PROJECT TEAM “HELLENIC PANORAMA” 2011-2012

Ardanioti E., Balkatzopoulou S., Bolla A., Bompota E., Chatzi M.X., Gatsiou E., Gostovt G.,

Kanakari J., Karazisi M., Katsaouni M., Kiloglou G., Kyrmanidou-Rekalidou I., Mallia G., Massiou T., Melachroinos G., Moisidou K., Papavasileiou V.,

Savvidis K., Theocharidis E., Vasileiadou S.

Supervisor: Argyro Kokkinaki

SERRES, GREECE

2012

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PREFACE

This short version of the book in English is one of the final products of the project “Hellenic Panorama” that was conducted in Grade A class of the 4th Lyceum of Serres from January 2012 until May 2012.

The purpose of the project was to draw the students’ attention to internet research by involving them actively in project activities. The main reason that students have decided to plan and implement the specific topic, Hellenic Panorama, was their wish to familiarize foreign students, who participate in the Comenius Project “I am a child, I want to be recognized”, with various aspects of Greek culture in order to improve their knowledge of Greek civilization and everyday life.

20 students assigned in teams of four developed their IT knowledge and improved their English language skills conducting research on the Internet and synthesizing both in Greek and English language a simple guide to Greece.

We hope that partner students take a look at the published material that we have produced and gain an inside of our country while enjoying a mental journey to Greece through space and time.

Argyro Kokkinaki (Philologist, Greek Language Literacy)

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CONTENTS

Preface 2

Part 1. Geography and History of Greece 4

Chapter 1.

General Information about Greece Konstantinos Savvidis

4

Chapter 2.

Greek Mythology Giorgos Melachroinos

11

Chapter 3.

Greek History from Bronze Age to Roman Conquest

Ioanna Kanakari

16

Chapter 4. Greek History from Byzantine Empire to Modern Greek State

Iliana Kyrmanidou-Rekalidou

20

Part 2. Art and Science in Greece 26

Chapter 5. Art in Ancient Greece Maria Katsaouni

26

Chapter 6. Monuments and Museums of Greece Maria-Christina Chatzi

29

Chapter 7. Science and Technology in Ancient Greece Evagelos Theocharidis

41

Chapter 8. Art in Modern Greece Vasiliki Papavasileiou

44

Part 3. Greek Literature 52

Chapter 9. Greek Language and Ancient Greek Epic Poetry

Eleni Gatsiou

52

Chapter 10. Ancient Greek Prose Sofia Vasileiadou

54

Chapter 11. Byzantine and Modern Greek Literature Georgia Mallia

58

Chapter 12. Greek Theatre Elsa Ardanioti 66

Part 4. Natural Landscape in Greece 68

Chapter 13. Islands and Crete Theodora Massiou

68

Chapter 14. Central Greece and Peloponnese Giorgos Kiloglou 72

Chapter 15. Thessaly and Epirus Giorgos Gostovt

74

Chapter 16. Macedonia and Thrace Marianna Karazisi

76

Part 5. Daily Life in Greece 80

Chapter 17. Greek Music Sofia Balkatzopoulou

80

Chapter 18. Greek Food Eleni Bompota 84

Chapter 19. Customs and Traditions in Greece Kyriaki Moisidou

87

Chapter 20. Sports and Entertainment in Greece Antonia Bolla

90

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Part 1. Geography and History of Greece by Savvidis K., Melachroinos

G., Kanakari I. & Kyrmanidou-Rekalidou I.

ABSTRACT Our work is about geography and history of Greece. First of all, we give some general information about Greece. Then, we continue giving the most important Greek myths and in the end we mention the main parts of our history.

Chapter 1. General Information about Greece

1.1 Location – Borders Greece is located in the southeastern Europe. It is the southern part of Balkan Peninsula and it is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Greek borders extend in a length of 1228 km. Greece has land borders with Albania, the FYROM and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

1.2 Extent - Population Greece has area of 131,957 square kilometers and a population of 10,787,690 inhabitants, according to Census of 2011. So, the population density amounts to 81.75 inhabitants per square kilometer. Additionally, Greece is divided into nine geographical departments for historical and geographical reasons. These geographical departments are:

1. Thrace 2. Macedonia 3. Epirus 4. Thessaly 5. Central Greece 6. Peloponnese 7. Crete 8. Ionian Islands 9. Aegean Islands

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1.3 Geography Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans. Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km. Greece features a vast number of islands, 165 of which are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. Extensive plains are primarily located in the prefectures of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country.

1.4 Climate Generally speaking, Greece has a mild climate. The Greek climate can be divided into the four aforementioned climate types:

Climate type Characteristics Influenced areas

Mountain climate Heavy winters with snow, cool summers

Mountainous regions in mainland and Crete

Transitional climate Long winters with low temperatures, very warm summers

Thessaly, Macedonia, Thrace

Marine Mediterranean climate

Mild rainy winters, warm and humid summers

Islands and Ionian Sea coasts

Terrestrial Mediterranean climate

Mild winters with little rain, warm and dry summers

Islands and Aegean Sea coasts

As far as precipitation is concerned, we have to say that the rainfalls do not last for many days, even in the winter. It rains more in western Greece than in the rest country.

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Transitional climate

Mountain climate

Terrestrial Mediterranean climate

Marine Mediterranean climate

1.5 Greek flag and Emblem The national Greek flag contains nine white and blue stripes. Every stripe represents to a letter of the word “freedom” or to the nine syllables of the Greek Motto “Freedom or Death”.

The emblem of the Greek Republic consists of a blue shield which bears a white cross in the middle. The shield is surrounded by two laurel branches. The emblem is used public documents and also in the uniforms of police and army.

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1.6 Useful information Former country’s name Hellas

Official country’s name Hellenic Republic

Official language Greek

Official religion Christianism

Capital Athens

Large cities Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras

Currency Euro € (EUR)

Time zone UTC + 2

Internet TDL .gr & .eu (as a member of EU)

International dialing code +30

International registration plates’ signal GR

Driving Right

National anniversaries 25th March, 28th October

1.7 Governance - Administrative organization In Greece, state power is manifested in three different ways:

The legislative power, exercised by the House of Representatives and President of the Republic.

The executive power, exercised by the Government and President of the Republic.

The judicial power, exercised by the courts. Greece is a parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial. Most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister belongs to the leader of the political party, which has the majority of votes in the national elections. Also, Greece consists of thirteen administrative regions, called peripheries which are subdivided into municipalities. The thirteen administrative regions are:

1. East Macedonia and Thrace 2. Central Macedonia 3. West Macedonia 4. Epirus 5. Thessaly 6. Ionian Islands 7. West Greece 8. Central Greece 9. Attica 10. Peloponnese 11. North Aegean 12. South Aegean 13. Crete

There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos, which borders the region of Central Macedonia.

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1.8 Educational system The education in Greece is free and compulsory for ten years. It is divided into three levels: the primary, the secondary and the higher education.

Levels Study Stages Duration of study

Ages (years)

primary Compulsory Kindergarten 1-2 years 4-6

Compulsory Primary school 6 years 6-12

secondary

Compulsory Gymnasium 3 years 12-15

Optional Lyceum

3 years 15-18 Optional

Technical- vocational educational schools

higher

Optional Highest Educational Institutions

4-6 years 18+

Optional

Highest Technological Educational Institutions

3.5-5 years 18+

1.9 Transportation system Since the 1980s, the road and rail network of Greece has been significantly modernized. Important works include the A2 (Egnatia Odos) motorway, that connects northwestern Greece (Igoumenitsa) with northern and northeastern Greece (Kipoi); and the Rio–Antirio bridge, the longest suspension cable bridge in Europe (2250 m or 7382 ft long), connecting the western Peloponnese from Rio with Antirio in Central Greece. The Athens Metropolitan Area in particular is served by some of the most modern and efficient transport infrastructure in Europe, such as the Athens International Airport, the privately run Attiki Odos motorway network and the expanded Athens Metro system. Most of the Greek islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air mainly from the two major Greek airlines, Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines. Maritime connections have been improved with modern high-speed craft, including hydrofoils and catamarans.

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Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km network is underway. Finally, we have to mention that four european motorways pass through Greece. These are the E 55, E 65, E 75 and E 90.

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1. 10 Dictionary Greek Accent English

0 μηδέν miden zero

1 ένα ena one

2 δύο dio two

3 τρία tria three

4 τέσσερα tessera four

5 πέντε pende five

6 έξι exi six

7 επτά epta seven

8 οκτώ okto eight

9 εννέα ennea nein

10 δέκα deka ten

11 έντεκα endeka eleven

12 δώδεκα dodeka twelve

Greek Accent English

Ναι Ne Yes

Όχι Ohi No

Γεια σου! Gia sou! Hello!

Τι κάνεις; Ti kanis? How are you?

Είμαι καλά, ευχαριστώ . Ime kala, efcharisto. I am fine, thanks.

Πως σε λένε; Pos se lene? What’s your name?

Με λένε… Me lene… My name is…

Από πού είσαι; Apo pou ise? Where are you from?

Είμαι από… Ime apo… I am from…

Πόσο χρονών είσαι; Poso hronon ise? How old are you?

Είμαι… χρονών. Ime…hronon. I am… years old.

Χρόνια πολλά! Hronia polla! Happy birthday!

Τι ώρα είναι; Ti ora ine? What time is it?

Σου αρέσει η Ελλάδα; Sou aresi i Ellada? Do you like Greece?

Θα ήθελα να μάθω Ελληνικά.

Tha ithela na matho Ellinika.

I would like to learn Greek.

Είμαι μαθητής. Ime mathitis. I am a student.

Καλημέρα! Kalimera! Good morning!

Καλό απόγευμα! Kalo apogevma! Good afternoon!

Καληνύχτα! Kalinihta! Good night!

Αντίο! Andio! Bye!

Δευτέρα Deftera Monday

Τρίτη Triti Tuesday

Τετάρτη Tetarti Wednesday

Πέμπτη Pembti Thursday

Παρασκευή Paraskevi Friday

Σάββατο Savvato Saturday

Κυριακή Kiriaki Sunday

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Chapter 2. Greek Mythology

2.1 Definition, Sources, Affect

Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. They were a part of religion in ancient Greece and are part of religion in modern Greece and around the world as Hellenismos. Modern scholars refer to, and study the myths in an attempt to throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself. Greek mythology is embodied, explicitly, in a large collection of narratives, and implicitly in Greek representational arts.

Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines and mythological creatures. These accounts initially were disseminated in an oral poetic tradition. Today the Greek myths are known primarily from Greek literature. The oldest known Greek literary sources, the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on events surrounding the Trojan War. Myths are also preserved in the Homeric Hymns. Greek mythology has exerted an extensive influence on the culture, the arts, and the literature of Western civilization and remains part of Western heritage and language. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in these mythological themes. The discovery of the Mycenaean civilization by the German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, in the nineteenth century, and the discovery of the Minoan civilization in Crete by British archaeologist, Sir Arthur Evans, in the twentieth century, helped to explain many existing questions about Homer's epics and provided archaeological evidence for many of the mythological details about gods and heroes. Although, the name of gods and heroes have been revealed.

2.2 The beginning

Greek mythology has changed over time to accommodate the evolution of their culture. Agricultural populations assigned a spirit to every aspect of nature. These spirits assumed human forms and entered the local mythology as gods. Hesiod in his cosmogony explains the creation of the world. In the beginning there was only Chaos. Then the Earth and the Sky were born. After that, 12 Titans, 3 Hecatoncheires and 3 Cyclops were born. From them, the 12 Olympian Gods have arisen.

2.3 The Olympian Gods and Goddesses

Dias or Zeus (Roman name: Jupiter) was the father of the gods and the most important. He was the god of weather, hospitality and he also decided for humans lives. Ancient Olympia was devoted at him.

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Hera was the sister and Dias’ wife. She protected marriage.

Poseidon was the moody god of the sea and the protector of each liquid element.

Hermes was the twelve Olympian gods’ Postman, protector of trade and he also transferred humans’ lives in Hades.

Aphrodite was the goddess of Beauty and Love. She was born in Cyprus water.

Apollo was the god of sunlight, music, dance and oracular art. He was therapist and the oracle in Delfi was devoted at him

Athena was the god of wisdom, defence and strategic warfare. Symbols include the owl and the olive tree. According to myths she was born from Dias’ head and this is the reason why she is so wise.

Ares, the fierce god of war and fight

Demeter, the goddess of land and agriculture

Artemis, the goddess of wild nature and hunting

Hephaestus, the ill-favoured god of fire and metallurgy

Hestia, the calm goddess of house

Dionysus, the joyful god of grapes, wine and theatre

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2.4 The most important Myths Titanomachy In the Greek mythology, Titanomachy was the war among Titans and the Olympian Gods. Everything began when Kronos, the leader of the Titans, didn’t restore the justice when he became king. Titans were instructed by Kronos and the Olympians gods were instructed by Zeus (Dias). Ten years later the Olympian gods won. Dias became the king of the sky and the wind, Poseidon became the king of the sea and Hades became the king of the Hell. Titans went in tartar and the Olympian gods lived on the top of Mount Olympus, the highest Greek mountain.

Prometheus After Titanomachy, Dias ordered Prometheus to take land and water and he created the first Human generation. He gave them fire, which he stole it from Olympus. So people improved their lives and invented many things that finally Dias frightened. Dias was very angry from humans violence. He decided to kill everyone. Forty days it was raining until everybody was dead. Prometheus advised his son to create a boat and put inside his wife and a pair of each animal. After forty days the stopped on the top of Parnassus. While they were walking down the mountain they threw behind them stones, from which a person was created. But Dias became furious. He ordered to catch him and enchain him in Caucasus, where every day an eagle ate his liver. One day Hercules released him.

Europe’s kidnapping When Europe became woman, she was in a meadow and Zeus saw her and he fell in love. He transformed into a bowl and approached her. She was very brave and rode him. Then he started flying above the sea. They were landed on Crete. Minoas was born. Zeus travelled back to Olympus and Europe married Crete’s king. Minoas, Theseus, Minotaur, Daedalus and Icarus

Minoas was the king of Crete. His palace was in Knossos. In the basement Daedalus and Icarus built a labyrinth. There Minoas’ son Minotaur, a monster with human body and head of a bowl, was living. Minoas didn’t want nobody to know the plans of the palace, so he imprisoned Daedalus and Icarus. They tried to escape by making waxen wings. Icarus flew so high that his wings stewed. He fell in the sea, which took his name and the nearby island named Ikaria.

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Athenians ought to send every year ten rich men and ten rich women in Crete in order to be eaten by Minotaur. Once, Theseus, king Aegean’s son was chosen. With Ariadnis’ help he killed Minotaur. He returned in Athens and separated Athens in ten ares. The Greek sea named from his father as Aegean Sea.

Frixos, Elli and the Expedition of Argonauts Nefeli in order to save her children from their stepmother sent a gold ram at their home. The gold ram was a gift from Hermes and it was going to carry Frixos and Elli, the two children, on his back. While they were flying above the sea, Elli fell over and since nowadays the sea is called Hellespont. Frixos arrived in Caucasus and devoted the ram in Poseidon and he hung the skin on a tree. The expedition of Argonauts was organised by Jason in order to take back the gold skin. This expedition is related to the second biggest Greek colonization.

Narcissus Narcissus was a very handsome man. One day he was sitting by the shoreline and he was watching himself. He tried to catch it by sinking his arm in the water but he couldn’t catch it. He fell into depression. Finally Zeus transformed him into a flower that took his name.

