ΚΟΣΩΝ gold staters snd silver drachmae : a die study / Jean Hourmouziadis

8/20/2019 ΚΟΣΩΝ gold staters snd silver drachmae : a die study / Jean Hourmouziadis

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REVUE ---------------------------------------------------NUMISMATIQUE

Dirigée parC. Morrisson, M. Amandry,

M. Bompaire, O. Picard

Secrétaires de la rédactionC. Grandjean

A. Hostein

ISSN 0484-8942

2010(166e volume)

SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE DE NUMISMATIQUE

Diffusion : Société d’édition « Les Belles Lettres »2010

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COMITÉ DE PUBLICATION

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CHARGÉ DES COMPTES RENDUSM. A. Hostein ([email protected])

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SOMMAIRE

HOMMAgE JEAn-nOL BARRAndOn

Biblioraphie es travaux e Jea-noël Barrao 5

Témoignages

Jean-Pierre CALLU – La aissace ’u projet, la RCP 483 (1974-1976) 23

Hélène NICOLET-PIERRE – Recherches sur la compositio métallique e quelquesséries de monnaies antiques frappées dans le monde égéen 27

Olivier PICARD – Vingt-cinq ans de recherches sur les monnaies grecques avecJea-noël Barrao 35

Françoise DUMAS – de Philippe Auuste à Charlemae. Recherches sur l’aretes moaies e compaie e Jea-noël Barrao 41

Articles

Gérard AUBIN avec la collaboration de Sylvia NIETO – Liaisons de coins et orgaulois 51

Frédérique DUYRAT, Julien OLIVIER – deux politiques e l’or. Séleucies etLagides au IIIe siècle avant J.-C. 71

Thomas FAUCHER – Gravure et composition métallique des monnaies lagides .... 95

Suzanne FREY-KUPPER, Clive STANNARD – Les imitations pseudo-Ebusus/Massaliaen Italie centrale : typologie et structure, présence dans les collections et dansles trouvailles de France 109

Jea-noël BARRANDON (†), Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Arwen GAFFIERO – Les émissionsd’as au type divvs avgvstvs pater frappées sous Tibère : l’apport des analysesà leur datation et à leur interprétation 149

Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND, Marc BOMPAIRE, Cécile MORRISSON – Platine et plombdans les monnaies d’or mérovingiennes : nouvelles perspectives analytiques .... 175

Lucile BECK, Élise ALLOIN, Ulrich KLEIN, Thierry BOREL, Claire BERTHIER, AnneMICHELIN – Le trésor e Preuschorf (Bas-Rhi) XVIIe siècle. Premiers résul-tats d’une étude pluridisciplinaire 199


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François de CALLATAŸ – Les plombs à types monétaires en Grèce ancienne : mon-

aies (ofcielles, votives ou cotrefaites), jetos, sceaux, pois, épreuves ou

fantaisies ? 219

Louis BROUSSEAU – Le monnayage des Serdaioi revisité 257

Jean HOURMOUZIADIS – ΚΟΣΩΝ gol Staters a Silver drachmae - A die Stuy 287

Aurel VÎLCU, Bogdan CONSTANTINESCU, Roxaa BUGOI, Cătălia Păuna – Someconsiderations on Dacian gold coins of Koson type in the light of compositionalanalyses 297

Giovanni GORINI – La monetazione di Ariminum 311

Pierluigi DEBERNARDI – Plated coins, false coins? 337

Shpresa GJONGECAJ – Le monnayage de Phoinikè sous l’empire romain 383

Sylviane ESTIOT – propos ’u méaillo iéit e l’usurpateur Julie (284-285 Ad) : so rèe et so moayae 397

Georges GAUTIER – Ue justicatio opportue u système tétrarchique par

l’image monétaire de diffusion courante : la série de nummi à bustes accolésémise à Trèves e 298 ap. J.-C. 419

Vincent DROST, Sylviane ESTIOT – Maxece et le portrait militaire e l’empereuren Mattiobarbulus 435

Henri POTTIER – Le moayae e la Syrie sous l’occupatio perse (610-630).Complément 447

