28 EVDIKIA 1120081

[lp6ororro, rour6rqro ror erepdrqro' r Tou Paul R.icoeuroro tpYa

C ons tanga Ma"c . "Je ' a " - ^ l

Kqerlyqrpro rnS Orloooqioq oro flqvErflorrlpro Sao Paulo, Brazil

I. II Cworo aoo zrpoodrzolr oro €p1o tou Paul Ricoeur

Kord Tov Ricoeur 'np6o0Jno €ivqr, Kqrd npcirrov, *6,r uTropqoid<s pro ouun€preopd,plq flpoornlKi, plsv srreupiq" ('1),

' rl urepBqon r(l)v Ewotfv rrts ouv€i6no49, rao unoK€t-

ptvou,rou Eyti o ortlJzp:6i dvgp(l)nog, o onoiog BpioK€t ornv 6worq rr! KpionE 1o

"ouorqorlK6 onpddr Trlg Kqrdorooig 16rr" (2). H Kpioq eov€pdlv€Iql ptoa a.-.t p€rde€oq,Tnv qvrKqv6TrlTq rou olivxpovou qvepciirou vq yv('pi<€! Tl eaon lou oTov K6ofio, vq qvq-

yvulpilEr urq q|oBrp{ rspqpxiq qqdjv, rlpoKElpavou vq Kqr€ueiiv€r rrl 6pdol rou, Kor, T6 oE,ornv q6uvopiq Tou vq 6sxopi<€r rouE gi^ouE mr6 TouE owtrrdlouE. H Pl(r)ldvn on6 rovdvepujro Kpioq {errepvrfror, p6tug quT6( rrdp€r pipog o€ Litq €fitxEipnqn Ytq ivo oKor6,p6^lq eKqpdqFr pro rrEfioierlon n l|dp€t p.ov o'lopqon.

AiIn Kqrnyopiq, esu€IrqKli yrq rrlv Kqrqv6norl rnq 6woto( Tou npoociJnou orov RicoeurEivqr o Xp6voE, oTo paTpo lrou 10 vq q€r p6oq orov Xpovo onpqivtl Ylq rov dvopo.Jfio 6a-opeuol, drqpKll u flor6rqrq oTlv €tl^Eypcvn rorerieuvo4". AuTi n trtoT6Tnrq uridpx€r orrlpi(q TnE npoo(])nrKiE Tqur6Trlrqg rrou crroKq^Um€Tqt p6oq ornv fip6eEoq rnE €TEp6TnrqE,€iTe p€ oKo[6 rnv qvqwd]proq rqE 6rqgopdq Kqr rn orlyKpouon IiE d,Mq unoheipEvq. €irE Ll€qKor16 vq KqTqqr{o€r rg ouyKpoloaS drqripqypqre0otpeE ouwqrprd4ovro( rl€rq KqlnoArTrK(. \

Iro reipevo "npoo€yyioEr( rou npooLlrrou" (3) o er^6ooeoq ouvoqJtE€l Kql €ppqoivtl Tne€@pio rou. Opi<ovrqs ro rrp6o(,)no (.)E or<ior1 (rp6ro) <cdng ouvod€l rov optopo p€ provqnoqJn yrq rnv rirfi6rrlrq -oTov Xp6vo, qro sour6 pqE, o€ utq utr6eson-oKono Kor orqvqvqvv6prqq rqE sr€p6Tnrqg. H pE,\iTn 6teup0v€rqt UE rrlv avdnruqq quroU Tou o 911600-eo( qrroKql€i TaoqEpq €r.int6q prqg €punv€urtKriE qqtvousvo^oYiqg rou npooclnou, r'ou€KeiT€r qro a i6rcg Ey(i @g d^Aog \4). Tu riooEpq €tritr€6q tivor: I YILlooq, n npdqn, n6r{ynon, o qerK6E Bioq, U€ qwro-rorxlq qrov uoprloowo dvepoino, orov 0p6wq dvep(n-rio, oTov qqnynr{, orov urlsleuvo dvep(l)lro, Kqt npoodlop(ouv rnv rprq6lK4 6oln Trlq

norK|is, nou ouvoqJiE€Tqr qlov Xpuqofv Kqv6vs: " vq 4etg rov Piov rov KqI6v, pe -Kql Ytq-rouE a^Ioug, pioq ot diKotouE e€opot]E". :' dur{ rn 6opn qvTloTorx€i