Hercules As Hercules’ feats, there are 12 difficult feats, which Hercules made in order to be forgiven for the murder of his woman and children. Hercules was Zeus kid. After a prediction of the oracle in Delfi, he should do whatever Evristheas would tell him. So he killed the Nemean lion, destroyed the Lernaean Hydra, captured the Ceryneian Hind alive, trapped the Erymanthian boar, cleaned the Augean stables, butcher of the Stymphalian birds, captured the Cretan bull, rounded up the Mares of Diomedes, fetched

Hippolyta's girdle of gold, fetched the cattle of Geryon, fetched the golden apples of the Hesperides and then he brought Cerberus from Tartarus.

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Persephone Ancient Greeks in order to explain changes in seasons they create the following myth: One day Persephone, Demeter’s daughter, was walking in the fields, when the god of Hades saw her and decided to kidnap her and marry her. Demeter was so sad that se lost her daughter that dried up all the fields. Finally they decided to stay Persephone six month in the Earth (spring-summer, when Demeter is happy and the fields are fertile) and six month in the Hell (autumn-winter, when Demeter is sad and the fields are infertile). The Trojan War In Greek mythology, the Trojan War is a war between Greeks and Trojans around Troy. As an occasion, it was the kidnapping of Eleni, Menelaus’ wife, who was king of

Sparta, by Pares, Hector’s brother. According to mythology, the goddess of discord, wanted to learn which of the goddesses is the most beautiful. Pares was the judge. Aphrodite in order to win promised Pares to give him Eleni, who was very beautiful. Then Aphrodite won. Pares kidnapped Eleni and then Greeks started the Trojan war.

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Chapter 3. Greek History from Bronze Age to Roman Conquest

3.1 Cycladic Civilization Cycladic civilization (also known as Cycladic culture or The Cycladic period) is an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades, Greece, in the Aegean Sea, spanning the period from approximately 3000 BC-2000 BC. The significant Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic culture is best known for its schematic flat female idols carved out of the islands' pure white marble.

3.2 Μinoan Civilization

The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th

century BC. It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of the British archaeologist Arthur Evans. The palaces were the centre of life's organisation in Crete. Focus on the palace of Knossos have discovered other important palaces, such us Phaistos and Mallia. The first disaster became in 1700 BC. However palaces were constructed again, but more impressive. The second disaster became in 1450 BC, so palaces were destroyed completely, except Knossos, which was inhabited until Mycenaean domination.

3.3 Mycenaean Civilization

Mycenaean Greece (c. 1900 BC – c. 1100 BC) was a cultural period of Bronze Age Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese of southern Greece. From Mycenaean civilization are famous fortified citadels and funerary monuments. First details for Mycenaean civilization are taken from Homeric epics. First excavations were done from Heinrich Schliemann. Highlight of the excavations was the decoding of Linear B, which was used from specialized scribes in the palaces.

3.4 First and Second Greek Colonization

As the first Greek colonization population migrations and upheavals took place in Hellenic area by the middle of 12th century to the end of 9th century. Greek tribes spread to the western coast of Asia Minor. Greek tribes who spoke the dialect aioliki, moved from Thessaly to the north-eastern Aegean islands and settled in Lesbos and Tenedos, and the opposite coast of Asia Minor, named Aeolis.

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The Ionians moved to Samos, Chios and the opposite coast of Asia Minor where they founded twelve new towns (poleis). It was spread at the expense of other tribes, so the whole western coast of Asia Minor became known as Ionia . Finally, follow the migration of the Dorians. This is the first Doric groups experienced the sea. They settled in the southern Aegean islands, Crete and the southeast coast of Asia Minor.

The second Greek colonization indicates forced movement of Greek tribes at the area of Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea during the period of the 8th, 7th and 6th century. The colonization is different from the first colonization because it was organized by the business metropolis in contrast with the simple movement that occurred during the first colonization. Many colonies were founded in this period developed into cities, which were strong and independent of the metropolis.

3.5 Persian Wars

Percian Wars are the warfare between Greeks and Percians in the early 5th century. Percian Wars were the first international wars of Greeks.

3.6 Athenian Democracy

Athenian democracy developed in the Greek city-state of Athens, comprising the central city-state of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, around 508 BC. Athens is one of the first known democracies. Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, nor as well-documented as that of Athens. People vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Solon (594 BC), Cleisthenes (508/7 BC), and Ephialtes (462 BC) all contributed to the development of Athenian democracy. The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly. Also, ten prytanies, Boule and the court played an important role.

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3.7 Pericles

Pericles was born in 495 BC in Holargos and was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator, and general of Athens. The era in which he was a master of political life is called “Golden Age” or “Age of Pericles”, because he gave Athens power, glory and fame. Pericles was elected general for 14 years. He accomplished to make a powerful Athenian navy and win Percian. He died in 429 BC, because of a plague that hit the town.

3.8 Parthenon

The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their virgin patron. Its construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438 BC, although

decorations of the Parthenon continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The ninety-two metopes were carved in high relief, a practice employed until then only in treasuries (buildings used to keep votive gifts to the gods). The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance, depict the Gigantomachy. The subject of the west metopes is the legendary invasion of Athens by the Amazons and the metopes of the south side show the Thessalian Centauromachy.

3.9 Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War, 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by democratic Athens and its empire against the oligarchic Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. The first phase is the Archidamian War, the second is a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse and the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. After this war, Sparta became the leading power of Greece.

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3.10 Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great was a Greek king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. He born in Pella in 356 BC and by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He is considered one of history's most successful commanders. Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia.

3.11 Hellenistic Greece

In 146 BC Athens along with the rest of Greece was conquered by the Romans. The conquerors show respect to the temples of Athens and give some autonomy to the city. So while the rest of Greece falls into decline, Athens is in a period of prosperity and prosperity. Historians set the battle of Chaeronea as the beginning of the war.

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Chapter 4. Greek history from Byzantine Empire to Modern Greek State

4.1 Byzantine history Constantine the Great also known Saint Constantine, was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, Constantine and co-Emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all religions throughout the empire. The foremost general of his time, Constantine defeated the emperors Maxentius and Licinius during civil wars. He also fought successfully against the Franks, Alamani, Visigoths, and Sarmatians during his reign—even resettling parts of Dacia which had been abandoned during the previous century. Constantine built a new imperial residence in place of Byzantium, naming it New Rome. However, in Constantine's honour, people called it Constantinople, which would later be the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand years. Because of this, he is thought of as the founder of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Justinian I, commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire. His reign marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture, and his building program yielded such masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia, which was to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for many centuries.

Heraclius was Byzantine Emperor from 610 to 641. He was responsible for introducing Greek as the Eastern Empire's official language. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, successfully led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas.

Constantine XI Palaiologos, was the last reigning Byzantine Emperor from 1449 to his death as member of the Palaiologos dynasty. After his death in battle during the fall of Constantinople, he became a legendary figure in Greek folklore as the "Marble Emperor". His death marked the final end of the Roman Empire, which had continued in the East for 977 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

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4.2 Greek history from 17th century to 21st century

The Greek War of Independence

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution was a successful war of independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832, with later assistance from several European powers, Russia, United Kingdom and France against the Ottoman Empire, who were assisted by their vassals, the Eyalet of Egypt and partly the Vilayet of Tunisia. Following the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, most of Greece came under Ottoman rule. During this time,

there were frequent revolts by Greeks attempting to gain independence. In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. After many fights Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832.The Revolution is celebrated on 25 March by the modern Greek state, which is a national day. Important people of Revolution

Theodoros Kolokotronis was a Greek Field Marshal and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. Kolokotronis' greatest success was the defeat of the Ottoman army under Mahmud Dramali Pasha at the Battle of Dervenakia in 1822. In 1825, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Greek forces in the Peloponnese.

Georgios Karaiskakis born was a famous Greek klepht, armatolos, military commander, and a hero of the Greek War of Independence

Manto Mavrogenous was a Greek heroine of the Greek War of Independence. A rich woman, she spent all her fortune for the Hellenic cause. Under her encouragement, her European friends contributed money and guns to the revolution. Laskarina Bouboulina was a Greek naval commander, heroine of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, and posthumously an Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy. Athanasios Diakos a Greek military commander during the Greek War of Independence and a national hero, was born Athanasios Nikolaos Massavetas in the village of Ano Mousounitsa, Phocis.

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Constantine Kanaris or Canaris was a Greek Prime Minister, admiral and politician who in his youth was also a freedom fighter, pirate, privateer and merchantman.

Andreas Vokos, nicknamed Miaoulis was an admiral and politician who commanded Greek naval forces during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829). Miaoulis was born in Euboea and settled on the island of Hydra east of the Morea and was known among his fellow islanders as a trader in corn who had gained wealth and made a popular use of his money. He had been a merchant captain, and

was chosen to lead the naval forces of the islands when they rose against the government of the Sultan.

Yannis Makriyannis (1797–1864) was a Greek merchant, military officer, politician and author, best known today for his Memoirs. Starting from humble origins, he joined the Greek struggle for independence, achieving the rank of general and leading his men to notable victories. Following Greek independence, he had a tumultuous public career, playing a prominent part in the granting of the first Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece and later being sentenced to death and pardoned.

Creation of the Greek state

The Protocol of London (1830) was the first diplomatic act which signed by Powers and the Ottoman Empire and recognizes the existence of the Greek independent State. According to this, the Greek territory would include the land located south of the line joining the rivers Achelous and Sperchios. Then declared as capital Nafplion while was preceded Aegina. Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (1776 – 1831) was a Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and later the first head of state of independent Greece. Otto, Royal Prince of Bavaria, then Othon, King of Greece (1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867) was made the first modern King of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire).

The 3 September 1843 Revolution was an uprising by the Greek Army in Athens, supported by large sections of the people, against the autocratic rule of King Otto. The rebels, led by veterans of the Greek War of Independence, demanded the

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granting of a constitution and the departure of the Bavarian officials that dominated the government. The revolution succeeded, ushering the period of constitutional monarchy in Greece.

Facts and personalities of recent Greek history Charilaos Trikoupis (July 11, 1832 – April 1896) was a Greek politician who served as a Prime Minister of Greece seven times from 1875 until 1895. The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known as the Black '97 in Greece, was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority long desired union with Greece. As a result of the intervention of the Great Powers after the war, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was established the following year, with Prince George of Greece as its first High Commissioner. This was the first war effort in which the military and political personnel of Greece were put to test after the war of independence in 1821.

Eleftherios Venizelos (23 August 1864 – 18 March 1936) was an eminent Greek revolutionary, a prominent and illustrious statesman as well as a charismatic leader in the early 20th century. Elected several times as Prime Minister of Greece and served from 1910 to 1920 and from 1928 to 1932. Venizelos had such profound influence on the internal and external affairs of Greece that he is credited with being "the maker of modern Greece", and he is still widely known as the "Ethnarch".

The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. By the early 20th century, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire. But large parts of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule. In 1912, these countries formed the Balkan League. The First Balkan War broke out when the League attacked Turkey on 8 October 1912 and was ended seven months later by the Treaty of London. After five centuries, Turkey lost virtually all of its possessions in the Balkans. The Second Balkan War broke out on 16 June 1913. Bulgaria was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, made in secret by its former allies, Serbia and Greece, and attacked them. The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and Turkey also attacked Bulgaria and gained (or regained) territory. In the resulting Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria lost most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War.

Pavlos Melas (March 29, 1870–October 13, 1904) was an officer of the Hellenic Army, and he was among the first who organized and participated in the Greek Struggle for Macedonia.

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World War I World War I, which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war).These alliances both reorganized (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of great technological advances in firepower without corresponding advances in mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.

Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey was based upon religious identity, and involved the Greek Orthodox citizens of Turkey and the Muslim citizens of Greece. It was a major compulsory population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion. The "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" was signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on the 30th January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. It involved approximately 2 million people (around 1.5 million Anatolian Greeks and 500,000 Muslims in Greece), most of whom were forcibly made refugees and de jure denaturalized from their homelands. By January 1923, the vast majority of Asia Minor Greeks had already been driven away violently during the recent Greco-Turkish War; nonetheless, they were taken into account in the convention. According to calculations, during the autumn of 1922, around 900,000 Orthodox refugees had arrived in Greece (including 50,000 Armenians). World War II World War II, or the Second World War, was a global war that was under way by 1939 and ended in 1945. It involved a vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100 million people serving in military units. In a state of "total war", the major participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military

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resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities. These deaths make the war the deadliest conflict in human history. Greek military junta of 1967–1974 The Greek military junta of 1967–1974, alternatively "The Regime of the Colonels" are terms used to refer to a series of right-wing military governments that ruled Greece following a coup d'état led by a group of colonels on 21 April 1967. Military rule ended in July 1974, after the uprising of the university Polytechnic at 14th of November 1973.

Foreign Relations

Greece has been a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 and the eurozone since 2001, NATO since 1952, and the European Space Agency since 2005. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.

Monetary Union of the European Union Euro replaced drachma in 2001. Each one of the eight Greek coins shows a unique design. All of them have the 12 stars of the European Union.

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Part 2. Art and Science in Greece by Katsaouni M., Chatzi M-Ch.,

Theocharidis E. & Papavasileiou V.

ABSTRACT In the particular work we investigated the arts and the sciences that were developed in Greece by the antiquity up to today. The thematic regions that were investigated are the arts in the antiquity, the monuments and museums, the sciences and the technology in the antiquity and the modern art of cinema and painting.

Chapter 5. Art in ancient Greece

5.1 Architecture The basic architectural styles in ancient Greece were three: a) the Dorian, b) the Ionic and c) the Corinthian. The Dorian is distinguished for its simplicity, its austerity and monumentality, while the Ionic is known as more decorative and detailed. The Corinthian style improved later and is a development of the Ionic. Examples of the Dorian style are Thissio and the

progate at the entrance of acropolis and some of the Ionic are Erecthion and the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Major representatives of the architectural art for that time are Iktinos, Kallikrates and Mnesikles.

5.2. Sculpture The Greek sculpture was firstly known from kourous and daughters which were human statues, symmetrical and properties dedicated to ancient Greek gods. Then, they started gradually to change. Important sculptors were Praxiteles, Skopas, Lysippus and significant sculptures of them are Nike of Samothrace and Charioteer of Delphi.

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5.3 Painting

Vase Painting

In vase painting there were just two styles. The first was black-figure rhythm and the other was the red-figure. These two were the main resplendent vessels during the Classical period.

Monumental painting For this type of painting we can’t know much things as our sources are limited among the performances of vase painting, the Macedonians’ tombs and the murals in royal tombs. Great painters of this era were Polygnotus, Mikon and Zeuxis.

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5.4 Coins and Jewellery

Not until the end of the 5th century did the Athenians cut their first pieces of gold and the coins that Aristophanes was to call "fool's bronze" - coins with just a coating of silver over a bronze core. They might be of better artistic quality, but they never reached the high standard set by mints in other cities. From themid-4th century onwards, the Athenian coinage was beginning to gradually lose its leading place, as first Philip II's and then Alexander's silver tetradrachms and gold staters replaced it for international dealing. Ancient Greek jewelry commonly consisted of gold beads beautifully shaped like

shells, flowers and even beetles. The fascination for jewelry in ancient Greece is quite evident from the excavations of beautiful necklaces and earrings from various sites, especially in the northern part of Greece. The Greeks were great enthusiasts of jewelry and wore both simple as well as complex pieces. For making their jewelry items exclusive, the Greeks mostly used gemstones, the common ones being - emeralds, garnets, pearls and amethysts.