Vincent GENEVIÈVE, Guillaume SARAH – Le trésor de deniers mérovingiens de

Roez (Aveyro). Circulatio et iffusio es moayaes ’aret as leSud de la France au milieu du VIIIe siècle 477

Jérôme JAMBU – Ue histoire e la Moaie e Cae à l’époque moere (1693-1772) 509

François THIERRY – La moaie u Xijia as eux ouvraes récets 537

Bulletin bibliographique 553

Supplément : Françoise DUMAS – Jea Lafaurie (1914-2008) 609

Index 615

Instructions aux auteurs 627

Table des matières 633

ARTICLES


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RN 2010, p. 287-296

Jean HOURMOUZIADIS*

ΚΟΣΩΝ Gld Staters and Silver Drachmae - A Die Stdy

Summary – The cinage in the name f ΚΟΣΩΝ incldes gld staters and silver drachmae withthe same icngraphy. A die stdy shws that three bverse and ten reverse dies in three separategrps were sed fr the staters. The drachmae were strck with an identical pair f dies frmne f these grps.

Zusammenfassung – Im Namen des ΚΟΣΩΝ gibt es Gldstatere nd Silberdrachmen gleicherIkngraphie. Eine Stempelstdie eigt, daß für die Statere drei Vrder- nd ehn Rückseitenstempelin drei getrennten Grppen verwendet wrden. Die Drachmen wrden mit einem Stempelpaaras einer dieser Grppen geschlagen.

1. Introduction

Gld staters issed in the name f ΚΟΣΩΝ frm Transylvania have beenknwn since the early 16th c. AD. The earliest mst freqently qted referenceis a letter f Erasms f Rtterdam t Jhn Tr, dated Agst 31st 1520

(ALLEN 1922, p. 332, Nr. 1137). Erasms gave a gd descriptin f the icngra-phy bt it is difclt t cmprehend that he cld nt identify any inscriptin.It is nt clear if he had actally seen a cin himself r if he had the infrmatinfrm hear say. Histrically the rle f a rler by the name f ΚΟΣΩΝ is ntvery clear. Literary srces refer t similar names nly and researches haveften tried t establish histrical cnnectins t the cins. Icngraphically thestaters are assciated with cins f Brts which shw a similar prcessin fcnsl and lictrs. Finally the lcatin f the nds sggests a Dacian rigin.These aspects f the nmismatic prblem have been discssed extensively in

the literatre.

The cins have srvived t r days in very large nmbers. In 1540/1545an extremely rich treasre was fnd in Transylvania (THOMPSON et al. 1973). Itcntained mre than 40 000 gld staters, the majrity f the Lysimachs typeand the rest in the name f ΚΟΣΩΝ. The vale f the nd was s impressivethat several chrniclers frm the German pplatin f Siebenbürgen feltbliged t mentin it. I. Martian qtes several sch reprts and cncldes thatthere is n dbt that a large treasre was discvered in the vicinity f theStrei rivlet (MARTIAN 1921).

* Rembrandtstr.43, D-141612 Falkensee, Germany. Mail: [email protected].


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JEAN HouRMouzIADIS288

RN 2010, p. 287-296

A later majr nd was made in 1804. Hngarian fcials arrested Rmanianpeasants, wh were trying t nd byers fr antiqe gld cins. Frm the inter-rgatin the athrities identied the site f the nd in the rins f Gradistea-orastie. Tw thsand sldiers, peasants and serfs were sent t search the site. Theprceedings are described in great detail by S. Jakó, spprted by transcriptinsf riginal dcments (JAKÓ 1996, 1998). He reprts that n April 30th 1804a special crier delivered a bg with 987 pieces f ΚΟΣΩΝ gld cins t theTreasry f Hnedara (Eisenmarkt).

The latest large nd was the hard f Târsa (1996) with mre than 1 000 cins,f which mre than 500 cld be retrieved and are nw preserved in three

cllectins in Rmania (DIMA et al. 2007). This hard has ften been sed frnmismatic stdies by Rmanian researchers. Finally, L. Mntean has pttgether a cmprehensive list f the ΚΟΣΩΝ stater nds and presented a verydetailed icngraphic analysis (MUNTEANU 2002, 2003).