" n n6rK{ oaorqonrou rpood)]rou (5). H snldiurgrl Tou eu (nv spnEptix€l rnv qurotKriprlorl Kql Tnv lKov6Trlrqrng 'rrpoe€flKnE bpdong geU€^|(l)pivqE ot ioYtKo0E Kqv6vsE. To r[p6oqj1To Eivql opq rorKqv6 ourotpoodroploilo0 (6) Kor rKqv6 vq vrdest ayvolq Ylq rous dMouq, €uYvupoo[vrl,ouorPqr6rnrq, Kqedg Kqrro lKqv6 yrq 6rKoroo[vn.(7)

H |6es rou 1eoug - "ayvorqg yrq rov equr6 pqE, rov dilov Kql TouE osoUoog, 6q Btt-elio€r rov Ricoeur vq "6rsp0v€r lv iworq rou npoo6lrou ,\opBtivowog urr' 6vlv rlqoiyxpovsE 6p€uv€E yrq rn y^djooq, rnv npdEq, rq 6lnYnon, (B).

H epB<iouvoq ornv iworq rou tpoocijrrou ouw€l€iTqt pE Tov 6td^oYo ps rouq Qlloo6-

Or BrphoypdrprKts floponopnEg oro K€ipevo rurv urioorlp.tdrosLov eo fiptfi€l vq qvq44Trleo0v orgo€li6€q rou qKolou€olv ps rqv rpurr6Turrq dronlTaujon rl'v oKiqr€{rrv rlg ouYYpoqaoE oln Yo^llKl

lI

EvArKra 8 []0081

eouE rrlE y^6oooE. l\,4tkiJvrqE o dvepojnos odnv€i rlv slnEtpiq oTn v^6oo.q Kqt rrlvKqerorq onlJqivouoq. :ro €r-rin€6o rns onlqvflKnE To rip6o'ono vivrrot t6rqiTEpo U€ Tq eni-e€ro Kqt rE b€tKTlKaE qw{]JVUl.lirg rrou €TlTpaTrouv rov Kqeoptou6 Tou, Tlv rqurorToirlo{Tou. To np6ocdno €ivor'npdlrq avq odjpq p€roqa d^I(l)v or'JpdTUJv, oro efii.r€do 6p{rE Tulvvsyov6Tov To €VA Kst to €o, e€UqToriotorjvTql Kql ijnopo{Ue vo otqKpivouf€, c'In e€opiqTOrv €v€py€t6v TnE ogtliqg,T|E rKgpqqflKcE svapystEE -qfiiis ]rpor{io€r(- Kql !g svapv€tss6fiou q yidjooo npqyuqTorrotei KdTt, 6T(,E ornv uTT6qX€oq, rl trpo€ldonoinqn, rqv qn€t,44. M€ qesrnpio qur6 rov XqpqKTnpt0!6 rrlg yr\tirooog o qrtr6ooqo( €tsdyst oxao€rg U€rqqUerloqogiqg rnE ylcijooog Kor qvdiuonq TnE ewolqE Tou 46ou9.

"'O,\eg", Afer, <or €vapysrsE irlg ol.rrliqg pTTopolv vq Eovqypqqo0v ps rov qK6^oueorp6r-ro: "6rl^6v@", "uT6oxopqr",

'fipo€r6onor6" KiT. Eg6oov €iuqt Tp6Tq oJE optirlTiqul|soeuvog v' quror.poo6toprord] n quTo€KTipno'n trponyriTqt cnqv nponetKn rnE oqpooio "191.