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Chapter 6. Monuments and Museums of Greece

6.1 Monuments of Greece Petralona’ s Cave

The cave of Petralona "embellished" with stalagmites and stalactites is located in the west foot of the Katsika (Goat) mountain. The systematic excavations of the Cave began in 1965 by the founder of the Anthropologic Company of Greece. The researches proved that the Arhanthropos is about 700.000 years old, and this makes him the "oldest" European. This age was determined after the detailed analysis of

stratigraphy (until today 28 geological layer have been revealed), and after studying the primitive and Paleolithic tools as well as the palaiofauna that were discovered in almost all the layers. Among the fossils of animals that have extinct the following are included: lions, hyenas, bears, panthers, elephants, rhinoceros, megakeroi, bison and various species of deer and hippo, and also 25 species of birds, 16 species of rodents and 17 species of bats. Knossos

Knossos is the site of the most important and better known palace of Minoan civilization. It is built in a large mound named Kephala Hill, elevation 85 m (279 ft) from current sea level. According to tradition, it was the seat of the legendary king Minos. The Palace is also connected with thrilling legends, such as the myth of the Labyrinth with the Minotaur, and the story of Daidalos and Icaros.

Mycenae Mycenae 'Rich in Gold', the kingdom of mythical Agamemnon, first sung by Homer in his epics, is the most important and richest palatial centre of the Late Bronze Age in Greece. Because of that in 1876 Heinrich Schliemann began excavating Grave Circle A, where he uncovered five graves. His work was continued in 1876-1877 by trench supervisor P. Stamatakis who uncovered the sixth grave. In subsequent years C. Tsountas, D. Evangelidis, G. Rosenwaldt, A. Keramopoulos and A. J. B. Wace excavated the palace and cemeteries. In 1952-1955 I. Papadimitriou and G. Mylonas excavated Grave Circle B and several houses, while G. Mylonas with N. Verdelis excavated parts of the

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settlement. Excavations by Lord W. Taylor uncovered the religious centre, while further investigations were conducted by G. Mylonas and S. Iakovidis in 1959 and 1969-1974. In 1950-1955 A. Orlandos and E. Stikas supervised the restoration of the Tomb of Clytaemnestra, the palace, Grave Circle B and the area surrounding the Lion Gate.

Acropolis

The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their virgin patron. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its construction began in 447 BC by

Pericles, who initiated an ambitious building project, when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of the sculptor Phidias, who also had charge of the sculptural decoration. The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today are the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Nike which were erected during this period.

Temple of Poseidon at Sounio Sounio has been a sacred site since very ancient times. The "sanctuary of Sounion" is first mentioned in the Odyssey, as the place where Menelaus stopped during his return from Troy to bury his helmsman, Phrontes Onetorides. Archaeological evidence has shown that there were two organized places of worship on the cape by the 7th century BC: a sanctuary of Poseidon at the southern edge and a sanctuary of Athena about 500 m to the northeast. Construction on a grand Temple of Poseidon began around 500 BC but was never completed; the temple and all the votive offerings were destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC. The Temple of Poseidon that now stands at Soúnio was built in 444 BC atop the older temple ruins. The Temple of Athena was also built at this time, atop her ancient sanctuary on the cape.

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Delphi Delphi is both an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. In Greek mythology, Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world. The sanctuary was the centre of the Amphictyonic League, an association of twelve tribes of Thessaly and the Sterea with religious and later political significance. Between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, the Delphic oracle, which was regarded as the most trustworthy, was at its peak. It was delivered by the Pythia, the priestess, and interpreted by the priests of Apollo. The rise of the Rationalist movement in philosophy in the third century BC, damaged the oracle's authority, yet its rituals continued unchanged into the second century AD, when it was consulted by Hadrian. The Byzantine emperor Theodosius finally abolished the oracle and the Slavs destroyed the precinct in 394 BC. Olympia Olympia a sanctuary of ancient Greece in Elis, is known for having been the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, comparable in importance to the Pythian Games held in Delphi. The Olympic Games were held every four years, dating back to 776 BC. In 394 AD, emperor Theodosius I abolished them as they were then considered reminiscent of paganism. Epidaurus Epidaurus was a small city in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros: Palaia Epidavros and Nea Epidavros. The seat of the municipality is the town Asklipieio. The prosperity brought by the Asklepieion enabled Epidaurus to construct civic monuments too: the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, which is used once again for dramatic performances, the ceremonial Hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), baths and a palaestra. The theater was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view on a lush landscape behind the scene is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 15,000 people. The theatre is marveled for its exceptional acoustics, which permit almost perfect intelligibility of

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unamplified spoken word from the proscenium or scene to all 15,000 spectators, regardless of their seating. Delos Delos had a position as a holy sanctuary for a millennium before Olympian Greek mythology made it the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. From its Sacred Harbour, the horizon shows the two conical mounds that have identified landscapes sacred to a goddess in other sites: one, retaining its pre-Greek name Mount Kynthos, is crowned with a sanctuary of Dionysus. The ruins of ancient Delos extend north and south along the coast and consist of four main areas: the Maritime Quarter (next to the harbor); Theater District (southeast of the harbor); Sanctuary of Apollo (north of the harbor in the center of the site); and Lion District (north end of the ruins). A small tourist center in the Sanctuary of Apollo includes a pricey restaurant and bar, but no overnight accommodations.

Vergina Vergina is a small town in northern Greece, located in the peripheral unit of Imathia, Central Macedonia. The town became internationally famous in 1977, when the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos unearthed what he claimed was the burial site of the kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II, father of Alexander the Great. The finds established the site as the ancient Aigai. Dion The site of ancient Dion was first identified by the English traveler William Martin Leake on December 2, 1806, in the ruins adjoining the village of Malathria. He published his discovery in the third volume of his Travels in Northern Greece in 1835. Léon Heuzey visited the site during his famous Macedonian archaeological mission of 1855 and again in 1861. Later, the epigraphist G. Oikonomos published the first series of inscriptions. Nevertheless, systematic archaeological exploration did not begin until 1928. From then until 1931, G. Sotiriadis carried out a series of surveys, uncovering a 4th-century BC Macedonian tomb and an early Christian basilica. Excavations were not resumed until 1960 under the direction of G. Bakalakis in the area of the theatre and the wall. Since 1973, Professor D. Pandermalis of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki has conducted archaeological research in the city. Dion is the site of a large temple dedicated to Zeus, as well as a series of temples to Demeter and to Isis (the Egyptian goddess was a favorite of Alexander). Alexander assembled his armies in Dion before beginning his westward wars of conquest. In 2006, a statue of Hera

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was found built into the walls of the city. The statue, 2200 years old, had been used by the early Christians of Dion as filling for the city's defensive wall. Pella Pella, an ancient Greek city located in Pella Prefecture of Macedonia in Greece, was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia. The first excavation of Pella was begun by G. Oikonomos in 1914–15. The modern systematic exploration of the site began in 1953 and full excavation was being done in 1957. The first series of campaigns were completed in 1963, more excavations following in 1980. These digs continue in the section identified as the agora. In February 2006, a farmer accidentally uncovered the largest tomb ever found in Greece. The names of the noble ancient Macedonian family are still on inscriptions and painted sculptures and walls have survived. The tomb dates to the 2nd or 3rd century BC, following the rule of Alexander the Great. Archaeological digs in progress since 1957 have uncovered a small part of the city, which was made rich by Alexander and his heirs. The large agora or market was surrounded by the shaded colonnades of stoae, and streets of enclosed houses with frescoed walls round inner courtyards. The first trompe-l'oeil wall murals imitating perspective views ever seen were on walls at Pella. There are temples to Aphrodite, Demeter and Cybele, and Pella's pebble-mosaic floors, dating after the lifetime of Alexander, are famous: some reproduce Greek paintings; one shows a lion-griffin attacking a stag, a familiar motif also of Scythian art, another depicts Dionysus riding a leopard. Amphipolis Amphipolis was an ancient Greek city in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day region of Central Macedonia. It was built on a raised plateau overlooking the east bank of the river Strymon where it emerged from Lake Cercinitis, about 3 m from the Aegean Sea. Founded in 437 BC, the city was finally abandoned in the 8th century AD. The present village Amfipoli, named after the ancient city, occupies the site. It is a municipality in the Serres regional unit of Macedonia, Greece. Amphipolis was the main power base of the Athenians in Thrace and a target of choice for their Spartan adversaries. The Athenian population remained very much in the minority within the city. A rescue expedition led by the Athenian strategos (general, and later historian) Thucydides had to settle for securing Eion and could not retake Amphipolis, a failure for which Thucydides was sentenced to exile. A new Athenian force under the command of Cleon failed once more in 422 BC during a battle at which both Cleon and Brasidas lost their lives. Brasidas survived long enough to hear of the defeat of the Athenians and was buried at Amphipolis with impressive pomp. From then on he was regarded as the founder

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of the city and honoured with yearly games and sacrifices. The city itself kept its independence until the reign of the king Philip II despite several other Athenian attacks, notably because of the government of Callistratus of Aphidnae. Dodona Dodona in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was an oracle devoted to a Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia, but here called Dione, who was joined and partly supplanted in historical times by the Greek god Zeus. The archaeological site of Dodona comprises the sanctuary of Zeus and the acropolis. Located at the foot of the hill, the sanctuary is surrounded by an enclosure; the acropolis occupies the hilltop. Despite its importance, the sanctuary was not heavily built up, and for many centuries worship took place outdoors, with only a simple oikos (house) serving the needs of the ceremony. Building activity increased at the end of the fourth century and particularly during the third century BC, when a number of large buildings, the remains of which are still visible, were constructed.

Mystras Mystras is a fortified town and a former municipality in Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece. Situated on Mt. Taygetos, near ancient Sparta, it served as the capital of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in the 14th and 15th centuries, experiencing a period of prosperity and cultural flowering. The site remained inhabited throughout the Ottoman period, when it was mistaken by Western travelers for ancient Sparta. In the 1830s, it was abandoned and the new town of Sparti was built, approximately eight kilometres to the east. The most important monuments of the site are: The Castle, The Cathedral of St. Demetrios, four Christian churches, two Monasteries, two Palaces of the Mystras Despots and urban buildings.

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Castle of Platamonas

The Platamon Castle is a castle of the middle Byzantine period (10th century AD) and is located southeast of Mount Olympus, in a strategic position which controls the exit of the Tempe valley, through which passes the main road connecting Macedonia with Thessaly and southern Greece. The tower, which overlooks the highway, is an imposing medieval fortress.

Mount Athos Mount Athos is a mountain and peninsula in Macedonia, Greece. A World Heritage Site and self-governed state in the Hellenic Republic, Athos is home to 20 stavropegial Eastern Orthodox monasteries under the direct jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople. Today Greeks commonly refer to Mount Athos as the "Holy Mountain". In Classical times, while the mountain was called Athos, the peninsula was called Akté. As described above, today the 20 monasteries of Mount Athos are the dominant holy institutions for both spiritual and administrative purposes, consolidated by the Constitutional Chart of the Holy Mountain. Although, since the beginning of Mount Athos' history, monks were living in lodgings of different size and construction quality. All these monastic lodging types exist until today, named as seats, cells, huts, retreats, hermitages, caves, sketae and all of them are known under the general term "dependencies" of the Holy Monasteries. The term "cells" can be used under a more generalised meaning, comprising all the above but sketae, and following this term we can talk about three different kind of institutions in Mount Athos: monasteries, sketae and cells. Το The Holy Mountain is governed by the "Holy Community" which consists of the representatives of the 20 Holy Monasteries, having as executive committee the four-membered "Holy Administration", with the Protos being its head. Civil authorities are represented by the Civil Governor, appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, whose main duty is to supervise the function of the institutions and the

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public order. The current Civil Governor is Aristos Kasmiroglou. Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Meteora The Meteora is one of the largest and most important complexes of Eastern Orthodox monasteries in Greece, second only to Mount Athos. The six monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Pineios river and Pindus Mountains, in central Greece. The most important monasteries of Meteora are: The Holy Monastery of Great Meteoron, The Holy Monastery of Varlaam, The Holy Monastery of Rousanou, The Holy Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas, The Holy Monastery of St. Stephen and The Monastery of Holy Trinity. At the end of the 14th century, the Byzantine Empire's 800-year reign over northern Greece was being increasingly threatened by Turkish raiders who wanted control over the fertile plain of Thessaly. The hermit monks, seeking a retreat from the expanding Turkish occupation, found the inaccessible rock pillars of Meteora to be an ideal refuge. More than 20 monasteries were built, beginning in the 14th century. Six remain today.

The Bridge of Arta The Bridge of Arta is a stone bridge that crosses the Arachthos river near the city of Arta in Greece. The bridge became famous from the eponymous legendary folk ballad, which is at the core about human sacrifice. From the ballad, a number of Greek proverbs and customary expressions arose, associated with interminable delays, as in the text of the ballad: "All day they were building it, and in the night it would collapse."

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6.2 Museums of Greece

Acropolis Museum The Acropolis Museum houses all of the portable objects removed from the Acropolis since 1834, with the exception of a few bronzes displayed in the National Archeological Museum and inscriptions in the Epigraphical Museum. The museum's artifacts are primarily religious in nature, including a fascinating collection of ancient statues used in religious ceremonies, and they provide a fascinating visual history of Greek religion. The permanent collection includes the following exhibits: The Slopes of the Acropolis - including a look at an ongoing excavation beneath the museum, The Acropolis in the Archaic Age, The Parthenon Room - display of all friezes remaining in Greece (including portraits of Poseidon, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, and Eros) and a sweeping view of the Partheon through a glass wall, Other Monuments of the Classical Acropolis, The Temple of Artemis Vravrona, Classical and Hellenistic Offerings and Roman Offerings. National Archaeological Museum The National Archaeological Museum in Athens houses some of the most important artifacts from a variety of archaeological locations around Greece from prehistory to late antiquity. It is considered one of the great museums in the world and contains the richest collection of artifacts from Greek antiquity worldwide. It is situated in the Exarcheia area in central Athens. The first national archaeological museum in Greece was established by prime minister of Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias in Aigina in 1829. Since then the archaeological collection has been moved to a number of exhibition places until 1858, when an international architectural competition was announced for the location and the architectural design of the new museum. The current location was proposed and the construction of the museum's building began in 1866 and was completed in 1889 using funds from the Greek Government, the Greek Archaeological Society and the society of Mycenae. Major benefactors were Eleni Tositsa who donated the land for the building of the museum, Demetrios and Nikolaos Vernardakis from Saint Petersburg who donated a large amount for the completion of the museum. The initial name for the museum was The Central Museum and it was renamed to its current name in 1881 by Prime Minister of Greece Charilaos Trikoupis. In 1887 the prominent archaeologist Valerios Stais becomes the museum's curator. During the

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World War II the museum was closed and the antiquities were sealed in special protective boxes and buried, in order to avoid their destruction and looting. In 1945 exhibits were again displayed under the direction of Christos Karouzos. The south wing of the museum houses the Epigraphic Museum with the richest collection of inscriptions in the world. Benaki Museum

The Benaki Museum, established and endowed in 1930 by Antonis Benakis in memory of his father Emmanuel Benakis, is housed in the Benakis family mansion in downtown Athens, Greece. The museum houses Greek works of art from the prehistorical to the modern times, an extensive collection of Asian art, hosts periodic exhibitions and maintains a state-of-the-art restoration and conservation workshop. Although the museum initially housed a collection that included Islamic art, Chinese porcelain and exhibits on toys, its 2000 re-opening led to the creation of satellite museums that focused on specific collections, allowing the main museum to focus on Greek culture over the span of the country's history. Museum of Cycladic Art

