Αναστασιαδης Μιχαλης (Anastasiadis M), ΠΕΕΓΕΠ-PEEGEP, Φοινικες...

: 1 (), 2013 (15 ) Edition : 1st (EL), 2013 (April 15)

,

Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

. MSc, 2013,

A catalogue of selected freely available literature sources for understanding and management of Palm tree pests

Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

Michael P. Anastasiadis, Agronomist/Agricultural Engineer, MSc April 2013, Sparta, Greece

( ), .

85 . , 2010, .

The Municipal Garden of the Archaeological Museum (The Garden with the Statues), Sparta,

Greece. The Palm trees are over 85 years old. Grigoris Tsaggouris, 2010, Sparta, Greece.

: , . ELCA : . 26, 10680, . . 210 9570615, 210 9322234 Fax: 210 9570535, 210 9359210 Email: [email protected] www.peegep.gr

Published by: PEEGEP, Greek National Union of Agriculturist

Landscape Professionals and Contractors Representative for Greece to ELCA : the

European Landscape Contractors Association Didotu-26, Athens, T.K. 10680

Phone: ++30 210 9570615, 9322234 Fax: ++30 210 9570535, 9359210

Email: [email protected] www.peegep.gr

: . ,

Support : Association of Agronomists/Agricultural

Engineers of Laconia, Sparta, Greece

Copyright : .

Copyright : Michael P. Anastasiadis

(. ) Photograph (see also inside)

: Phoenix theophrasti, ,

. Greek Palm Society (2008).

Front page: Phoenix theophrasti palm grove, Vai,

Crete, Greece. Nikos Thymakis Greek Palm Society (2008).

: , . 65 .

(2013): , .

( 1950): .

Back cover: The row of Palm trees on Knstantinos XI Palaiologos Avenue, Sparta,

Greece. The Palm trees are now over 65 years old.

Large photo (2013): Grigoris Tsaggouris, Sparta, Greece.

Small photo (approximately 1950): Archive of the Georgiadis House of Photography Sparta,

Greece.

: Refer as:

, .. (2013), , Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, 1, .. 94, (......) & , -, * / +. [/] : http://www.peegep.gr

Anastasiadis, M.P. (2013), A catalogue of selected freely available literature sources for understanding and management of Palm tree

pests Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, 1st Edition, pp. 94, Greek National Union of Agriculturist Landscape Professionals

and Contractors (PEEGEP) & Association of Agronomists of Laconia, Athens-Sparta, Greece

[Greek / English]. Available [date] at: http://www.peegep.gr

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Paysandisia archon & Rhynchochorous ferrugineus. , , , , .

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Expressions of gratitude (..): Warm thanks are due to my family and close friends for their patience and practical help. I am most thankful to the members of the board of PEEGEP for the warm reception and adoption of the initiative and to the board of the Association of Agronomists off Laconia for their support. I am indebted to the Greek state, which through a childcare leave provided me with little but necessary free time for research, study and writing. Many thanks are due to D. Kontodimas (Benaki Phytopathological Institute) and N. Thymakis (Agronomist, Green consultant) for their affable response to the multitude of my questions, as also to D. Dimou (Phytosanitary service, Reg. Unit of Argolis) for his comments and for sharing his experience. I am grateful to V. Georgiadis, G. Tsaggouris, N. Thymakis and A. Gondora for letting me use their photographs. Last but not least, I owe many thanks to colleagues in the private sector A. Iliopoulos, K. Tatsis (TOPIODOMI), M. Tsakiridis (DENDROTECHNIKI) P. Papadakis, Th. Vaiopoulos (TANI), A. Spanellis, J. Konstandopoulos and especially J. Kanellis for the very useful discussions we had on the subject.

Short CV of M.A. Descent from Alexandria and Newcastle upon Tyne. Corinth 1970, Athens 1989, Sparta 2002 till today. Agronomist / Agricultural Engineer of the Agricultural University of Athens, Natural Resources Development department. MSc Environmental Policy & Management (Univ. of the Aegean). Worked in the private sector (1987 onwards, various jobs), at the Organic Products Certification Organisation DIO (19982001), at the Prefecture of Laconia (20022010) and from 2011 onwards is at the Municipality of Sparta with various responsibilities at the Dep. of Planning and Urban Green & at the Technical Services. Delegate at GEOTEE (Geotechnical Chamber of Greece), founding member of the Agronomists of the World and of the Greek Society for Arboriculture, member of the editorial board of the magazine Wellbeing & Nutrition. Has written a multitude of articles on the interface of agronomy and the environment. Married with two juvenile daughters.