H ou<{Tnon 6XEr vv6propq rnv npoogdJvnqll pou qn6 Tov dilov: (quronpoo6roproir6gKqr rTpooecirvrloq €ivqr qporlSqiq 600 Kqt n qurosKripnorl Kor I Uaprpvq, (10).

A€dou,vou 6Tr Kqv€iE 6ev reeupiqK€l rrl V^riooq, qII'6^0r eipqor€ s\r/€ypoppivor oTnyldroqq oJE e€ou6, o grl6ooqoe 6€iXV€r rnv qwtqrotxiq TnE "y^utoolKrig rptd6oE: iKepq-on, ou(nrnorl, y^drooq uls e€ou69 Kqt rprdboE rou 46ouS: quro€Kriunol, p6puvq, diKqtoleeouof,,(1 1). O 6Eop6g p€roq[ Turv 6io rpldoojv entruyx{iv€Tot IJE rrtv un6oxEort, xvtpyEt.lTnE opiliqE qild Kst neKi dtoryUon, qqoii n €KnllipuJoq rnE urT6ox€ong rivoi Kqr . ou,ToouyKporloq qrqv TquT6TflTq quToi Trou ut'rooxaerlK€ Kqr quTo0 nou 0q ripdE€t q0plo, 6,TruJq unooxlo4Ks" (12). npooorro eivqt aTot o tKqvog vq auToouyKpqT€iTqt Kqt vq ouToa-KTrUdTq| o dvepojnog rrou ouv66srcr p€ Tov diiov U€ ptq 6oprl rrqToT|Kri, (n orToiq €6pd-(eror orrlv epnrorooUvn Kqe€v6g orov ̂ 6yo Koe€v6g "(13), ornv qporFqiq ovovvdrpron.

To np6o{rrro €ivor (uBoKEiU€vo rTou sv€py€i Kqt uroqap€t" (140, o dvepc'JnoE, nou (l)EuTToKeip€vo rKqv6 yrq un€0euvn bpdqrl eivqt €€ioou rKqv6E vq otrqvTio€t oTq €pujT4pqrq:Troroq, yrqTi, 6nlq6i Eivqr rKqv6E yrq Kqrq^oyrop6, rrporopouiia, svlipy€ro UE oKorrd Kql6pdon pe TouE d^Ioug. H ovopdJrlvn 6pdon €yypdq€rqt orq p€rpnTtKd ouafrlpqrq r4E urr€poxns, er(l)pnpfvn6 pe qvqgopo oro €rTirr€dd €rlruxiqE n qr-roruxiss, n Ue Tnv netKionpooiq, TqE pcpruvqs Tou €quro!, rnE liptl lvqg Tou di^ou, T(l)v esop6v. O Ricoeur ouv-eeroriorsi Tnv lworq Tou npoo.bnou p€ Tnv Etoqy(l)yti rou <Xp6vou orq ouvKp6Tnon TourTpoodrnou> (15) Kqr rnE d/4y4pqTKng raur6rlrdg nou Kdv€t ro]rp6oojiro " 6rqyripqTrKrisv6Tnrq prqE (cortg" (16).