The museum was founded in 1986 in order to house the collection of Cycladic and Ancient Greek art belonging to Nicholas and Dolly Goulandris. Starting in the early 1960s, the couple collected Greek antiquities, with special interest in the prehistoric art from the Cyclades islands of the Aegean Sea. The Cycladic culture may now be studied only by its archaeological remains. The collection exhibited on the 1st floor of the main building contains 350 objects representative of every phase or type of artefact those

islanders have left us, be that marble sculpture, pottery, or metal ware. Among the exhibits, the marble figurines claim prime position. They represent human figures, mostly female, with the arms folded above the belly. Their abstract form has intrigued many contemporary artists. The collection includes representative examples from all the figurine types, as well as a multitude of marble and clay artefacts. This exhibition includes Greek artefacts from the Bronze Age through to the Late Roman period. Most important categories of Greek art are represented by

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significant examples pottery, terracotta figurines, sculpture, metal and glass ware, jewellery, and a good collection of coins from the Cyclades. The Greek Collection is exhibited on the 2nd floor of the main building. The 4th floor houses the Charles and Rita Politis Collection, donated to the Museum since 1989. This exhibition contains marble statuary, terracottas, jewellery, and an important collection of ancient bronze helmets. Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki The Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki is a museum in Thessaloniki, Greece. It holds and interprets artifacts from the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the city of Thessaloniki but also from the region of Macedonia in general. The museum is housed in a building designed by architect Patroklos Karantinos and is an example of the modern architectural trends of Greece. Built in 1962, the museum had a new wing added to it in 1980, in which the findings from Vergina were displayed, up until 1997. In 2001 and 2004, the museum was extensively restored and its permanent exhibits reorganized. The central rooms hold exhibits from the archeological excavations conducted in Thessaloninki and the broader area of Macedonia. The new wing hosts two exhibitions: The Gold of Macedon, with artifacts from the cemeteries of Sindos, Agia Paraskevi, Nea Filadelfia, Makrygialos, Derveni, Lete, Serres, and Evropos; and The Thessaloniki Area in Prehistory, with material from prehistoric settlements, dating from the Neolithic to the Early and Late Bronze Age. Museum of Byzantine Culture The Museum of Byzantine Culture is a museum in Thessaloniki, Greece, which opened in 1994. The museum currently has three permanent exhibitions. The first, "Early Christian Churches", focuses on the design and decoration of churches in early centuries of Christianity. "Early Christian Cities and Dwellings", presents aspects of economic life, domestic handicrafts, houses, and food and clothing of early Christians, and finally, "From the Elysian Fields to the Christian Paradise" focuses on cemeteries of early Christians, jewellery, sepulchral architecture and painting, cult customs, and clay and glass objects recovered from excavated graves.

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The University Folklore Museum of Ioannina The Folklore Museum is supervised and functions under the responsibility of the Folklore Section of the Department of History and Archeology of the University of Ioannina. The Commission consisting of three members of the scientific staff of the section shares part of the responsibility for the conservation of the collection, its enrichment, its functioning, etc. The first Professor of the Chair of Folklore of the Faculty of Philosophy, Sir Dimitrios Loukatos started to create the first collection of the museum. The ulterior part of the collection basically originated from donations made by his own students corresponding to their Professor's invitation to contribute to the organization of a University Folklore Museum. The Museum includes exhibits referred to in the 19th and 20th century objects and mainland popular culture as: a) male and female traditional costumes, b) weaving and embroidery works, c) works angioplasty, d) works with gold and silver, e) stone and woodwork projects, f) household appliances, g ) agricultural tools, livestock and others.

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Chapter 7. Science and Technology in Ancient Greece

7.1 Greek Science: Thales to Plato The first recorded important contributions to Greek science are from the city of Miletus, beginning with Thales in about 585 B.C., followed by Anaximander about555 B.C., then Anaximenes in 535 B.C. These Milesians were the first to do real science, immediately recognizable as such to a modern scientist, as opposed to developing new technologies. The crucial contribution of Thales to scientific thought was the discovery of nature. By this, we mean the idea that the natural phenomena we see around us are explicable in terms of matter interacting by natural laws, and are not the results of arbitrary acts by gods. Concerning the universe, Anaximander suggested that the earth was a cylinder, and the sun, moon and stars were located on concentric rotating cylinders. He also considered the problem of the origin of life, which is of course more difficult to explain if you don’t believe in gods! He suggested that the lower forms of life might be generated by the action of sunlight on moist earth. All three of these Milesians struggled with the puzzle of the origin of the universe, what was here at the beginning, and what things are made of. Thales suggested that in the beginning there was only water, so somehow everything was made of it. Anaximander supposed that initially there was a boundless chaos, and the universe grew from this as from a seed. Anaximenes had a more sophisticated approach, to modern eyes. His suggestion was that originally there was only air (really meaning a gas) and the liquids and solids we see around us were formed by condensation. One of the most important contributions of the Greeks was their development of geometry, culminating in Euclid’s Elements, a giant textbook containing all the known geometric theorems at that time (about 300 BC), presented in an elegant logical fashion. Pythagoras founded what we would nowadays call a cult, a religious group with strict rules about behavior, including diet (no beans), and a belief in the immortality of the soul and reincarnation in different creatures. This of course contrasts with the Milesians’ approach to life. The Pythagoreans believed strongly that numbers, by which they meant the positive integers 1,2,3, ..., had a fundamental, mystical significance. The numbers were a kind of eternal truth, perceived by the soul, and not subject to the uncertainties of perception by the ordinary senses. Pythagoras is of course most famous for the theorem about right angled triangles, that the sum of the squares of the two sides enclosing the right angle is equal to the square of the long side, called the hypotenuse. Heraclitus, from Ephesus, claimed that “everything flows”, and even objects which appeared static had some inner tension or dynamism. Parminedes, an Italian Greek, came to the opposite conclusion, that nothing ever changes, and apparent change is just an illusion, a result of our poor perception of the world. The first physicist to give a clear formulation of a possible resolution of the problem of change was Empedocles around 450 B.C., who stated that everything was made up of four elements: earth, water, air and fire. He asserted that the elements themselves were eternal and unchanging. Another physicist, Anaxogoras, argued that no natural substance can be more elementary than any other, so there were an infinite number of elements, and everything had a little bit of everything else in it.

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The most famous and influential of the fifth century B.C. physicists, though, were the atomists, Leucippus of Miletus and Democritus of Abdera. They claimed that the physical world consisted of atoms in constant motion in a void, rebounding or cohering as they collide with each other. It is also worth mentioning that at this same time, on the island of Kos (see map) just a few miles from Miletus, lived the first great doctor, Hippocrates. He and his followers adopted the Milesian point of view, applied to disease, that it was not caused by the gods, even epilepsy, which was called the sacred disease, but there was some rational explanation, such as infection, which could perhaps be treated. (by Michael Fowler, UVa Physics, 8/23/08)

7.2 Technology Anaximander invents the map and the gnomon Anaximander was the first person to attempt to produce a map of the world. This map must have shown a circular earth - the top of the cylinder. It would have the Mediterranean Sea at its centre and show lands to the north and south, since this was the known world at the time. Another first for Anaximander is the invention of the solar gnomon. The solar gnomon could be used to determine midday (the time of shortest shadow). Since at this time the sun was due south, the gnomon was used to find what we would call today 'the points of the compass'.

Architas Invents the First Flying Machine

In the 425 B.C, Architus the Tarantinos, mathematician

and philosopher, friend of Plato, manufactured the first

flying machine in world history. He called it "pigeon" or " a

machine that flies”.

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The Antikythera mechanism

The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient mechanical computer designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was recovered in 1900–1901 from the Antikythera wreck.[ Its significance and complexity were not understood until decades later. The construction has been dated to the early 1st century BCE. Technological artifacts of similar complexity and workmanship did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks were built in Europe. The device is displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, accompanied by a reconstruction.

Talos, the first robot

In Greek mythology, Talos was a giant man of bronze who protected Europa in Crete from pirates and invaders by circling the island's shores three times daily[ while guarding it.

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Chapter 8. Art in Modern Greece

8.1 Modern Greek cinema The Greek and the Balkan cinema beggins the first decades of the 20th century with a small number of films. During the First World War, the film production is not inhibited completely, but limited to war news. The rise begins after the Second World War. Golden Age of Greek cinema is the period from 1960 to 1973, and reaches 97 films a year. However, from 1974 so far film production is significantly lower, from 10 to 40 films a year. The most important of the Greek writers-directors are to alphabetical order:

Theodoros Angelopoulos (1935-2012): film director, screenwriter and film producer. Angelopoulos's films have left their traces from Europe to America and from Australia to Japan, because in the history of Greek cinema and history of Greece his movies marked the emergence of another look. The ancient myths and the ancient theater, like the theater in general, were sources of inspiration to Angelopoulos, who was adopting the theatrical form to express his own, very personal (and for many misunderstood) style of slow

and long shots. Some of Angelopoulos’s movies stations are: Alexander the Great (Ο Μεγαλέξανδρος 1980), Voyage to Cythera (Ταξίδι στα Κύθηρα 1984) The Beekeeper (Ο μελισσοκόμος 1986), Landscape in the Mist (Τοπίο στην Ομίχλη 1988), The Look of Ulysses (Το βλέμμα του Οδυσσέα 1995), Eternity and a Day, (Μια αιωνιότητα και μια μέρα 1998), The Weeping Meadow (Το λιβάδι που δακρύζει 2003), the Dust of

Time (Η σκόνη του χρόνου 2008). Pantelis Voulgaris (1940) although he belongs to the new generation of filmmakers who have renewed the Greek cinema, he does not contravene the old Greek cinema and its creators. In his films, he combines high aesthetics with a thematic which is accessible to the general public. Some of his films are: Deep soul (Ψυχή Βαθιά 2009),

Brides (Νύφες 2004), Acropol (Ακροπόλ 1995), Stone Years (Πέτρινα χρόνια 1985), Happy Day (1976), the matchmaking of Anna (Το προξενιό της Άννας 1972).

Kostas Gavras (1933) political engaged films. A series of films were protests for the repressive regimes, and they strongly criticize the U.S. agent. Some of his films are: Z (1969), Hanna K (Χάνα Κ 1983), The Betrayed (ο Προδομένος 1988), Music Box (1990), Missing (Ο Αγνοούμενος 1982).

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Vasilis Georgiadis (1921-2000) V. Georgiadis is the film maker who attempted, with significant results, the renewal of basic items in indigenous film production. Films: The Red lanterns (Κόκκινα Φανάρια 1963), painted red soil (Το αίμα βάφτηκε κόκκινο 1965), Girls in the sun (Κορίτσια στον ήλιο 1968).

Alexis Damianos (1921-2006): film director, theater director and TV director. He directed three feature films that are very significant for Greek cinema: By boat (Μέχρι το πλοίο 1966), Evdokia (Ευδοκία 1970), Charioteer (Ηνίοχος 1995). Evdokia is considered by many to be the best Greek film has ever shot.

Mixalis Kakogiannis (1921-2011) Kakogiannis is the first who broadened the scope of Greek cinema. With awards and international co-productions. He directed some ancient Greek tragedies, sych as Elektra, The Trojan Women and Iphigenia. In 1964, directs Alexis Zorbas, a film based on the homonymous book by Nikos Kazantzakis, which, with the international title Zorba the Greek, becomes a great success. Some of his films: Stella (Στέλλα 1955), The girl in black (Το κορίτσι με τα μαύρα 1956), The last lie (Το τελευταίο ψέμα

1958), Attilas (Αττίλας 1974). Nikos Koundouros (1926) Nikos Koundouros is a notable artist in the history of Greek cinema, with a vibrant cinematic language. In 1953 he shots his first film, the Magic City (Η Μαγική Πόλη) and in 1956, directs the Dragon (Δράκος), which is a remarkable film for Greek cinema. The directorial career culminated in 1963 with the Best Director Award at Berlin’s festival for the film Young Aphrodites (Μικρές Αφροδίτες).

Giorgos Lanthimos (1973) He studied film and television directing at the School Stavrakos in Athens. Since 1995 he has directed films, plays, videodance and several television commercials. He became well known from the film Dogtooth (Κυνόδοντας), which he directed at 2009.

Giorgos Tzavellas (1916-1976) He was a pioneer for its time director. Several films have been hits, such as The Drunkard(Ο μεθύστακας 1950), Agnes of the Port (Η Αγνή του λιμανιού 1952), To Soferaki (Το Σοφεράκι 1953), The Counterfeit pound (Η Κάλπικη Λίρα 1955) and are considered the most important films of Greek cinema.

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8.2 Modern Greek Painting The first painting of post-revolutionary years, with main representatives Theodore Vryzakis and Dionysios Tsokos, who were the precursors of the school Munich is all about battle scenes from the struggle against the Turks and portraits of the fighters.

Nikiforos Lytras (1832-1904): Considered the anchestor of modern Greek Painting and one of the most important representatives of the Munich School and a pioneer in configuration the teaching of Fine Arts in Greece. Lytras, through his work expresses his love for ordinary people around him, avoiding the violent scenes and blatant compositions. He painted mostly portraits and scenes from everyday life using simple tools, and crafting an intensely lyrical atmosphere. Kissing. N. Lytras Before 1878, oil on canvas, E. Koutlidis Institution

Constantinos Volanakis (1837-1907): was one of the most important painters of the 19th century. Excelled in the seascape. The sea, ships and ports were a constant source of inspiration for Volanakis. Considered one of the leading representatives of academic realism, the so-called "Munich School".

Octoberfest ή Fair in Munich. K. Volanakis (1876). Oil on canvas, National Gallery- Alexandros Soutzos Museum

The secret school. N. Gizis 1885-1886,

oil on canvas, Private collection

Nikolaos Gizis (1842-1901):

Nikolaos Gizis is one of the most

important representatives of the

academic realism of the late 19th

century., the conservative art

movement known as the "Munich

School", both in Greek and across

Europe. He studied at the Royal

Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he endorsed all the principles of German

teachers creating extraodinary works within the limits of historical realism and genre

painting.

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Giorgos Iacovidis (1855-1932): Iacovidis has defined the German academic naturalism of so-called "Munich School". His subjects, although alive and full of Greek light, are filled of the theatricality and the severity, imposed by academicism. His view for impressionism was critical. During his stay in Germany, his painting

subjects were mainly scenes of everyday life, especially compositions with children, home interiors, still lifes, flowers and more. On his return to Greece he turned to creating portraits and he was one of the greatest Greek portraitists. He distinguished himself as a painter of children's scenes, portraits and floriography.

Children’s concert. G. Iakovidis (1894). Oil on canvas, National Gallery

The Greek Painting in the 20th century accepted the effects of European Art’s trends, especially the impact of Impressionism. Greek painters assimilated these effects and combined them with the Greek traditions and adapting them to each personal style. At the same time Theophilus developed folk painting.

Theophilos Hadjimichael or Theophilus (1870-1934). The dominant feature of his paintings is Greekness and illustrations of Greek folklore and history. He is regarded as the best Greek folk artist.