Conflict of Interest. The author declares no conflict of interest. This work was done voluntarily and without any reimbursement whatsoever.

Contact. For any comment, addition, correction, etc (all are most welcome), please contact PEEGEP at [email protected] or the author directly at [email protected].

All links are functional on the date of completion. In case a link doesnt work try these options: a) copy the link and paste it on your browsers address line, b) search for the literature source title (e.g. for scientific papers on Scholar in case you use Google).

(2013), - Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus :

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4

, , : 16

32

I. ; , , , ,

33

II. .. 36

III. Paysandisia archon : 36

IV. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : 36

V Paysandisia archon 37

VI. & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : 38

VII. , , ( , )

41

VIII. , , 41

IX. 45

X. & (, ) 46

XI. : ( ) 48

XII. : ( ) 50

XIII. : Steinernema carpocapsae 52

XIV. : ( Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) 53

XV. : 56

XVI. : ( Beauveria bassiana P. archon, )

57

XVII. : & (IPM)

58

XVIII. 60

XIX. , Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

61

XX. ( & ) 65

XXI. 66

70

1. : ( Heterorhabdits bacterophora, Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisopliae, , ..)

71

2. & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : 75

3. () 76

4. , 78

5. (, ) 80

6. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus 82

7. () 84

8. : Top 20 93

Anastasiadis (2013), Palms, Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus: a literature catalogue

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Index

Introduction and Description of the Catalogue EL (GR) 4

History, current situation, some imaginative proposals : an extended comment EL (GR) 16

Catalogue 32

I. How do Palms work? Biology, Anatomy, Physiology, Composition, Water relations 33

II. Selected EU Phytosanitary Legislation 36

III. Paysandisia archon : Formal quarantine pest documentation 36

IV. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : Formal quarantine pest documentation 36

V Biology of Paysandisia archon 37

VI. Biology & Ecology of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : Basic literature sources 38

VII. Inventorying, Mapping, Organization of management (with Geographic Information Systems, etc.)

41

VIII. Detection, Monitoring, Sampling 41

IX. Symptomatology 45

X. Prevention & Best Management Practices (pruning, etc.) 46

XI. Management : Insecticides applied to soil or foliage 48

XII. Management : Insecticides (Micro-infusions or Endotherapy or Injections) 50

XIII. Management : Entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae 52

XIV. Management : Trapping (relevant to Rhynchophorus ferrugineus exclusively) 53

XV. Management : Dendrochirurgy or Mechanical sanitization 56

XVI. Management : other methods being used (Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and top-of-stipe coating with glue for Paysandisia archon, Microwaves)

57

XVII. Management : references to more than one methods & to Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

58

XVIII. Phytosanitary Palm destruction 60

XIX. National, Regional or Municipal programmes of measures to manage Paysandisia archon & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

61

XX. Cost (of action and inaction) 65

XXI. Websites 66

Annexes 70

1. Management : Various other methods under research (Entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabdits bacterophora, Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, Plant extracts, et al.)

71

2. Biology & Ecology of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : Supplementary literature sources 75

3. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPN) generally 76

4. Other useful literature NOT available on the Internet 78

5. Literature sources in Greek 80

6. Tools for modeling the life cycle of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Greece EL (GR) 82

7. Plan of a programme of measures for the protection of municipal Palms (Greece)-EL (GR) 84

8. Quick reference : a subjective Top 20 93


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, .

1950. .

The row of Palm trees on Knstantinos XI Palaiologos Avenue, Sparta, Greece. Photograph of

1950 approximately. Archive of the Georgiadis House of Photography Sparta, Greece.


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_5_page

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_6_page

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_7_page

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_8_page

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_9_page

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_12_page

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/ Literature cited in the Introduction

, . (2013), , ( ). / [Anastasiadis, M. (2013), A brief pictorial history of palms in Greece, forthcoming (internet only) {In Greek}].