H olq^eKTrKn rou 'patou rl( 6rdpKErq( proq un6orqqnE paoo olov Xpovo - Kqt roui6rou Kdt 6X! 6/1,1o(F Tl quvKpdTnorl rou €quro6 fiqp{i TtE qilqyis- eKTUIioo€Tqt oro soc0-replK6 prqg drqylpivlE rsropiog, quvdiowqE rou( 6Uo rr6^ouE rrlg rour6rnrqE:rnv rqu-T6Tnrq idem Kqr rqv rqur6Tnrq ipse. H oelynon qvqd€rKvU€t Tq nollqnid VEVov6Tqp'oE <orrlq. Enin^6ov, Kde€ ((,l,l qvqptyvU€rqt pE qII€E toropi€E <(l)Rq EpqvpqrdJvowqEiTor rqv rv6Tnrq rou rquroi Kor rou €T6pou oE pro rqropiq 6^{rv. Talo(, n €T€p6T4Tqouv66.Tqr "U€ Tn ouUPoIi rou Tlldopqrog orn ouyKp6rnon TnE rquT6rnrdE pog" (17):qvoyvLopi(oup€ TouE €ourotE pq( Uaoq oTlg loTopi€( TUJV TrpoqdrT@v €v6q pueto-topti-pqToE, €v6E ep0^ou rl roroprKLiJv y€vovort v. Zot3lJE, gqvTqsrqKdj ptov dMl <@i, Utqv qlln6uvcr6rrlro rrpoypdrujong Trlq ((]]flq Uqg, KqetqfdJvTqg ouveeT6Tepn Tn yv6on rou €ouro0 pqq Kq|rn yv6on rou d^Aou Zo0p€ rn (ulri fqs qlov XLlpo rou qqwqoTtKo! urq €dvErTp6K€rro vrq rn (oili Kd]rorou dMou.

Auro ro norxvi6r rour6rrlrdq -€T€p6Tnrq( TpqypqrdjvErqt o. otdeopq EtriTr€oq: TnE €q€-

29

30 EVDTKTA 8 120081

privnolq rou oouv€rdrllou (TnE rlo olK€iqE €r€p6rnrqg), rnE YldloqoE, rnE npdEnE, rn(

Oriynonq Kdr, iror, Kqrql{y.r o€ pqerTepl Kor ouveEr6rspn l6io rou rpood}nou.

O dvop('noq €ivsr irp6o(r)fio oro UliTpo nou tivql lKqv6( vo Kqv€l isKTlKIi Tnv quroq-

vqeop{i iou, €v6vowqg Trlv noIAqnI6TrlTq rng<(r}{E Tou U,oq orov Xpovo, l.l€ Tn ouv-

Oeoq qurri( rnE noMqiTi6TqrqE ctrn 6tfvnqq, quroqvqYvu]pl(6psvo( Kql qvqYv(')pi<owq<

roug dliouE ovgpdlrouq (,C alter ego rou.

II. H qoKri tqg erep6rqtog

H norKn BpioK€rqt orov dEovq rou oroxqouof rou Paul Ricoeur' AriorsitiTqv qQErnpid

rou np.irrou onpdwlKo0 apyou rou nou gaper rcu rir^o @t\ooo.p(q Tng PoiLnonE. nEpdfirq-rd Kqt €vox1. o ogdA\uv dveputrag. H oupPoAIKi Tou KqKoti.:ro ,pYo quT6 o QrI6ooQo(eeolpri XqpqKTrlprorK6 TIE qvep6ntvng Kqr{iqrqqng Tov lrovo Ylq rov I'rpboKqlpo Xdpo-Krripo rns 0r.GpqrlE, ouvrorcaoq Tou nerispoop,vou Kql evnroi 6vroE, Kql e6Tel ro <nrnpqrou oKono, rrlg (o.rrig ror ro np6p^npq rou KqKo6. EUlrv€optvoE on6 Tov l€po Auvouflivo

brspEuvd rnv qvepdlrrtvn Kqrdorqqn Kql To luqliplo rou KqKoo. AeiXV€l rn onuqoio TUJV

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nciJvfl Trlv rppnvturKri r{tv pogujv Kqt urroornpi<€l 6Tl rl qnooqglivlorl rouE qriorel€i 066quroyvuroiqE.