The hero Athanasios Diakos in 1821. Theophilos

Collection Al. Xidi, Museum of contemporary art

In the late 1920's appeared the Art Group which includes the following artists: Constantine Parthenis (1878-1967), whose work brought significant change in the Greek art in the early 20th century. He came into contact with German expressionism and early German symbolism. The “Greekness” of his work classifies the

precursors and modulators of the "Generation of '30." classifies him to the precursors and modulators of the "Generation of '30." Glorification of A. Diakos. C. Parthenis (1931). Oil, Sp. Loverdos institution

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George Bouzianis (1885-1959): Represents the expressionist tendencies in painting. Since 1910, he abandoned the classical form in painting. At his works began to give more emphasis on the depiction of human form - especially the female figure - and the feelings that generates this fix. Dancers. G. Bouzianis (1936). Oil on canvas.National Gallery – Alexandros Soutzos Museum

By Spyros Papaloukas (1892-1957) the Greek painting enters the world of abstract art. Spyros

Papaloukas was a great connoisseur of artistic trends of his time, and also a great connoisseur of Byzantine art. His works combine Impressionism of Cezanne, Matisse and Van Gogh with the spirituality of Byzantine icons. Boy with braces. S. Papaloukas (1925). Oil on

cardboard, National Gallery of Greece – Alexandros

Soutzos museum

The "Generation of '30’s" attempted to synthesize the modernism of Europe with the Greek

tradition. Artists and writers looking for patterns in the Greek tradition to combine them with modern art and create a Greek modernism. This generation accepts European trends and as a result a number of trends ingrowned into Greece and affected on art. Fotis Kontoglou (1896-1965) Although he had studied in Paris, rejects the European innovative movements and turns to the pure values of the Byzantine tradition. Kontoglou sought the 'Greekness' by returning to the Greek tradition, both in literature and in his paintings. He was also a major contributor in the field of Byzantine iconography.

F. Kontoglou. The birth of Christ 1946. mural Zoodoxos Pigi temple

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The four seasons. G. Tsarouxis, 1969, oil on canvas Giannis Tsarouxis (1910-1989) He turns to folk forms of the Greek area, creating a new painting, near to the Greek tradition and reality. He studied near Kontoglou (1931 - 1934), who introduced him to Byzantine iconography. He also studied architecture and folk costume. He paints drawing on Hellenistic art, Byzantium, the fittings of Karagiozis, the Greek art, the Renaissance times, but

always through the reflection of contemporary art and especially of Matisse (Fauvism). In his paintings he deifies young men and depicts everyday scenes. Nikos Eggonopoulos (1907-1985) He is the representative of surrealism in Greece. In his paintings Byzantine art is linked with the metaphysical painting of De Chirico. The perspective is lost, the space looks like theatrical and individuals look like statues. But in his paintings can be seen data from the Greek antiquity, the Greek mythological themes, styles modeled by Byzantine style.

Eggonopoulos’s oil paintings

Nikos Hatzikyriakos-Gkikas (1906-1994) He was an important painter, sculptor, printmaker, illustrator, writer and scholar. He embraces cubism and paints cubist landscapes, interiors and still lifes with Greek light and color.

The artist’s workshop N. Hatzikyriakos- Gkikas

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Spyros Vasileiou (1902-1985) He belongs to the artists who developed a personal style. Sea Spyros Vasileiou Thessaloniki’s Municipal art gallery

Giannis Moralis (1916-2009) He belongs to the descendants of "Generation of ‘30’s." In his paintings dominate female youth forms. At first he is inspired by the Byzantine Fayum, the Renaissance, the Nterain. Then he is affected by the Pompeian painting and ancient tombstones. Eroticism, death, youth, the architecture define his work until 1970.

Two friends Moralis 1946 A woman. G. Moralis 1971-72

Alexis Akrithakis (1939-1994) Akrithakis worked on the books’ illustration, scenography and design.

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Kostas Tsoklis (1930) K. Tsoklis belongs to the typical cases of artists whose work can not be join in artistic style trends. So, Minimal Art, Arte Povera, Conceptual Art, Pop Art and Nouveau Realisme in various phases of Tsoklis’s artistic movement claimed part of his work. In the 1990's K. Tsoklis moved on more free forms of expression, based on large installations, the technological processes and actions in order to activate the visual space of the viewer.

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Part 3. Greek Literature by Gatsiou E., Vasileiadou S., Mallia G.& Ardanioti E.

ABSTRACT In this work we investigated the evolution of the main aspects of the Greek literature from the ancient times until today. The thematic areas that were investigated are the formation of the Greek language, the ancient poetry and prose, the Byzantine and modern literature and the evolution of the Greek theatre.

Chapter 9. The evolution of the Greek Language and the Greek ancient Epic Poetry

9.1 The evolution of the Greek Language Phase A: Linear A and Linear B

Linear A was discovered by Arthur Evans in 1900. This script is the ancestor of Linear BLinear A has not been deciphered, and is one of the biggest mysteries of modern archeologyLinear B is the first writing of the Greek language, later form of Linear A, used in the Mycenaean period, from 17th to the 13th century BCDiscovered in the early twentieth century at Knossos by Arthur Evans.

Phase B: Ancient Greek Dialects The ancient dialects can be classified into three single groups defined geographically as follows: 1) the Ionic-Attic dialect 2) the Arcadocypriot and Aiolic 3) the Doric. The dialects have a decisive influence in ancient poetry and prose. Phase C: Hellenistic Koine The Hellenistic Koine is the popular form of ancient Greek language that appeared in post-classical antiquity. The Common is important not only for the Greeks but also to the Western culture. The Common was also the language in which the Gospels were written and the language used for teaching and spread of Christianity in the first years after Christ. Phase D: Medieval Greek Medieval Greek language is the period described as the fourth period in the history of the Greek language. This period typically begins in the 12th century. As the medieval common’s ancestor is Hellenistic Koine and as a descendant of her is the new Greek. Phase E: Diglossia

The tradition of diglossia, the simultaneous existence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of Greek, was renewed in the modern era in the form of a polarization between two competing varieties: Dimotiki, the vernacular form of Modern Greek

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proper, and Katharevousa, meaning 'purified', an imitation of classical Greek, which was developed in the early 19th century and used for literary, juridic, administrative and scientific purposes in the newly formed modern Greek state. The diglossia problem was brought to an end in 1976 (Law 306/1976), when Dimotikí was declared the official language of Greece and it is still in use for all official purposes and in education, having incorporated features of Katharevousa, giving birth to Standard Greek.

9.2 Ancient Greek Epic Poetry

This poetry has its beginnings in the Mycenaean period. The epic poetry developed especially during the Geometric period (11th - 8th century BC) in the cities of Asia Minor. The most known epic poets are Homer and Hesiod. Homer is the author of the poetic texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the first texts of the historical period of ancient Greece, known as "Homeric epics."the Iliad and Odyssey were written in the 8th century BC. The Iliad is the earliest, and possibly several decades. Hewas Ionas singer, a holdover long tradition of oral heroic narratives, who composed the Iliad around 750 BC and Odyssey around 710 BC. With Hesiod we pass from the heroic epic to the teaching. The Theogony of Hesiod recounts the genesis of the world and the gods and the Works and Days deals with issues of everyday life

9.3. Ancient Greek Lyric Poetry The importance of "lyric poetry" in ancient song was accompanied by lyre and included two types, choral poetry and monody. Two latters genres were the elegiac poetry and the iambic poetry accompanied by other instruments. Sapho, was Greek lyric poet of Lesbos, well known from ancient times until today for her poems. She was born in Eressos on Lesvos. The ancient poet Alcaeus was born in Mytilene about 620 BC. He was involved actively in politics. In fact he regarded poetry as a weapon in his political struggles. Simonides Ceos (556 BC-469 BC) was a Greek lyric poet, too. With praise, he achieved 56 victories. In his poems dominates rational criticism of talent and deep feeling. The "Ceos" generally dealt with all kinds of lyric poetry.

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Chapter 10. Ancient Greek Prose

10.1 Historiography

One of the forms of literature that developed greatly in Classical Athens was historiography. Herodotus was to be nicknamed "pater historiae" ("the Father of History") by Cicero and the name has stuck. History is investigating and narrating on the basis of personal witness. If we take this as the criterion, it was Thucydides who was the representative par excellence of scientific historiography, whereas Herodotus had not yet reached this stage. Thucydides' work was con continued by Xenophon. .

Herodotus was born in Halicarnassus and lived in the 5th century BC. He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry", being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact. Thucydides was born in Alimos near Athens. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history", because of his strict standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.He has also been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the relations between nations as based on might rather than right. More generally, Thucydides showed an interest in developing an understanding of human nature to explain behaviour in such crises as plague, massacres, as in that of the Melians, and civil war. Xenophon, was a Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates. He is known for his writings on the history of his own times, the 4th century BC, preserving the sayings of Socrates, and descriptions of life in ancient Greece and the Persian Empire. Xenophon's writings,

Herodotus Thucydides Xenophon

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especially the Anabasis,. His Hellenica is a major primary source for events in Greece from 411 to 362 BC, and is considered to be the continuation of the History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, going so far as to begin with the phrase "Following these events...". The Hellenica recounts the last seven years of the Peloponnesian war, as well as its aftermath. His Socratic writings, preserved complete, along with the dialogues of Plato, are the only surviving representatives of the genre of Sokratikoi logoi. Polybius (ca. 200–118 BC), was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his work, The Histories, which covered the period of 220–146 BC in detail. The work describes in part the rise of the Roman Republic and its gradualdomination over Greece. Polybius is considered by some to be the successor of Thucydides in terms of objectivity and critical reasoning, and the forefather of scholarly, painstaking histor was a Greek historian,biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moraliaical research in the modern scientific sense. Plutarch was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia. He lived a very active social and political life, during which produced anincredible corpus of texts that have survived to our times. The most famous work is Parallel Lives, a series of biographies of famous Greeks and Romans. Plutarch's work influenced the English and French literature Arrian of Nicomedia, was a historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the 2nd-century Roman period. As with other authors of the Second Sophistic. Anabasis of Alexander is perhaps his best known work and is generally considered one of the best sources on the campaigns of Alexander the Great, not to be confused with Anabasis, then best-known work of the Athenian military leader and author Xenophon from the 4th century BC.

10.2 Philosophy

The four important and competitive schools of philosophy, which were founded in the 4th century BC, were : Plato's Academy (387 BC), the Peripatetic school of Aristotle (335 BC) -which was created from the Academy-, the Stoa Poikile of Zeno (306 BC)and the Garden of Epicurus (301 BC)

Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would

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claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity. Innumerable are the students that have dealt with in the centuries that followed his death. 399 B.C. There was a category against him for disrespect to the gods and for corruptness of young persons. The philosopher was condemned, with this category, in death. The Socratic method named after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas. It is a dialectical method, often involving an oppositional discussion in which the defense of one point of view is pitted against the defense of another; one participant may lead another to contradict him in some way, strengthening the inquirer's own point. As the first philosophers therefore search the first beginning of creation, thus and Sokrates search for the beginning of each moral significance. In other words he searched for the absolute and it rejected relative. Plato (427/347BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student

of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. The Academy, apart from philosophy, important research made also in the field of mathematics, geometry, political science but also justice. . Plato considered still very important factor for the ideal state, the education. According to his theory therefore it supports the following: The young persons that from the parts of their soul prevailing the their wants, will limit itself in the learning of practical arts

while the young persons that in the soul their first place possesses their feelings, are taught the mathematics and the other sciences. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher

of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry,theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biolog

y, and zoology. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. By 335 BC he had returned to Athens, establishing his own school there known as the Lyceum. Aristotle conducted courses at the school for the next twelve years. Aristotle proposed a fifth element, aether, in addition to the four proposed earlier by Empedocles.

Sophists were a category of teachers who specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching arete — excellence, or virtue — predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. The practice of charging money for education (and providing wisdom only to those who can pay) led to the

Plato (left) Aristotle (right)

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condemnations made by Socrates . Through works such as these, Sophists were portrayed as 'specious' or 'deceptive', hence the modern meaning of the term.

10.3 Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the Western tradition. Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.

Lysias (445 BC – 380 BC) was a speech writer, who wrote above 230 forensic reasons, by which entire have been saved hardly 34, while from other have been saved parts. His work is characterized by the simplicity and the austerity of his speech and is talk about the political situation and the morals of his time.

Isocrates (436–338 BC), was also an ancient Greek rhetorician. In his time, he was probably the most influential rhetorician in Greece and made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works. Isocrates was born to a wealthy family in Athens and received a fine education. He was greatly influenced by his sophist teachers, Prodicus and Gorgias, and was also closely acquainted with Socrates. After the Peloponnesian War, Isocrates' family lost its wealth, and Isocrates was forced to earn a living.

Demosthenes (384–322 BC) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speech-writer (logographer) and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.

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Chapter 11. Byzantine and Modern Greek Literature

11.1 Byzantine and Post Byzantine Literature (4th century-1821)

During the middle ages, Byzantium was the only Greek place where the Greek culture and literature has been developed. These literary works were the inspiration for the literary works of the following centuries. The Byzantine Literature divided into the following periods: First Period(4th-6thc.) The Probyzantine and Byzantine literature is the literature that has been created in the Greek East during the 4th-6th century. This literature were influenced by the Orthodox Christian religion and expressed by the apologists and the ministers of Christianism. The most important creators of this period are the 3 “Fathers of the Christianity” (3 Ierarches). Second Period (527-1204 AD)

This period begins from the 6th century and ends in the 13th

century. The most important literary creations of this period were (during the 6th and 7th century) the Byzantine scrolls and during the 8th century the Byzantine “rules”. The most important scroll’s creator of this period is the “Roman the melodist”, who wrote more than 1000 scrolls. Third Period (1204-1453 AD) The literature of the Greek Paleologian years. The most important literary

creators of this period were the Kassiani, the only Byzantine, talented woman who wrote poets and the Michael Psellos who was Philosopher, historian and lawyer. His most known creation is the “Chronographia”. During the 10th century was created the “Digenes Akrites” folksong. Digenes Akrites is the most famous of the Acritic Songs. The epic refers to the life of its eponymous hero and presents an aspect of the life in Mikra Asia and in Acritic areas. Fourth Period (1453-1821 AD) During this period we find the verse knightly novels which were written in Byzantium from the 13th to the 15th century. The novels of this period reflect the world, which was formed in the East with the installation of the Franks in the Greek lands.

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Ottoman Rule During this period, had been written in Greece the Greek folksongs. This songs refer to the Greek revolution against the ottoman rule. There are also poems, which are inspired from the Greek revolution. A poem like that is ”Thourios” which is written by Rigas Feraios. This poem was written to animate the enslaved Greeks to revolute against the ottoman rule. Thourios by Rigas Feraios O braves, must we live in the narrow passes, Alone, like lions, upon the mountain ridges? Living in caves, seeing before us only trees, Fleeing from the world because of bitter slavery? Losing brothers, homeland and parents, Our friends, our children and all our kin? Better a single hour of a life that is free, Than forty years of slavery and prison Greek Folk Songs The most interesting part about Greek folk music is that the creators and composers are predominantly unknown. The sound and the lyrics were born at some time during the past centuries and stayed as a part of local tradition. In most cases, the creator is not just one person, but entire settlements, villages and communities Their sound is either monophonic or with harmonic accompanying, depending on the region.

11.2 Greek Modern Literature (1821-2000) 1st Period (1821-1880) The most important literary work which belongs in this period is the “Hymn to liberty written by the most important poet of this period named Dionysios Solomos. He belonged to one of the two most important literature schools of that time the “Heptanese School”. The other school is named “First Athenian School" and its most known feature is the romance. The Heptanese School of literature represents the literary production of the Ionian Island's from the late 18th century till the end of the 19th century. The Hymn to Liberty or Hymn to Freedom is a poem written by Dionýsios Solomós in1823. The hymn was set to music in 1865 by the composer Nikolaos Mantzaros and in 1865, the first three stanzas and later the first two became the national anthem of Greece. HYMN TO LIBERTY We knew thee of old, Oh, divinely restored, By the lights of thine eyes, And the light of thy Sword, From the graves of our slain, Shall thy valour prevail. As we greet thee again- Hail, Liberty! Hail!