, . (1914), , .. +1148, ( & : . 1001-1013 & 1028-1029), . / [Gennadios, P. (1914), Phytological Dictionary, pp. 1148+, Athens {In Greek}]. / at : http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/e/5/c/metadata-02-0000608.tkl

, . & , . (2011), Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) , . 27-29, : 14 , 11-14/10/2011, . / [Grigorakou, A. & Christofilakos, P. (2011), The impressive moth-enemy of palm trees Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in Lakonia, pp. 27-29, in : Proceedings of the 14th Pan-Hellenic Entomological Congress, 11-14/10/2011, Nafplio, Greece {In Greek with English summary}]. / at : http://www.entsoc.gr/z1files/14o.pdf

, . & , . (2009), Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) , . 97-99 : 13 , 3-6/11/2009, . / [Dimou, D. & Spanou, K. (2009), Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in Argolis region, pp. 97-99, in : Proceedings of the 13th Pan-Hellenic Entomological Congress, 3-6/11/2009, Alexandroupolis, Greece {In Greek with English summary}] / at : http://www.entsoc.gr/z1files/13.pdf

, . (2001), , - , 01/04/2001, . 39. / [Zevelakis, G. (2001), Under the phoenixs shade, KATHIMERINI Seven days, 01/04/2001, p. 39 {in Greek}]. / at: http://wwk.kathimerini.gr/kath/7days/2001/04/01042001.pdf

, .. (1952), , , .. 155, . / *Zerlentis, K.K. (1952), Contribution to the phytogeography of the Cyclades, Doctoral Dissertation, pp. 155, Agricultural University of Athens {In Greek}+ / at : http://phdtheses.ekt.gr/eadd/handle/10442/11706

, . (2009), & : Phoenix theophrasti Greuter, . 256-258, . , . & . (. ), & ....., . / [Thymakis, N. (2009), The Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece: Phoenix theophrasti Greuter, pp. 256-258, D. Phitos, T. Constantinidis & G. Kamari (Eds.), Hellenic Botanical Society & Min. of Environment, Energy and Clim. Change, Patras {In Greek}]

, . (1986), , , .. 330, , . / [Iatrou, G. (1986), Contribution to the study of the endemism of the flora of the Peloponnese, Doctoral Dissertation, pp. 330, Biology Department, Univeristy of Patra, Greece {In Greek}] / at : http://phdtheses.ekt.gr/eadd/handle/10442/0176

, .., , .., , .. , .. (2011), Paysandisia Archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) , . 30-33, : 14 , 11-14/10/2011, . / [Katsikogiannis, G.E., Pitika, E.G., Koukouli, E.P. and Kritikou, M.I. (2011), Emergency measures for the eradication of the quarantine pests Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Region of North Aegean, pp. 30-33, in : Proc. of the 14th Pan-Hellenic Entomological Congress, 11-14/10/2011, Nafplio, Greece {In Greek with English summary}]. At : http://www.entsoc.gr/z1files/14o.pdf

, .. & , .. (2011), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) , . 12-14, : 14 , 11-14/10/2011, . / [Lagkouranis, A.T. & Koulis, N.M. (2011), Guidelines for


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the establishment and implementation of an action plan against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for each Regional Unit in Greece, pp. 12-14, in : Proceedings of the 14th Pan-Hellenic Entomological Congress, 11-14/10/2011, Nafplio, Greece {In Greek with English summary}]. / at : http://www.entsoc.gr/z1files/14o.pdf

, . (2011), : , , 27/08/2011. / [Briassoulis, D. (2011), The Cost of Glamour: The multidimensional cost of Palmtrees in urban open spaces, Newspaper Chaniotika Nea, 27/08/2011, Chania, Crete, Greece {In Greek}]. / at : http://www.ecocrete.gr/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=7108

, . (1997), , , .. 398, , . / [Panitsa, M. (1987), Contribution to the knowledge of the flora and vegetation of the Eastern Aegean islets, Doctoral Dissertation, pp. 398, Biology Department, Univeristy of Patra, Greece {In Greek}]. / at : http://phdtheses.ekt.gr/eadd/handle/10442/11133

, .., , .. , . (2011), Paysandisia Archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) , . 24-26, : 14 , 11-14/10/2011, . / [Papaioannou, G.N., Stauroulakis, E.S. and Dimou, D. (2011), Detection of the enemy of palm Paysandisia archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) in Corinth and measures to control and tackle, pp. 24-26, in : Proceedings of the 14th Pan-Hellenic Entomological Congress, 11-14/10/2011, Nafplio, Greece {In Greek with English summary}]. / at : http://www.entsoc.gr/z1files/14o.pdf