O Ricoeur 6rqBeForti)v€t 6Tt I quToYvolqio 6€v Eqqw^€irol or4v dpaorl rrpogdvElq rou

cogito (oK,rnoliot Kqr 6T| n qirigelq Vlq rouE equrooc UqE qv€upioKETql p,oul r@v U{e(L)v,rLov ovsip@vi Tn( rloinqng, rrou xprlorlJo]roloriv oupgollKi Y^6ooq. AuTi n ouppollKrl

vi6ooo, rqE onoiqg XqpqKTqproTlK6 tivqr n 6lon!iq, I6YLo rou rlolrou rIiE onpqoiq(, ltr-

Toupysi ripog rnv Kqr€0euvol TnS qnoKdlu\uns Kol ouvdpq rrl( oroKpuqrrl( Tou ouqqorl-

Ko! €ivqr pqg: 066g npoE Trlv quroYvojoiq, "ouv€idrlon lgtQpoip€vn] ult 6pYov"(18) H uE-

vdlq Trp6Kinoq yrq rov Kqeavq €ivql vq Yivfl o equr6s rou, vq ouv€lSnTonolrloel rls 6uvqr6-

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dv8poiroE. :' qureE TtE nsplox,E To qv0p6rlvo ov, ovolKT6 qinv unappqorl Kql qrov Ko-

ol..ro, €puJr6wqq Tlv tpuxti rou npo('nqeEi vq 6rlploupYl'loEl u€ ro CpYq Tou uopqf( aKQpq-

onq Kor qvqlnrnorlq rou €v6opuXou UUqrrlpiou rou

H Tpoorqyn Tqg quToyvcooiqE sivqt rlelKrl e]rlrqYrl. H quToouvEibnorl Eivql lrp6rlors rll-

or6Tnrq orov €qur6 IrqE, trpqYpdrojon Tou ir€npulpcvou Pqq. o dvepuirioE pueiqrrql qinv

€o@r€plKi (ur{ Tou, oTo nqp€le6v rou VE trt pvipn, Uao(' rnE eqirqorlE rov U{re(l)v Kqr r(,v

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BpioK€r Tnv rour6rrlrd rou, Kqeopq€Tor t'JE r|p6ooro, qvqYvQpiq€l rrq lKqv6Tnrfg Tou Kqlqvqyv('pi<sl ro d Io qvepdjtrlvo gv ug qvq\oYav, alter ego, ujg rov dllov nou rov snlB€-

Bqrdlvsr Kqr yrq rov o]roiov urrdpxel.

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v€tdv, Kat fi€pi €ppnvsiqg. AaKiplo nav(D oTov Qp6uvT Auri n nelK{ qnqirrlorl ouv6iflql uernv r6iq 6r q ouvti6non €ivqr ipYov ror 61t dpeoo 6s6o!avo Eni n^,ov, qurn n €lrrrqY{qnoKq^rni€r rq 6sfT€prl onpqoiq mg ouvqvrnorlE p€ Tnv sTtp6rnrq: Tnv qvqKq^ul]Jn Touqouv€rdrlrou, Tou AMou" Uaoq o€ pqgTous i6louE, Tnvmo utxlq €T€p6rnrq pqE

Apvo0Uevoq vq lquriqet rov dvep(t)lro pe To unoK€ip€vo rnE dpEong ouveidnonE, ro Ksp-

T€orqv6 cogilo o Ricoeur sqETd<er ro €l]r6dlq rrou ouvqwd o {ivep(,)]roE npoKellJ,vou vqggdoEr ornv quroyvoJoiq. M€I€rd rtg qKofq'€E ouvlqltilo€g rns qruxliE, rouE Tpoo6loplqrF

KroUofg, Tq Kivnrpq, nou rtpritr€t vo 6tepeuvngoiv, 6n^q64 rqv qpxqlo^oYiq rou unoKslpi-

EYATKTA 8 [2008]

vou- To apyo Tou Op6uw oupFdller orrogooroirrd o'qurrl rrlv Kqrsieuvo.n rng quTovv{ljoi,qq. n€floupy€i 6nog or U0eot rou KqKod, roug onoiouE o et^6ooeoS ee(l)p€i psTqeopfE inEqvep6rrvng KqrdorqonE rrou urr6KEtrqt oro crKo0oto, clrnv fiepqr6rnrq.. H U€I6Tn rou ou^-IoyrKorl Kor oroprro{ nopeA06woE laoo 016 TouE p0eouE Kql Trlv Uuxav{i^uon aeeoe rqnpcirrq orddrq rnE 6r€0puvonE rns ouvridnong Kqlrlg €pnEtpiqE rns €Tep6rqrqE.