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2nd Period (1880-1930) During the period 1880-1930 had appeared very important poets and literateurs. Many of them were influenced by the parnassism, the naturalism, the symbolism e.t.c. They wrote some of the most important representative works masterpieces of the Greek literature. Some of them are:

Nikos Kazantzakis (1883 – 1957) was a Greek writer and philosopher, celebrated for his novel Zorba the Greek, considered his magnum opus. He became known globally after the 1964 release of the Michael Cacoyannis film Zorba the Greek, based on the novel. His most famous novels include Zorba the Greek (1946); The Greek Passion (1948, UK title Christ Recrucified); Captain Michalis (1950, UK title Freedom and Death); The Last Temptation of Christ (1951); Saint Francis (1956, UK title God's Pauper: St. Francis of Assisi). Report to Greco (1961), containing both autobiographical and fictional elements, summed up his philosophy as the "Cretan Glance." Some of this "popular" writing was nevertheless distinguished, such as his books based on his extensive travels, which appeared in the series "Travelling" which he founded. These books on Greece, Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Cyprus, Spain, Russia, Japan, China, and England were masterpieces of Greek travel literature. A part from his great book “Askitiki” follows:

WE COME from a dark abyss, we end in a dark abyss, and we call the luminous interval life. As soon as we are born the return begins, at once the setting forth and the coming back; we die in every moment. Because of this many have cried out: The goal of life is death! But as soon as we are born we begin the struggle to create, to compose, to turn matter into life; we are born in every moment. Because of this many have cried out: The goal of ephemeral life is immortality! Constantine P. Cavafy (1863–1933) was a famous Greek poet who lived in Alexandria. He published 154 poems and he drew his themes from his personal experience, along with a deep and wide knowledge of history, especially of the Hellenistic era. Many of his poems are pseudo-historical, or seemingly historical, or accurately, but quirkily, historical. His most known poet worldwide is “Ithaca”.

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C. KAVAFIS, ITHACA When you set out on your journey to Ithaca, pray that the road is long, full of adventure, full of knowledge. The Lestrygonians and the Cyclops, the angry Poseidon -- do not fear them: You will never find such as these on your path, if your thoughts remain lofty, if a fine emotion touches your spirit and your body. The Lestrygonians and the Cyclops, the fierce Poseidon you will never encounter, if you do not carry them within your soul, if your soul does not set them up before you. Pray that the road is long. That the summer mornings are many, when, with such pleasure, with such joy you will enter ports seen for the first time; stop at Phoenician markets, and purchase fine merchandise, mother-of-pearl and coral, amber and ebony, and sensual perfumes of all kinds, as many sensual perfumes as you can; visit many Egyptian cities, to learn and learn from scholars. Always keep Ithaca in your mind. To arrive there is your ultimate goal. But do not hurry the voyage at all. It is better to let it last for many years; and to anchor at the island when you are old, rich with all you have gained on the way, not expecting that Ithaca will offer you riches. Ithaca has given you the beautiful voyage. Without her you would have never set out on the road. She has nothing more to give you. And if you find her poor, Ithaca has not deceived you. Wise as you have become, with so much experience, you must already have understood what Ithacas mean.

Generation of 1930

This generation is best known for the introduction of free verse and the introduction of surrealism.This literature is also called “modern” literature and its most famous representors are Odysseas Elytis and Giorgos Seferis. Giorgos Seferis was one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate. In 1963, Seferis was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture. His poem “Denial” is following next:

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G. SEFERIS, DENIAL On the secret seashore white like a pigeon we thirsted at noon; but the water was brackish. On the golden sand we wrote her name; but the sea-breeze blew and the writing vanished. With what spirit, what heart, what desire and passion we lived our life: a mistake! So we changed our life.

Odysseas Elytis Odysseas Elytis (1911 –1996) was regarded as a major exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. In 1979 he was bestowed with the Nobel Prize in Literature. He borrowed certain elements from Ancient Greece and Byzantium, but devoted himself exclusively to today's Hellenism. An excerpt from his poem “Monogramma” follows:

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O. ELYTIS, MONOGRAMMA III. Like so I speak of you and me Because I love you and in love I know How to enter in like the full moon From everywhere, about your small foot in the boundless sheets How to pluck the jasmine–and I have the power To blow the wind and take you in sleep through the moon’s passages and the sea’s secret colonnade –Hypnotized tree of silvering spiders The waves have heard of you How you caress, how you kiss Around the neck, around the bay How you whisper the “what” and the “eh” Always we the light and the shadow Always you the little star and always I the dark vessel Always you the harbor and always I the light shining from the right The wet jetty and the glint on the oars High on the vine-laden house The bound roses and cooling water Always you the stone statue and always I the shadow that grows You the hanging shutter and I the wind that blows it open Because I love you and I love you Always you the coin and I the worship that gives it value So much the night, so much the humming in the wind So much the mist in the air, so much the stillness Around the despotic sea Heavenly arch full of stars So much your faintest breath That I no longer have anything else Within these four walls, this ceiling and floor But to call for you and for my own voice to hit me To smell your scent and for people to fear Because people can’t bear the untried And foreign and it’s early you hear It’s early still in the world my love To speak of you and me.

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Postwar Literature Many of the poets of this period (such as G. Ritsos) had been “hunted” for his political beliefs. However there are, also very important poets that they do not belong to a specific political trend. Yannis Ritsos Yiannis Ritsos (1909 - 1990) was a Greek poet as well as a left-wing activist and an active member of the Greek Resistance during World War II. He won the Lenin Peace Prize His poem “Our land” is following next: G. RITSOS, OUR LAND We climbed the hill to look over our land: fields poor and few, stones, olive trees. Vineyards head toward the sea. Beside the plow a small fire smoulders. We shaped the old man's clothes into a scarecrow against the ravens. Our days are making their way toward a little bread and great sunshine. Under the poplars a straw hat beams. The rooster on the fence. The cow in yellow. How did we manage to put our house and our life in order with a hand made of stone? Up on the lintel there's soot from the Easter candles, year by year: tiny black crosses marked there by the dead returning from the Resurrection Service. This land is much loved with patience and dignity. Every night, out of the drywell, the statues emerge cautiously and climb the trees.

One of his most important works is Moonlight Sonata:

I know that each one of us travels to love alone, alone to faith and to death. I know it. I’ve tried it. It doesn’t help. Let me come with you. —from Moonlight Sonata.

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Kiki Dimoula is an acclaimed Greek poet. She has been awarded the Greek State Prize twice (1971, 1988). She was awarded the European Prize for Literature for 2009. Dimoula is a member of the Academy of Athens. Her poetry has been translated into many foreign languages. Her most known poem is “the plural number”:

THE PLURAL NUMBER

The love, name substantive,

a lot of substantive, singular number,

gender of neither female neither male, gender defenceless. Plural number

the defenceless loves. The fear,

name substantive, in the beginning singular number

and afterwards plural: the fears. The fears

for all from I see and beyond. The memory,

main name of sadnesses, singular number,

only singular number The memory, the memory, the memory.

The night, name substantive,

gender female, singular number.

Plural number the nights.

The nights from I see and beyond.

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Chapter 12. Greek Theatre

12.1 The Ancient Greek Theatre

The theatre of Ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c.550 and c. 220 BC. The city-state of Athens, which became a significant cultural, political and military power during this period, was its centre, where it was institutionalized as part of a festival called the Dionysia, which honored the god Dionysus. Tragedy (late 6th century BC), comedy (486 BC), and the satyr play were the three dramatic genres to emerge there. Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies and allies in order to promote a common cultural identity. Western theatre originated in Athens and its drama has had a significant and sustained impact on Western culture as a whole. After the Great Destruction of Athens by the Persian Empire in 480 BC, the town and acropolis were rebuilt, and theatre became formalized and an even more major part of Athenian culture and civic pride. This century is normally regarded as the Golden Age of Greek drama. The centre-piece of the annual Dionysia, which took place once in winter and once in spring, was a competition between three tragic playwrights at the Theatre of Dionysus. Each submitted three tragedies, plus a satyr play (a comic, burlesque version of a mythological subject). Beginning in a first competition in 486 BC, each playwright also submitted a comedy.[10] Aristotle claimed that Aeschylus added the second actor, and that Sophocles introduced the third.

Apparently the Greek playwrights never used more than three actors based on what is known about Greek theatre.[11]

Tragedy and comedy were viewed as completely separate genres, and no plays

ever merged aspects of the two. Satyr plays dealt with the mythological subject matter of the tragedies, but in a purely comedic manner. However, as they were written over a century after the Athenian Golden Age, it is not known whether dramatists such as Sophocles and Euripides would have thought about their plays in the same terms. Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were the greatest tragics and they played a very important role in the formation of tragedy.

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Aeschylus was born in Elefsina in 525/4 BC and he took part in the battle of Marathonas. He was an actor and a poet and one of his most famous plans is ‘The Persians’ .He died in 456/5 when he was 80 years old.

Sophocles was born in 497/496 BC and he took part in a war. He died at a very old age and one of his most famous plays is ‘Antigone’. Euripides was the youngest of the great tragics of ancient Greece and his plans are characterised by deep thought and his ability to phychoanalyse. He was born in 480 BC and died in 406 BC. One of his most famous plans is ‘Eleni’.

Aristophanes is the most famous comedy poet of all .He was born in 450 BC and died in 385 BC. ‘Plutus’ is his most famous plan.

12. 2 Cretan Theatre The monumental evolution of the Arts in the Middle Ages and

the Renaissance offered a great success theatrical production in Crete and the islands of the Ionian Sea (Eptanissa).The Cretan Theatre consists of eight plans; 3 tragedies, 3 comedies and one religious and one bucolic drama. The most important and famous tragedy is ‘Erofili’.

12.3 Modern Greek Theatre 1957 was an important and critical point for the history of Modern Greek Theatre: it is the year that Iakovos Kambanellis – the “Father of Modern Greek Theatre” as he is called – presented in the Art Theatre of Karolos Koun his significant and most famous play, “The yard of miracles” (“Avli ton thavmaton”) and marked the beginning of a new, talented era of theatre authors. They had as their purpose to change the history and the atmosphere and to introduce new ideas and ideologies, concerning the evolution and the maturity of the Greek theatre. The National Theatre of Athens The National Theatre of North Greece

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Part 4. Natural Landscape in Greece by Th. Massiou, G. Kiloglou, G.

Gostovt & M. Karazisi

ABSTRACT Our work is about natural landscape and the best sights in Greece. Our research is focused on four thematic areas according to the geographic divisions of Greece: Greek islands and Crete, Macedonia and Thrace, Central Greece and Peloponnese and Thessaly and Epirus.

Chapter 13. Islands and Crete Milos, Cyclades Milos with strange horseshoe shape, emerging as the azure waters of the Aegean, bathed in bright light and decorated with white houses, the Milos with its hospitable inhabitants, the Milos with good tourist infrastructure, and clean seas the remarkable monuments steals the hearts of those who know. Mykonos, Cyclades Mykonos, the island of the winds and the most cosmopolitan island of Cyclades. The light on Mykonos from the early morning rays of the sun until sunset is amazing. Unique and special, Cycladic architecture with whitewashed square houses built on hills and mountains, large rocks, and just in front of the wave. Paros, Cyclades Golden sandy beaches, fertile valleys with vineyards and olive trees, flowering bougainvillea, roses and geraniums, Paros is an island with a growing tourist industry. In the streets of Parikia and Naoussa you can wander for hours. The butterflies, the white and Marpissa are areas to be visited. Santorini, Cyclades The island of Santorini or Thira is known about the volcano. The island has become one of the most popular holiday destinations worldwide due to volcanic wild beauty and breathtaking sunsets from the top of the caldera. The island of Santorini is a perfect choice for those seeking a cosmopolitan scene with luxury hotels,

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gourmet restaurants and taverns offering local specialties from local produce with a strong tradition in many wine cellars. Black sandy beaches with black sand, hotels with great views. Tinos, Cyclades Tinos is known as the "island of the Virgin." The island's geographical position is such that it is a balcony to the Aegean. The unique colours of purple and golden sunrise sunset add to the seductive landscape a mystical serenity. Ithaca, Ionian Islands Ithaca is an island belonging to the cluster of Ionian. It is a beautiful island, covered with dense vegetation, forests and stunning beaches with crystal clear waters, white pebbles and white or light-colored sand. The densely planted trees that reach the crystal waters of the Ionian diamond sparkle under the Mediterranean sun. The landscape as a whole is not far at all from an earthly paradise. Visitors fall in love with the island's many charms. Corfu, Ionian Islands

The new part of town is characterized by modern buildings, spacious squares and avenues. The old part is the most beautiful places in Greece with its characteristic old streets, the streets of Corfu. The lush

landscapes and hospitable residents, make the island attracts many tourists. Breathtakingly beautiful place, but also the most famous attractions of Corfu is cosmopolitan Cannon. Corfu has many beaches will soon amaze you. Kos, Dodecanese

"Kos certainly not from the islands to suit those who ask for the complete isolation! Every summer flood of young people from across Europe that are transforming the island into a huge night club. Apart from the nightlife Kos is an island that is truly worth visiting. The third largest island in the Dodecanese, it has excellent tourist infrastructure, is green and has a large paved streets, full of palm trees. In

Kos you will find some of the best beaches in the Dodecanese, where you can go with ... bike.

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Rhodes, Dodecanese Rhodes is one of the most popular islands in Greece with more days of sunshine. Rhodes has beautiful sandy beaches, a very interesting medieval town, fantastic nightlife and many archaeological sites. No trip to Rhodes is complete without a visit to the Valley of the Butterflies-worthy!. Her heart beats in Rhodes medieval town unique. Thousands of visitors pass through its doors every day for endless walks on the streets, the colourful chazi "bazaar" of Socrates, visiting the Grand Master's Palace and museums, kingfishers level restaurant with history and till you drop in Miltiadou. Simi, Dodecanese

As you arrive at the beautiful harbour of Symi for the first time, we're greeted by a painting of a Venetian village. Well-preserved traditional houses next to each other and behind them rise the steep hillsides. Simi distinguished by a romantic charm that is strengthened further by the fact that it shows the high-rise tourist facilities and infrastructure can be found in some other islands of the Dodecanese.

Mytilene, North Aegean The island of harmony and beauty. A rock rooted in the Aegean Sea. Piece of sunken Aigiidas, cut finger of ancient East. A beautiful crust, made of silver-green pine, olive and oak, dresses most of the territory. Is Lesvos. The island is ideal for relaxing and beautiful vacation tours, combining nature with culture, gastronomy with quiet fun, amazing beaches and family accommodation facilities!

Crete Samaria or the Samaria Gorge is one of the main attractions in Crete. Every tourist who visits Crete, either already heard or will soon be heard of this beautiful gorge, "Samaria", as called Samaria admiration from the locals for its beauty, but also to stand out compared to other smaller gorges in Crete. In Samara will enjoy the forests of the huge pines and cypresses, an image from the past of Crete, when the island was covered by forests famous for their good quality timber, perfect for boats

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made solid. Vai, or more specifically the palm Vai is one of the most popular attractions in Crete, yet one of the most beautiful and special places throughout the Mediterranean. Vai attracts thousands of visitors each year not only for its beautiful palm,

but also for its long sandy beach stretching ahead. The spot is the beach and the forest at Vai is relevant in terms of biodiversity, and many migratory birds stop in their journey to and from Africa.