In the early 2000s tw types f silver drachmae in the name f ΚΟΣΩΝappeared n the market:

- Cpying the gld staters with the inscriptin KoΣΩN

- Imitating Macednian First Regin tetradrachmae with the inscriptinKoΣΩN / ΔPoYEIΣ

The present stdy has been cndcted with the prpse f identifying themain characteristics f the dies f the frmer and determining cmmn featreswith the staters and, with the help f frther infrmatin f arriving at a prelimi-nary cnclsin abt their athenticity.

2. Gold Staters Obverse Dies

The rst cmprehensive pblicatin n KoΣΩN staters was prepared byM. Bahrfeldt (BAHRFELDT 1912). He reviewed 112 specimens and separatedbverse dies with and witht a mngram. Bahrfeldt felt he cld identifythree different types f mngrams. C. M. Petlesc (PETULESCU 1997) even felthe cld determine ve different grps in the Târsa hard (MUNTEANU 2003,p. 247). The investigatin yielded the well-knwn three bverse dies, illstratedin Figre 1, with the distinctive characteristics listed in Table 2, tw f whichhave a mngram. obvisly there can nly be tw types f mngrams, as hasalready been sggested by L. Mntean and ther researchers. Differences can

be attribted t wear, pr strike r rewrking f the die. L. Mntean identiesthe mngrams as a “simple” and a “cmplex” design. He ntes that frm astdy f the Târsa (1996) hard the frmer is assciated with rgh and rigiddie engravings, whereas the latter shws a ner and mre carefl die design.


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ΚΟΣΩΝ Gold StaterS and Silver drachmae - a die Study 289

RN 2010, p. 287-296

a B c

Fg 1 - KoΣΩn s bs ps.

tb 1 - obs ss.

Die Type A B C

Characteristic

Fss f s

- s, pp bf, x

- g w x

- s x

s

s

s

Fs w p f s’ gs 3 5 3 sg

nk f s s g g

Fs w p f s’ g fw fwck w bk f g g s

mg “px” “sp”

ΚΟΣΩΝ: s p s s s

ΚΟΣΩΝ: b bw Σ bs s

ΚΟΣΩΝ: o g s

ΚΟΣΩΝ: Ω g g g b s,

ΚΟΣΩΝ: n g g g bs s s,

t g s b p s ws. i s b sggs s Br f Br(utuS) oΛB f oΛB(ia). m. Bf s b w Gk sp, g b l.h fs p f Ss f Ba f ΒΑ(ΣΙΛΕΥΣ), sgs w s f t kg ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΗΣ (BAHRFELD 1912,p. 363). ts sg s spp b o. is pps b wp (iILIESCU 1990, p. 208-209).

cg, J. Wk s ss w g s w g bs s s f s b (WINKLER

1972, p. 187). l. m sgs, g s s s wg w f b s (MUNTEANU 2003, p. 247). S w g s kw, s sp b xp b b f sps b J. Wk f s.


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3. Gold Staters Reverse Dies

In a die stdy f the hard f Târsa (1996) M. Dima and D. Ilie identiedtw bverse (lwer) dies with mngram and six reverse (pper) dies (DIMA et al. 2007). The limited srvey f literatre and data frm the web cvering a ttalf 523 specimens perfrmed by the athr prdced ten reverse dies. The dif-ferences f the engraving amng the dies are qite prnnced and invlvemainly the wings and tail f the eagle, his beak, the claw hlding the wreath, theshape f the wreath and the nmber f leaves. The characteristics f the reversedies are listed in Table 2.

Table 2 - Reverse die characteristics.Die Type a b c d e f g h j k

Characteristic

Sceptre

- tches brder right

- thicker dt frm left

- small pellets abve frnt

n

n

n

yes

2nd

n

yes

n

n

yes

2nd

n

yes

2nd

yes

yes

2nd

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

?

1st

n

yes

n

n

Pellet beneath right claw yes n n n n n n n n faint

Small pellets abve sceptre n n n n yes n n n n n

Pellet at brder 7 ’clck n n yes n n n n n n n

Wreath

- circlar / val / irreglar

- nmber f leaves

- leaves eqally sied

circle

8

yes

circle

9

yes

circle

7

yes

circle

9

n

val

9

n

val

10

yes

val

7

yes

irreg.