To qouvsidnro €ivqr o {i^Iog p6oq pqE, ro ar€pov Tqq dpEonE ouv€ionons Kqt evepyeind-v(l) o'quriv qtT€tIdJWqE Tnv €I€uerpio rrlg. Eivdt or LUUXtKig duvdpsrE oflg otToi€( 6€vKUprqpxorlpE, or oKorEtv6s rleupag pqg. M€ rov dtdiovo po<i rouE, Udouj Ljrq( npoqnde€tqgKqrqv6qonE, qrroooqrlvrorlg rou UuoTnpiou rous KqTqg,pvoupe vq psivouu€ Tloroi orovEouTo uq(.

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EYAIK] A. 8 120081 33

pour une cause, explme

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Personne, identit6 et alt6rit6 chez Paul Ricoeur

Co ns tanq a A4 a r .o ndes C esa l

P ro fesseur de l a ph i l osoph ie , Sao Pau lo , B raz i i

I . La notion de personne chez Paul Ricoeur

Qu'est-ce que la personne, pour Ricoeur? C'est, d'abord, " le support d'une attitude,d'une perspective, d'une aspiration... " C'est le d6passement des concepts de conscience,sujet, moi, pour dire I'homme d'aujourd'hui, qui trouve, dans la notion de crise " le repdreessentiel de sa situation o-. La crise se manifeste dans le d6placement, c'est-d-dire dansI'incapacit6, pour l 'homme contemporain, de savoir quelle est sa place dans le monde, dansl'incapacit6 de reconnaitre une hi6rarchie stable de valeurs, afin de guider son action, etdans l' impossibilit6 enfin de distinguer les amis des adversaires.

La crise v6cue par l 'homme est d6pass6e lorsqu'il prend partiune conviction. ou orend une d6cision.

Une autre cat6gorie, fondamentale pour la compr6hension de la notion de personnechez Ricoeur, est la cat6gorie de temps, dans la mesure oii vivre dans le temps signifiepour I'homme l'engagement, la " fid6lit6 a une direction choisie", tout au long de la dur6e.Cette fid6lit6 se trouve a la racine de l' identit6 personnelle, d6couverte en vue d'une alt6rit6,soit pour reconnaitre la diff6rence et le conflit avec les autres sujets, soit pour rendre lesconflits n6gociables, en reliant l '6thique et la poiitique.

C'est dans le texte *Approches de la personne D , que notre philosophe r6sume saconception de personne, en I'approfondissant. A la d6finition de personne par une attitude,il joindra une m6ditation sur la fid6lit6 -dans le temps, a soi et a une cause-, ainsi que sur lareconnaissance de l'alt6rit6. Cette 6lude est encore 6largie par Ie d6veloppement de ce quenotre penseur appelle les quatre niveaux d'une ph6nom6nologie herm6neutique de 'a personne, expos6s dans Soi-meme comme un aulre'. Ces quatre niveaux sont: le langage,I'action, le r6cit, la vie 6thique; ils correspondent e " I 'homme parlant, I 'homme agissant [...],I 'homrne narrateur t...1, l 'homme responsable" et indiquent la structure ternajre de l'6thique,r6sum6e dans la rdgle d'or: "vjvre la vie bonne, avec ei pour les aulres, en des institutions

' ntCOgUR, P., "N/eurt le personnallsme, revient la personne", in RICOEUR, P., LectLrres 2, Paris,Seuil , 1992, p. 198.' ra. , io io. , p. tss.

3 ld., ibid., pp. 203-221.

4 Paris, Seuil , 1990.