Elafonissi regarded as one of the most beautiful Greek regions - white sand beaches, which in many places gets pink from the thousands of crushed shells give a different view of the beach.The waters are crystal clear and the blue-green colour will "bear" images of an exotic paradise. Plan to see up close the convent of Chrysoskalitissa distinguished by long, white and built up on a big rock.

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Chapter 14. Central Greece and Peloponnese 14.1 Central Greece On the east coast of central Greece (136 km northwest of Athens, near the Gulf of Maliakos), lies the narrow pass of Thermopylae pass, scene of the famous battle of antiquity. The pass, whose name means “hot gates” (derived from its hot sulphur springs) is some 6 km long; its cliffs in antiquity were by the sea, but silting has widened the distance to more than a mile. The area includes Euboea, the second largest island of Greece in area and population (after Crete). The island of Euboea is separated from the mainland by the Euripus Strait, a narrow channel of water subject to strong tidal currents changing direction several times a day, and, on the other, connected to the mainland by two road bridges across the strait: a cablestay suspension bridge (opened in 1993) with a span of 215m, running over a 160m wide opening; and a “sliding bridge”, which can be opened to allow boat traffic through the strait, running over its narrowest point (38m wide). The Strait had been bridged as early as 411 BC with a wooden bridge.

Mount Parnitha (1,400m), a National Park, is located 30km northwest of Athens; it has an area of over 300 square km, with a variety of more than 800 herbs and plants. Mount Penteli is a densely vegetated mountain with springs, while Mount Hymettos is linked to the city’s history, as marble from its mines was used for the construction of monuments in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. There are some

beautiful small towns such as Galaxidi and Karpenisi.

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14.2 The Peloponnese The Peloponnese is a large peninsula in southern Greece, covering an area of some 21,549 km2; it constitutes the southernmost part of mainland Greece. The peninsula has mountainous interior and deeply indented coasts, with Mount Taygetus as its highest point. Two groups of islands lie off the Peloponnesean coast: the Argo – Saronic Islands to the east, and the Ionian Islands to the west.

Although technically an island, since the construction of the Corinth Canal in 1893, the peninsula is linked to the mainland via a narrow stretch of land, the Isthmus of Corinth, as well the Rio-Antirio Bridge, which was completed in 2004. The Corinth Canal, a waterway underlying the Isthmus, joins the Gulf of Corinth in the northwest with the Saronic Gulf in the southeast. Constructed in order to shorten the Italy to Athens

sea route, the Canal is 6.3 km long, 8m deep and 25m wide. The Rio-Antirio Bridge is a cablestayed bridge crossing the Gulf of Corinth near Patras, linking the town of Rio on the peninsula to Antirio on mainland Greece. Widely considered to be an engineering masterpiece and with a total length of 2,880m and four towers, this is the bridge with the longest cablestayed suspended deck in the world. Its width is 28m and includes two lanes each direction, an emergency lane and a pedestrian walkway. Its construction was completed in 2004.

The Diros Caves are perhaps the most important natural site in Greece and in their own way as spectacular as the caldera of Santorini. The Paleolithic and Neolithic

artifacts found here, many of which are in display in the museum, mean that the caves were one of the earliest inhabited places in Greece. The known part of the caves cover an area of around 33000 square meters of which only 5000 square meters have been explored. Some say that the caves go even further, maybe as far as Mount Tagetos and Sparta. Located at the top of the Mani between the town of Pirgos Dirou and Areopolis the entrance is a few meters above the sea and a beautiful stone beach.

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Chapter 15. Thessaly and Epirus

5.1 Thessaly

The valley of Tempon: Is the valley between Mount Olympus and Ossa. In this valley is the river Pinios which ends up in Aegean. The valley of Tempon used to be of great

importance in ancient years as it was the main passage from Macedonia to Thessalia. Kalampaka:

Kalampaka is famous for its giagantic Rocks named Meteora on top of which Monasteries are built. Most of these Monasteries are still populated by Priests and are available to be visited.

Pilio: In Pilio there is the famous Train, Mountzouris which in the past used to connect the Industrial center of the city of Bolos with the farm land of Pilio. Nowadays the train is used just for tourism as people can take a ride with it over the Beautiful Pilio Peninsula.

Lake of Plastira: The lake of Plastira is an artificial one formed by two rivers. It is an amazing place with stunning sites to visit. The surroundings of the lake are consisted of Trees like Oaks and Beeches, just to mention a few.

15.2 Epirus

Zagoroxoria: Zagoroxoria is a network of 46 villages where somebody can find whatever he asks for! In these villages the visitor can admire the beauty of the Greek nature. Zagoroxoria offers a series of activities such as hiking, climbing and rafting.

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Metsovo: In the city of Metsovo there is the Averofeios Garden. This garden is a wonderful 10 acre park which hosts every kind of flora in the area.

Perama: In Perama of Ioaninon there is a famous Cave know as “Cave of Ioaninon” .This cave is one of the rariest in the whole world for its outstanding “Sculpture of Nature” The guides are ready to welcome the visitor and guide him through the Cave routes.

Gamila: In Gamila there is one of the most beautiful rivers in Greece, Awos. This rivers goes through the mountains of Smolikas and Gamila. In Awos the visitor can enjoy the colours and the sound of nature around him.

Tzoumerka: In Tzoumerka there is the cave of Anemotripas. This cave has a wide range of stalactites starting from the top of the cave and ending to the ground. In the end of the cave there are some wonderful lakes, which

are really rare to exist in such a cave.

Gluki: In Gluki there is the river Axerontas which is well-know from the ancient times as it was believed to be the path of the souls to get to the under world. Nowadays it is one of the best places to go hiking next to the water. Throughout the path, the water level sometimes increases or decreases which can lead to flooding and might make it difficult for the hiker to continue.

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Chapter 16. Macedonia and Thrace

16.1 Macedonia Macedonia, is traversed by the valleys of the Aliakmon, Axios, and Strymon rivers, all of which drain into the Aegean and also account for the odd threepronged shape of the Chalcidice Peninsula, on whose easternmost prong Mount Athos, the famous site of Greek Orthodox monastic communities, is located. The lakes of Koronia and Volvi separate Chalcidice from the rest of the coastal region.

Farther west, the large plain drained by the Axios and lower Aliakmon rivers is being continually extended, as the river deltas push out into the Gulf of Thermaikos, while from the lower Strimon River extends a succession of plains. The forested Vermion Mountains and the barren inland basins around Lakes Vegoritis and Kastoria mark the boundary with the Pindus Mountains.

Lake Kerkini , in Prefecture of Serres, is an artificial reservoir that was created in 1932, and then redeveloped in 1980, on the site of what was previously an extremely extensive marshland. Lake Kerkini is now one of, if not the, premier birding site in Greece, and, as it is situated along the migratory flyway for migratory birds en route to the Aegean Sea, the Balkan region,

the Black Sea, the Hungarian steppes and beyond it experiences an interesting migration.

This wonderful biosphere is recouped by the International Convention of Ramsar and presents numerous admirable elements. Thousands of birds, both rare and protege, riverside forests, water-lilies in a large area, fish variety and fantastic panoramic view from the mountains of Belasica and Krousia give it a characteristic tone. 76 of them are recorded in the National Red Catalogue, while at least 31 of them are protected by EEC's Directive concerning wild life. What makes an exceptional presence is the buffalo's herd in the area, plus the one of the jackelo in the area of Kerkini lake. In the surrounding area of Kerkini lake there are at least 10 amphibian species (frogs, salamanders, tritons), five snail species, 19 reptile species (lizards, snakes, turtles)

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and a great variety of insects which play an important part in the food chain and contribute towards the biological resources of the lake.

The Alistrati cave lies about 6 km southeast of Alistrati's town at a place called "Petroto". The expanse of the area is almost 14.000m2. The antechamber of the cave is 8 m height. It's from this point that start different high galleries folly decorated with stalactites and stalagmites. The main branches of the cave are

developed to the left and to the right of the entrance starting from a huge chamber, the Teception Chamber of a width of 60 m, a length of 100 m and height of 20-30m. It's in this chamber that nature decided to demonstrate its power in creating ornaments. What fascinates the most is the huge stalactites and those pure white forming draperies. There are other chambers and their height is quite the same 8-10m. From the reception chamber and towards the left, emerges a second passage, quite parallel to the first.

In this gallery there are even some red stalagmites which are called "The flames". The height of these formations reaches 35 m. Somewhere in this passages the two main passages join each other and continue with an always increasing width and height while from the ceiling one can see suspended huge and majestic stalactites of a height of 15 m.

Inside the cave there are countless floors which are still unknown. Very impressive is the big variety of stalactites and stalagmites inside the cave mostly because of the difference of their shapes and their age. The older stalactites are mainly in the galleries which are on the right side of the entrance. On the other hand the "infant" stalactites on the left side of entrance.

The visitor in Alistrati apart from the cave can enjoy the river Aggitis which flows through the villages of Symvoli, Lefkothea and R.S. Aggista, forming idylic river by zones with rich plantation. Many connoisseur fishermen combine their hobbies with walks and pic-nic in the countryside. The area is suitable for rafting and Kanoye. It is a few meters further down the railways which pass beside the cave.

The National Park of Prespes established in 1974is a unique wetland with amazing natural beauty. This place, though, is not as known as it should among both

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Greeks and foreign visitors. The lakes of Prespes are boundaries different than the usual. They are natural boundaries that separate Greece, Albania and Fyrom. It is important to mention that they are so stunning that people who visit the Great Prespa and the Small Prespa are totally magnetized by their beauty.

Pozar baths is one of the finest Greek destinations for excursions or vacations during all 4 seasons. The famous Loutra Pozar (Pozar baths) are also known as Aridaia’s baths or baths of Loutraki or health spas of Loutraki or health spas Pozar of Aridaia. At mountainous Pella, at the foot of Vora Kaimaktsalan mountain (Voras Kaimaktsalan), where one can find a mixing combination of beautiful

landscapes, the water that gushes from the hot springs baths can be used as a treatment for many diseases and also be suitable for balneotherapy and drinking therapy. Thrace This region constitutes the northeastern part of continental Greece, located between the Rivers Nestos and Evros. The Nestos River flows into the Aegean Sea, near the island of Thasos, spreading over the coastal plain of Chrysoupolis and expanding as a system of freshwater lakes and ponds forming the Nestos Delta, where swamplands, wetlands and a lagoon once existed and many rare species find refuge. The total length of the river is 230 km, of which 126 km is within Bulgaria. The Evros, with a length of 480 km,is the longest river running solelywithin the Balkans. It has its origin in Western Bulgaria, flowing southeast towards the sea. The lower course of the river forms part of the Greek-Bulgarian border and its marshy valley most of the GreekTurkish border. Western Thrace - and in particular the Rodopi Mountains, which form the natural border with Bulgaria and are covered by dense forest -is home to one of the two surviving brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in Greece (the other is in the Pindus mountains, in central Greece)

Evros Delta is an important wetland on a national, European and international level. For many years it is a Protected Area, as it has a big value for wildlife and humanity. In Evros Delta hundreds of thousands of birds find shelter and food all year round, while it constitutes a very important natural resource for the local community, because

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of his value for fishing, stock breeding, agriculture, climate, flood protection, education, recreation, science.

Livaditis Waterfall is the biggest waterfall of Balkans. 40m height.

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PART 5. Daily Life in Greece by Balkazopoulou S., Bompota E.,

Moisidou K. & Bolla A.

ABSTRACT As part of the research work we investigated aspects of daily life of the Greeks over the years. The thematic regions that were investigated related to music, nutrition, moralities, custom, traditions and the entertainment of the Greeks.

Chapter 17. Greek Music 17.1 From Traditional Music to Art Song Greece is remarkable for both the abundance and the variety of its traditional music. Greek music has developed over many centuries and has been subject to numerous and varied historical and geographical influences. Ancient Greek music, Byzantine and church music, for example, provide a whole series of distinctive musical traditions. There is also a long tradition of rural traditional music connected also with the Greek War of Independence against the Ottomans Turks (1821-1829). The type of folk songs is defined mainly according to the place of origin: Islands (Crete, Ionian Islands), Epirus (a region in the north-west), Mani and Kalamata (in southern Peloponnese), Macedonia and Thrace (in the north and north-east). There are said to be two musical movements in Greek folk music Acritic songs and Klephtic songs. Akritic music comes from the 9th century akrites, or border guards of the Byzantine Empire. Following the end of the Byzantine period, klephtic music arose before the Greek Revolution, developed among the kleftes, warriors who fought against the Ottoman Empire.

A form of urban traditional music with strong links to the refugees from the disaster of Asia Minor is the “rembetiko” song with the “bouzouki” asits characteristic instrument. Rebetiko was initially associated with the lower and poor classes, but later reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished. The audience for “rembetika” gradually broadened after the Second World War and these songs were especially popular in the 1970s. Since the Second

World War many of the younger composers have sought inspiration in both rural and urban traditional music. Vasillis Tsitsanis was one of the first Greeks who were dealed with laika songs. Discographhy, radio and the cinema movies were procedured this type of music. His themes included erotic character and problems of Greek society like civil war, poverty and immigration. With the passage of time laiko had become accepted by the senior classes. Drawing on rebetiko's westernization by Tsitsanis and Chiotis, Éntekhno arose in the late 1950s. Éntekhno (lit. meaning 'art song') is orchestral music with elements from Greek folk rhythm and melody; its lyrical themes are often political or based on the

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work of famous Greek poets. As opposed to other forms of Greek urban folk music, éntekhno concerts would often take place outside a hall or a night club in the open air. Mikis Theodorakis and Manos Hadjidakis were the most popular early composers of éntekhno song cycles and Maria Farantouri is the greatest singer of the entekhno Greek song.

17.2 Greek music instruments 1)Music instruments in ancient Greece Music instruments in ancient Greece sundered in 3 categories: i)Xordofona They were categorized in lyres-guitars, triangles-harps and pandourides. They were played with the sting of chords. Lyra was the most famous instrument in ancient Greece. The first lyres were appeared in 1400 in the palace of Pylos. Triangle was a knee harp. Pandoura or stringed was like banjo which was played with keys. It was used rare in Greece. ii)Aerophones

They were categorized in lumens and syringes. Lumen was the most famous music instrument in ancient Greece which was appeared in the half of third millennium. Platonas believed that these instruments were vulgar and hideous and he advised people not to use them. iii)Percussions

Their role was mainly accompanying to stress the rythm. he drum had the same structure with big tabor. It was played hitting the palm to the centre or with the fingers to the edges. It was embarrassing for men to play this so it was only performed by women.