7

yes

irreg.

8

n

val

8

yes

Right leg

- lifted high / lw

- talns lng / shrt

lw

lng

lw

lng

lw

shrt

lw

lng

lw

shrt

lw

shrt

high

shrt

lw

lng

lw

lng

lw

shrt

Eagle bdy pright n n n n yes n yes n n n

Beak

- sie large / small - bent twards wreath

largen

smalln

smalln

smalln

smalln

smalln

smalln

smalln

smallyes

smallyes

Neck feathers separated n n n n n n n yes n n

Bdy feathers shrt lng lng lng lng shrt lng lng lng lng

Right wing tches wreath yes yes yes yes yes n n yes yes yes

Left wing

- pper end crved / pinted

- nmber f rws f feathers

- feather rws end hrintal

crved

4

yes

pinted

4

yes

crved

4

yes

crved

4

yes

crved

4

yes

crved

4

n

crved

4

yes

pinted

4

n

crved

3

n

crved

4

yes

Tail - three separate feather rws

- end relative end f sceptre

- end far / at / clse t brder

yes

behind

clse

yes

befre

far

yes

befre

far

yes

befre

far

yes

befre

far

yes

at

far

yes

at

far

yes

at

far

n

at

clse

yes

behind

clse


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ΚΟΣΩΝ GoLD STATERS AND SILVER DRACHMAE - A DIE STuDY 291

RN 2010, p. 287-296

The interesting bservatin fr the reverse dies is that they were sed inthree grps with nly ne f the bserve dies in each (DIMA et al. 2004, p. 36-39). There is n intercnnectin amng the bverse thrgh the reverse dies.The die cplings are: A / a, b; B / c, d, e, f and C / g, k, h, j (see Table 3).M. Dima and D. Ilie nte that they cld nt nd any indicatin that the bversedies were in se either at the same time r that a secnd die was made after therst ne was warn t. The three grps f staters were strck either at differenttimes after the previs dies had been destryed r at different mints.

Figre 2 - KoΣΩN stater reverse die types.

a b c

d e f

g h j

k


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Table 3 - Die freqencies.

Obverse Die Reverse Die Number of Specimens Total

Aa

b

255

1 255

B

c

d

e

f

90

96

32

17 240

C

g

h

j

k

6

14

3

5 28

Ttal 523

The average weights fr the three bverse die grps are A: 8.57 g, B: 8.37 gand C: 8.47 g. In the cins stdied nly tw specimens f the die grp C werenderweight at 6.38 g and 7.44 g respectively. These might have been trial strikes.

An nexpected reslt is that the stater with the “cmplex” mngram in thedie cmbinatin A / b was reprted fr a niqe specimen f the Târsa (1996)hard nly (DIMA et al. 2007, n.145). This is f relevance fr the stdy f thesilver drachmae.

Finally, anther bservatin shld be nted here. Tw t f three KoΣΩNcins witht mngram in the cllectin f the Berlin Münkabinett haveprbably been in the inventry since befre 1800 AD. one f them was rigi-nally part f the cllectin f the Palatinate, Pfal, (BEYER 1685, p. 194) thether was in the cllectin f Ansbach, Sthern Germany, knwn since 1791 AD.Bth cins later came int the pssessin f the Hhenllern in Brandenbrgand nally int the cllectins f the Berlin Münkabinett. The ther six speci-mens with mngram in the Münkabinett were prchased frm cllectrs whbilt p their cllectins in the 19th centry. Erasms f Rtterdam des nt

mentin a mngram in his letter t Jhn Trs either. This bservatin wldindicate that the specimens witht mngram in tday’s cllectins and incirclatin n the market are either individal nds r have riginated frm the16th c. Strei hard, althgh it was never psitively reprted that any f thesecins were f the type witht mngram.

The three treasr nds with sch large qantities f cins wld spprt thethery that the staters were issed t nance the civil war. The treasrers mighthave fnd themselves witht a recipient becase the war was ver and theirleader had been defeated. In this sitatin they decided t hide the hard t save

it frm the enemy. obvisly nbdy frm the escrt f the transprts was in apsitin t retrn and recver it. This wld sggest that the treasre wasintended fr the fnding f the military activities f Brts, which is the widelyaccepted scenari fr the histry f these cins tday.