.. (2011), , , .. , . / [Regional Unit of Chalkidiki (2011), Palmtree pest, Phytosanitary Control Dep., Central Macedonia Reg. Authority, Greece {In Greek}] : http://www.halkidiki.gov.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1664&Itemid=80

, . (2003), H - M , & , . 88, . 80-85. / [Tranta Nikoli, A. (2003), The phoenixs meaning in Creto-Mycenaean religion a new approach, Archaelogy & Arts, Vol. 88, pp. 80-85 {In Greek}+. / at : http://www.archaiologia.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/88-14.pdf

, . (2007), , , .. 512, , . / *Tranta, A. (2007), Depictions of floral motifs in the aegean bronze age art, Doctoral Dissertation, pp. 512, Ioannina University, Greece {In Greek}+. / at : http://phdtheses.ekt.gr/eadd/handle/10442/17752

, . & , . (2013), Paysandisia Archon , -, . 1/2013, . 32-36. / [Psirofonia, P. & Niamouris, K. (2013), First infestations of Paysandisia Archon (Lepidoptera) on Phoenix theophrasti, Journal Georgia Ktinotrofia, No 1/2013, pp. 32-36 {In Greek}].

Bottema-Mac Gillavry, J.N. (2005), Wood of the West House, Akrotiri, Santorini (Greece), Palaeohistoria: Acta Et Communicationes Instituti Bio-Archaeologici Universitatis Groninganae, Vol. 45/46 (2003/2004), pp. 95120. / at : http://paleo.arch.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/root/ paleo45_46/bott_mac/45_46_pp095-120_bottema-mac_gillavry.pdf

EUNIS, European Nature Information System biodiversity database : http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/index.jsp

Friedrich, W.L., Pichler, H. & Kussmaul, S. (1977), Quaternary pyroclastics from Santorini/Greece and their significance for the Mediterranean paleoclimate, Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark, Vol. 26, pp. 27-39. / at : http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull26-01-02-27-39.pdf

Georgi, N.J., Sarikou, S. and Thymakis, N. (2005), The Rehabilitation f Intertropical and Semitropical Plants in Special Microclimatic Mediterranean Conditions: The Case of Nauplio Town, Greece, Communication at the : 2005 IASME / WSEAS International Conference on Energy, Environment, Ecosystems and Sustainable Development, 12-14/07/2005, Athens, Greece. / at : http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/ 2005athens/eeesd/eeesd/


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Grove, A.T. & Rackham, O. (2003), The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, (Second printing with corrections ed.), pp. 384, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.

Jiven, G. & Larkham, P.J. (2003), Sense of Place, Authenticity and Character: A Commentary, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 8, No 1, pp. 67-81.: http://larwebsites.arizona.edu/lar510/encounter/sence%20of%20place.pdf

Kantor, H.J. (1945), Plant Ornament - Its Origin and Development in the Ancient Near East, Dissertation, Department of Oriental Languages and Literature, University of Chicago, Reissue: 1999, Oriental Institute Research Archives. http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/HJK/HJKIntro.html

Pintaud, J.C. (2002), From Barcelona to Bordighera: palm gardens on Mediterranean shores, Palms, 46(3): 149-153. At : http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/vol46n3p149-153.pdf

Pluess, T., Breukers, A., Cannon, R., Jarok, V., Pergl, J., Pysek, P. and Bacher, S. (2009), Review of eradication and containment campaigns, EU Framework 7 Research Project PRATIQUE (Enhancements of Pest Risk Analysis Techniques), Work Package 5, Deliverable PD No. 5.1, pp. 37. / at : https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/pratique/publications.cfm

Plumed, J. (2012), Without an effective remedy palm trees will disappear, Interview, Mtode, No 74, Summer 2012, University of Valencia. http://metode.cat/en/Issues/Interview/Jose-Plumed

Rackham, O. & Moody, J. (1996), The making of the Cretan Landscape, pp. 237, Manchester Univ. Press, UK.