17.3 Composers and singers

Mikis Theodorakis (born July 29, 1925) is one of the most renowned Greek songwriters and composers. He became internationally famous when he composed the music for the film Zorba the Greek (1964), directed by Michalis Kakogiannis and starring Anthony Quinn. But he was becoming very popular even before that film, when he was composing music for the Jules Dassin film Phaedra (1962) starring Melina Mercouri, Anthony Perkins, Raf Vallone, and Kakogiannis' Electra (1962/I) starring Irene Papas, Aleka Katselli. He even composed music for such acclaimed films

like Z (1969) by Costa-Gavras starring Yves Montand and Papas, and Serpico (1973) bySidney Lumet starring Al Pacino. He came back in 1974, but he stayed only for 6 years. Theodorakis was dissatisfied and went back in Paris and finished his third big work, Canto General, which together with the music from the film Zorba the

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Greek (1964) and "Axion Esti", a piece of work based on the poems of the Nobel winner poet Odysseas Elitis. Manos Hatzidakis was born in the town of Xanthi in 1925. His father was a lawyer from Crete and his mother from Adrianopolis. Hatzidakis spent the first seven years of his life in Xanthi where he also had his first piano lessons. Later, when he moved to Athens , he met a wide circle of intellectuals and artists who had a great impact on his career. In 1944 he wrote his first pieces for the avant-garde Theatro Technis (Arts Theatre). He composed the music for many Greek plays, for Greek and foreign films,

as well as works for piano. He collaborated regularly with Karolos Koun’s Theatro Technis, with Rallou Manou’s Greek Dance Theatre, and the National Theatre. Hatzidakis' music was constantly heard in Greece throughout the second half of the 20th century, except for the six year period during the Dictatorship, when he lived and worked in New York (1966-72). In 1948 he gave a lecture at Theatro Technis on rebetika, their value and

potential for expressing and interpreting modern Greek reality -- ideas which provoked a good deal of controversy at the time. Hatzidakis won many awards for his music, including an Oscar for his music in Jules Dassins' film "Never on a Sonday" in which Melina Mercouri played the lead role (1961). He also founded orchestras (most notably the Orchestra of Colours in 1989) and directed the Third Programme of the National Radio and Television Network (ERT) with great success. He was also noted for his recordings; by the time of his death more than 110 of his records had circulated on the Greek market (including Street of Dreams, 1962; The Gioconda’s Smile, 1965; 15 Evening Songs, 1965; The Great Lover, 1972; The Time of Melissanthi, 1980; Reflections, 1993). One of the greats of modern Greek music, Hatzidakis managed to distill the Greek tradition in his work, to promote it with knowledge and inspiration, while charting his own course, and simultaneously serving and teaching the value of culture and ethos. Singers

The internationally most famous singers live and work abroad: Vicky Leandros, Nana Mouschouri, Demis Roussos (a member of the famous Greek group “Aphrodite’s Child”). The mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa released in 1987 a popular music album containing songs composed by Hadjidakis, Theodorakis, Tsitsanis and Xarhakos (conducted by the latter, who is also the director of the State Orchestra of Greek Music). In recent years two female singers who have successfully

sold records and performed concerts abroad are Eleni Arvanitaki and Savina Yannatou. A crossover artist who has an international career, and has been compared to Andrea Bocelli, is Mario Frangoulis; his CD “Sometimes I Dream” was issued by Sony International in 2002 in Europe, America, Asia and Africa, and is considered as an artistic and commercial success.

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Greek Classical Music Nikos Skalkottas (1904 – 1949) was one of the most important Greek composers of 20th-century classical music. A member of the Second Viennese School, he drew his influences from both the classical repertoire and the Greek tradition. Manolis Kalomiris (1883–1962)), was a Greek classical composer. He was the founder of the Greek National School of Music. He wrote three symphonies and five operas, one piano concerto and one violin concertino, other symphonic works, chamber music and numerous songs and piano works. He held various public posts and was elected member of the Academy of Athens. A passionate composer, he has a personal post romantic idiom characterised by his rich harmonies and orchestrations, complex counterpoint, his long eastern melodies and the frequent use of Greek folk rhythms. A preoccupation with love and death transcends all five of his music dramas. Dimitris Mitropoulos (1896 – 1960), was a Greek conductor,pianist, and composer. He received international fame, in the classical music world, both as a major conductor and composer of the 20th century. Maria Callas (1923 – 1977) was an American-born Greek soprano and one of the most renowned opera singers of the 20th century. She combined an impressive bel canto technique, a wide-ranging voice and great dramatic gifts. An extremely versatile singer, her repertoire ranged from classical opera seria to the bel canto operas of Donizetti, Belliniand Rossini; further, to the works of Verdi and Puccini; and, in her early career, to the music dramas of Wagner. Her remarkable musical and dramatic talents led to her being hailed as La Divina.

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Chapter 18. Greek Food

18.1 Mediterranean diet Generally from ancient times the food of the Greek is considered the best. The nutrition of the ancient was rich in cereals, vegetables, fruits, dairy products and olive oil. This continues even today. Diet and products of the ancient Greeks prevailed over the centuries and resulted in this, that, today, is called Mediterranean diet. The Mediterranean diet is characterized by the eating habits of the inhabitants of Crete and Southern Italy in the early 1960s. At the International

Conference on the Mediterranean diets in 1993 it was decided what will be the traditional Mediterranean diet and in 1995 a team of scientists presents at Harvard University the so-called "pyramid of the Mediterranean diet". The main characteristics are: Abundant fiber and complex carbohydrates: Foods such as cereals and their products (bread, pasta, rice, etc.),must be consumed everyday, as they provide energy through carbohydrate containing. When it is total milling, then they provide also enough plant fibres. The olive oil: It is the basis of the Mediterranean diet and it contains a very high level of monounsaturated fats, most notably oleic acid which epidemiological studies suggest may be linked to a reduction in coronary heart disease risk. There is also evidence that the antioxidants in olive oil improve cholesterol regulation and LDL cholesterol reduction The dairy products (mostly as cheese and yogurt): The dairy products must consume every day because are a source of both minerals and vitamins, such as calcium, protein of high nutrition value. Calcium is necessary not only for building strong bones during the growth of the body, but also to maintain bone mass during adulthood. Fish and poultry: The fish especially the oily contain large amounts of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. Moreover, they contain proteins of high biological value and various minerals. Poultry provide the body with protein of high nutritional value and iron easily absorbed by the body. Red Meat: A few times per month in a very small amounts. Wine in moderation: The inclusion of red wine is considered a factor contributing to health as it contains flavonoids with powerful antioxidant properties.

18.2. Traditional Products Some of the most famous traditional products are: Olive oil: Olive oil is a fat obtained from the olive a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. Greek olive oil is exported throughout the world. Olive oil plays a unique role in the Greek diet, being the basis of many traditional dishes.

Honey: Honey in Greece is mainly flower-honey from the nectar of fruit and citrus trees (lemon, orange, trees), thyme honey, and pine honey from conifer trees.

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Chios mastic: Mastic is a resin obtained from the mastic tree and is grown on the Aegean island of Chios. It can be consumed without any chemical or industrial processes and also has many therapeutic properties especially in diseases of the stomach. Saffron: The saffron is the

most expensive spice in the world and rightly characterized “the flower of the Mediterranean cuisine”. It distinguished for the color, pharmaceutical and his aphrodisiac properties.

Feta (cheese): A semi-soft, crumbly, brined white cheese made from goat or sheep milk. The feta is widely known throughout the world as a main ingredient of Greek salad. Ouzo: Ouzo is an

anise-flavored alcoholic aperitif. The most popular ouzo is this

from Lesvos and Chios. Wine: Wine is an alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes. The categories of Greek wine are: 1. Vin de table 2.Vin de pays 3.Appellation of Origin of Superior Quality (OPAP) 4. Controlled Appellation of Origin (AOC).

18.3 Greek Recipes Pastitsio Ingredients:

1 package of spaghetti NO2 ¾ ground beef 1 onion, chopped tomato sauce 2 tablespoons breadcrumbs Olive oil Salt, pepper

Ingredients for the bechamel sauce:

1 quart milk 5 tablespoons butter 2 eggs Feta cinnamon or nutmeg

Preparation: Saute the onion with the olive oil and add the ground beef. Then, put the chopped tomatoes, cinnamon, salt, pepper and ½ cup water to boil for 20

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minutes. Cook pasta and add 2 eggs, feta and 2 tablespoons breadcrumbs and mix them. In a pan put the half pasta then the ground beef and in the end the other pasta. In a frying-pan melt 5 tablespoons butter , 5-6 tablespoons salt and stir until incorporated. After add the milk and stir to prevent clotting. When it starts to curdle add cinnamon, remove from heat and add the yolks, stirring quickly. Cover and cook the pasticcio at 180 degrees about 30 minutes.

Kourabiedes Greek Christmas Cookies Ingredients:

2 kilos soft flour 1 kilo butter 300 grams powdered sugar 300 grams crushed roasted almonds 1 small glass cognac 1 teaspoon baking soda Rosewater

Preparation: Preheat oven to medium (175c). Whiten the butter by beating by hand for ½ hour. Add the sugar, cognac, almonds and finally the flour, mixed with the baking soda. Continue to beat until all ingredients are well mixed. Mold into the familiar shapes of the kourambiethes and place on a cookie sheet. Bake for 20 minutes until golden. Remove from oven and immediately sprinkle with rosewater, then roll in the powder sugar.

Melomakarona Greek Christmas Cookies Ingredients:

2 cups oil 1 cup sugar 1 cup orange juice 1 cup fine semolina 1 kilo soft flour 1 ½ teaspoons baking soda Lemon and Orange zest Crushed walnuts Simple syrup: (In a pot, mix together 1 cup each of water, honey and sugar

and bring to boil while stirring constantly.) Preparation: Preheat oven to 200c. Beat oil well with mixer, then add the sugar, both zests, orange juice, semolina, and then, a little at a time, the flour mixed with the baking soda. Form the dough into small shapes, as the pastries will get quite big while baking. Make sure the oven is hot before baking, otherwise the pastries will flatten. Bake for about 30 minutes until pastries are firm and golden brown. When completely cooled, arrange in rows in a pan and pour warm syrup over them. Sprinkle with crushed walnuts.

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Chapter 19. Customs and traditions in Greece

Name day celebration. Most of the Greeks owe their names to a religious saint. A very important Greek tradition that takes place in the entire Greece is that everyone who has a name coming from a saint celebrated by the church celebrates his name on a given day of the year. On the “name day” of someone, his friends and family visit him without invitation and offer their wishes (long life to you, live many years, etc…) as well as small presents. The hostess of the house offers pastries, sweets and hors d’oeuvres to the guests. In Greece, name days are more important than birthdays.

Christmas is a religious celebration. At Christmas the Greek celebrate every year at 25 of December the birth of Christ (nativity). There are some customs which many Greek make, here there are some of these. For example, the decoration of: Christmas -tree , boat, the cooking of some sweet like melomakarona and shortbread. The decoration of boat symbolizes the sea.

Easter is the more important celebration for the Greeks, even more than Christmas. Women dye eggs in red, godparents buy news shoes, clothes and a candle to the kids and, in villages, the exterior of the houses and the streets are whitewashed. During Good Friday, the day of mourning, the Epitaphio, the tomb of Christ with its icon, decorated with thousands of flowers, is taken out of the church and carried away through the village or the neighbourhood (in the big cities) to the cemetery followed by a slow procession. At the cemetery everyone lights a candle for the dead; then, the Epitaphio with its procession returns to the church where the believers kiss the image of the Christ.

During the night of the Holy Saturday, everybody dresses well and goes to the church where a ceremony is hold. Just before midnight, the priest turns off all of the churches’ lights, symbolizing the darkness and silent of the tomb; at midnight, the priest lights a candle from the Eternal Flame, sings “Christos Anesti” (Christ arises) and offers the flame to light the candle of the people that are the closest to him. Everyone passes the flame one to another while the priests sing the Byzantine Chant Christos Anesti. Then, everyone goes out of the church to the streets. The church’s bells ring continuously and people throw fireworks. People say one to another “Christos Anestis”, to which the reply to is “Alithos Anesti” (indeed he has rise). People go home and share with their families the Resurrection Meal which consists of Mayiritsa (a lamb’s entrails soup), Tsoureki (Easter cake) and Easter biscuits. The following day, Easter Sunday, is spend in family around a meal consisting of

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roasted lamb (turned over open pits), various appetizers and a lot of wine and ouzo. Everybody dances and celebrates until late in the night.

The day of Epiphany the priest of each town dip the rood in the harbor of the town. After this some people dive inside to bring it in the surface. The person who will take it, he would be lucky person. It is

celebrated each year at 6st January.

Carnival In Greece, Carnival is called “Apokries”; it consists of two weeks of feast, beginning from the Sunday of Meat Fare and ends with the start of Lent, called “Clean Monday” (Kathari Deutera). Everyone is costumed and parties in the streets and bars, throwing coloured confetti to each other. The most famous Carnival parade takes place in the city of Patra, where

everybody dances and drinks all night and day. This custom is believed to come from paganism, and more precisely from the old festivities worshiping Dionysus, the god of wine and feast.

The 1st May is the celebration of nature. People make wreath of flowers. They hang these out of their doors.

Greek Independence Day The Greek Independence Day is celebrating Greece's liberation from the Ottoman domination the 25th of March 1821. 28th October: The "NO" During this feast the Greeks celebrate the day that Metaxas said no to the Italians who wanted to invade the country. It is the celebration of the heroic OXI (NO); most of the Greeks put a Greek flag on their windows and a march is organized by schools, where the students wear a blue and white uniform and hold Greece’s flag.

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Regional costumes of Greece

Source: http://www.endymasies.gr/en/costumes.htm

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Chapter 20: Sports and Entertainment in Greece

20.1 Olympic Games

The Olympic Games in ancient Greece were part of the celebrations in honor of Zeus, king of the gods of Olympus. The games were held every 4 years. The athletes competed naked and rewarded with a wreath of olive branches. In 393 AD the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, forbade the continuation of the Olympics because it was pagan. The revival was made by

the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin and the Greek Dimitrios Vikelas 1896 in Athens. With the effort of reviving the Olympic Games wanted to bring the Olympic spirit, the values were represented as the ethics, pride, love for the land, respect, strength, love for peace and reconciliation among nations.

The Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens The Olympic flame is a symbol of the games. The flame represents the effort to win. The sacred flame is lit by the sun's rays in Olympia. Phoebus and Athena were the symbols (mascot) for the Olympic Games. The basic pattern of the opening

ceremony was the presentation of traditional Greek culture and history starting from mythology and reaching up to modern Greece. Greece took in a total of 16 medals, 6 gold, 6 silver and 4 bronze.

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20.2 Types of entertainment

The ancient Symposia: The Greeks of ancient times were people who loved fun. The symposium (word meaning "gathering of people who drink") was one of the most popular entertainments of the Greeks. Dancers, acrobats and musicians filled the

entertainment of the concentrated.

Dance: The dance is connected with

people and their life. There is, for the Greeks a complete way to live in the world because they believe that dance is knowledge, art and religion together.

Cantada (serenade): Another form of entertainment consisted of cantada mainly in the Ionian Islands and later in Athens. The songs are usually accompanied by guitars and mandolins. The festivals: The life of the Greeks is closely connected with the festivals. These had an important place in life especially rural and the people danced there traditional Greek dances.

Night life: Greece is famous for its very lively night life. The most popular entertainment is the Greek Bouzouki. Breaking dishes and throwing flowers is the usual method of expressing pleasure. There are many restaurants and taverns where you can enjoy folk music with food and reasonable prices. But there are many types of events that give a quality of life for people and a cultural touch in their daily lives, like evening plays and

performances in open theaters, festivals, ballets, concerts and summer movies. (Athens Concert Hall)

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SOURCES

http://www.ime.gr/chronos/gr/

http://odysseus.culture.gr/

http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Main_Page/

http://www.namuseum.gr/

http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/

http://www.cycladic.gr/frontoffice/portal.asp?cpage=node&cnode=1&clan

g=0

http://www.emst.gr/GR/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.benaki.gr/

http://www.greekhistory.gr/

http://www.endymasies.gr/en/costumes.htm

http://www.culture.gr/culture/gindex.jsp

http://www.nationalgallery.gr/site/content.php

http://www.united-hellas.com/tourism/index-gr.htm

http://video.minpress.gr/wwwminpress/aboutgreece/

http://el.wikipedia.org/

Bibliography in details is available in the Greek Edition of Hellenic Panorama