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4. Silver Drachmae Copying the Gold Staters

The silver drachmae knwn tday are all f gd preservatin and mintingqality, althgh the reverse is sally ff centre. They are all f the bversetype with the “cmplex” mngram. Tracking their appearance in the market andin pblicatins, as far available, reveals the fllwing infrmatin (Table 4).

Table 4 - Silver KoΣΩN drachmae n the market in the years 2004 t 2008.

Date Reference/Auction

2004 Stambli, 4/87

6.12.2004 H. D. RAUCH, Vienna, 74/1946.12.2004 H. D. RAUCH, Vienna, 74/193

13.05.2005 New Yrk Sale IX/65

6.05.2005 H. D. RAUCH, Vienna, 75/124

6.05.2005 H. D. RAUCH, Vienna, 75/123

10.10.2005 GORNY &MOSCH, Mnich, 142/1219

2006 Private Cllectin Rmania

8.01.2008 CNG, Lancaster, Tritn XI/83

26.03.2008 H. J.BERK, Chicag, 158/214

12.04.2008 Artemide Aste XX/773.2008 H. J. BERK, Chicag, cc59862

3.2008 H. J. BERK, Chicag, cc59866









4.2008 Private Cllectin (Vilcu & Cojocaru, 2008)

26.05.2008 H. LANZ, Mnich, 141/105

The nmismatist H. J. Berk, Chicag, declares (private cmmnicatin) thatabt 100 cins have appeared in the market ver the past ten years and abt75 % f them are f the type cpying the gld staters. After initial dbts he

nw believes that they are athentic. All f them were strck with the same pairf dies. These dies are A / b. Sch a cmbinatin was fnd nly in a singlespecimen f the Târsa (1996) treasre (DIMA et al. 2007). This wld indicatethat the reverse die was primarily sed fr minting silver drachmae.


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a

b

Figre 3 - KoΣΩN gld stater and silver drachma, die-pair A / b.

a - Stater AV, DIMA et al. 2007, n. 145

b - Drachma AR, CNG Tritn XI/83

The gld stater with the die b was dble strck. The reverse shws smedamage. The pper part f the left wing and parts f the tail f the eagle arelargely missing, althgh still recgnisable. It is nt nderstandable, why any-bdy shld rewrk this cin and try t remve these parts. The pper stampwas prbably nt clean and parts f the cavities were lled with sme freignmaterial. This might happen if any material had brken ff frm the blank atthe rst strike and stck in the stamp. In any case, the icn is sfciently clear

t permit the identicatin f the die.

A. Vilc and V. Cjcar reprted at the Pntica 2 cllqim in Cracw,n the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Flrescence (EDXRF) analysis f the metalcmpsitin f tw silver cins frm a private cllectin (VILCU et al. 2008).They cnclded that the material sed fr minting was n mdern ally bt lderthan 1850 AD. The cmpsitin was very similar t Thasian tetradrachmaesggesting the pssibility that sch cins were sed fr the prdctin f theKoΣΩN blanks r that the same kind f raw material was sed.

Secnd-hand infrmatin frm a srce in Rmania, claimed t be reliable,declares that these cins riginated frm a hard nd. It shld be nted thatthe drachmae dplicating the ΚΟΣΩΝ staters and the drachmae imitating theMacednian tetradrachmae are ften ffered in pairs in the marketplace. It is ntknwn if they were fnd tgether.

Smmariing this stdy it is cnclded frm the infrmatin available thatthe silver drachmae dplicating the staters are athentic antiqe cins.

5. Concluding Remarks

This stdy des nt prvide any evidence cntrary t the generally acceptedhistrical assmptin that the ΚΟΣΩΝ staters were issed t fnd the militaryperatins f Brts in the Civil War. They were prbably prdced t late,had t be hidden and very few, if any, reached mnetary circlatin.


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The die investigatin f 523 gld staters cnrms the bservatin f earlierresearchers that three separate grps were strck with ne bverse die in eachand n intercnnectin thrgh the reverse dies. The three grps f staterswere strck either at different times, after the previs dies had been destryed,r at different mints. The die grp witht a mngram is rather scarce and isrepresented with nly abt 5 % f the ttal nmber. Sme f these cins wereregistered in cllectins befre 1800 AD. These cins did nt riginate frm thelarge nds discvered in the 19th and 20th centries. N cins witht themngram were reprted frm the Târsa (1996) hard. This wld spprtthe assmptin that cins with mngram were strck later and were hardlycirclated.

Becase f the die identity f the 24 silver drachmae reviewed and ne gldstater specimen frm the Târsa hard, the material analysis pblished, and frtheravailable infrmatin, it is believed that the drachmae are athentic antiqecins. obvisly they were strck in the same mint as the gld staters with themngram and als very few, if any, reached mnetary circlatin.

Acknowledgment

The athr wld like t express his gratitde t M. Dima, cratr f theNatinal Bank f Rmania Msem, fr his spprt with infrmatin and material

frm the Târsa hard specimens in the cllectin f the msem.

References

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BAHRFELDT 1912: M. BAHRFELDT, Über die ΚΟΣΩΝ-Münzen, Berliner Münblätter, 1912,p. 251-255, 327-326, 360-369.

BEYER 1685: L. BEYER, Thesaurus Ex Thesauro Palatino Selectus, Sive Gemmarum Et

Numismatum Qvae In Electorali Cimeliarchio Continentur Elegantiorum Aere Expressa, Et Convenienti Commentario Illustrata Dispositio, Heidelberg, 1685.DIMA et al. 2004: M. DIMA, D. ILIE, Le trésor des monnaies de type Koson découvert à

Târsa, comm. de Boșorod, dép. de Hunedoara. Le lot conservé à la Banque Nationalede Roumanie, Simpin de Nmismatică, Chișină, 29.9.-2.10, 2004, EditraEnciclpedică, Bcrești, 2007, p. 35-66.

ILIESCU 1990: o. ILIESCU, Sr les mnnaies d’r à la Légende KoΣΩN, NAC , 1990,p. 185-213.

JAKÓ 1966: S. JAKÓ, Cercetari arhelgice la cetatea Grădiștea Mncelli în anii 1803-1804, Acta Musei Napocensis, 1966, p. 103-120.

JAKÓ 1968: S. JAKÓ, Date privitare la cercetările arhelgice Grădiștea Mncelli înanl 1803, I, Acta Musei Napocensis, 1968, p. 433-443.

JAKÓ 1971: S. JAKÓ, Date privitare la cercetările arhelgice Grădiștea Mncelli înanii 1803-1804, II, Acta Musei Napocensis, 1971, p.439-455.


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MARTIAN 1921: I. MARTIAN, Cmri Ardelene, Bletinl Scietăṭii NmismaticeRmâniei, Anul, 16, Nr. 37-40, Bcreşti, 1921.

MUNTEANU 2002: L. MUNTEANU, Despre descoperile monetare de tip Koson, Arheologia Moldovei, Academiei Rmâne, Bcreşti, 25, 2002, p. 253-270.

MUNTEANU 2003: L. MUNTEANU, Despre emiterea monedelor de tip Koson, Arheologia Moldovei, Academiei Rmâne, Bcreşti, 26, 2003, p. 241-264.

THOMPSON et al. 1973: M. THOMPSON, o. MORKHOLM, C. M. KRAAY, An Inventry fGreek Cin Hards, ANS, New Yrk, 1973.

VILCU et al. 2006: A. VILCU, Th. ISVOARANU, E. NICOLAE, Les mnnaies d’r de l’Instittd’Archélgie de Bcarest, Moneta, 57, Wetteren, 2006.

VILCU et al. 2008: A. VILCU, V. COJOCARU, On the Origin of Koson Type Coinage in the

Light of XRF Anaylses, Pntika, 2008, Internatinal Cllqim, Cracw, April21st-26th 2008.WINKLER 1972: J. WINKLER, Cnsideraţi despree Mneda “Ksn” (Betrachtngen über

die “KoSoN” Müne), Istorie Veche, 23, 1972, n. 1, p. 173-199.

ΚΟΣΩΝ gold staters snd silver drachmae : a die study / Jean Hourmouziadis

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