Thymakis, N. (2010), The dispersal of the RPW in Greece: History Problems Efforts Strategy - Solutions, VI Biennale Europ. delle Palme-Dies Palmarum 2010, 18-20/11/2010, Sanremo. t: https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!msg/peegep/OpvlznSHiY4/OnQEDIRVJz4J

Vassarmidaki, M., Thymakis, N. & Kontodimas, D.C. (2006), First record in Greece of the palm tree pest Paysandisia archon, Entomologia Hellenica, Vol. 16 (2005-2006), pp. 44-47. / at : http://www.entsoc.gr/volume%2016/Ent-Hell-2006-44-47.pdf

R. ferrugineus P. canariensis

. . , 19/03/2013.


_16_page

, , :

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus , , . 2004 2011 - - 11 1. :

, Punteruolo Rosso della Palma, Charanon Rouge des Palmiers, Escaravelho Vermelho da Palmeira, Picudo Rojo de las Palmeras Morrut de les Palmeres Morrut Roig (Catalunya) Becut Vermell (Illes Balears) Morrut Vermell (Alicante, Valencia), (..) Red Palm Weevil, Krmz palmiyebcei, Hundgjati i kuq i palms, Crvene Palmine Pipe, Palmov Rilkar, Bumunqar Amar tal-Palm.

. , , . , , . , .. R. ferrugineus () P. archon. .

R. ferrugineus .. . 19932 Motril Almucar 6 ( Granada Mlaga)3. ( ) 4. 1996 , 3 ,

. , , . English translation pending. 1 1996, 2004, & 2006, & 2007, 2008, 2009 (E.C. 2011), 2007 (. .: XVII: Atakan et al 2012), 2009, 2010 (Alameda G.B.G. 2010), 2011 (Milek & imala 2011).) 2 , : 1993 (. .: VI: Cabello (2007), 1994 (Ferry & Gmez 2002) 1995 (Jacas 2010). 3 .: VI: Cabello (2007). 4 Ferry & Gmez (2002)


_17_page

, 5. .. ( . 77/93) 3 . , . .. . , -- , , .

2000 , .., . Nerja Frigiliana (Mlaga)6. , , , , () & (. 2004 )7.

.. 3 . 2002 Ferry & Gmez Palms . 2004 . .. R. ferrugineus !- 2007, & .

. .. . - .., (.. ), . - - , (.. , , , , )8.

5 .: XX: Surez (2010). 6 .: VI: Cabello (2007), .: XX: Surez (2010). 7 , . 8 1994-2007,


_18_page

2007 , .. , R. ferrugineus9. , (.. & B. bassiana , & , S. carpocapsae )10. .. 2007-2012, Centro Studi e Ricerche per le Palme (CSRP) di Sanremo Biennale Europea delle Palme - Dies Palmarum .

, , R. ferrugineus - ( , , ). . , Sunley et al (2011) (DSS) ( PRATIQUE ..).

, . .. R. ferrugineus 1/1/2012, PALM PROTECT11 3 . . (E.C. 2011 & 2012), 1% .. 2005 - 200912.

. , , , , .

. 3 . ( .. ) . 9 ( ) , 1996 (. .: VI: Cabello 2007). 10 () , ( ), R. ferrugineus ( ), INRA (M. Ferry) Elche . 11 PALM PROTECT consortium : https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/palmprotect/ 12 2005-2009 ..-27 / 50-52 . 96.000 96-288 . (.: XX: EC DG SANCO 2011).


_19_page

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--- [Inoculative : ()]

R. ferrugineus

[ ] R. ferrugineus

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, , lure & kill

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--- [ ( push-pull) ]

R. ferrugineus

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) . , . () , ( ) ( , , UV ) 13. .. . - ( )14, ,

13 Smith (1999), Tapia et al (2011) .: XIX: : Tapia et al (2011). 14 ..


_20_page

( ) ( ).

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( ) (. ),

, ( Avaaz 2.521.000 !). , 2 . ( ) (15/3/2013) (29/4/2013). . 1/12/2013 ( , & ). . . : http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/liveanimals/bees/neonicotinoids_en.htm 15 , (Soroker et al 2013). 16 . : Gobierno de Canarias : http://www.picudorojocanarias.es/, .: : : Gahlin (2013) .: : : (2010), (2010) & (2010). 17 : ) : Soares et al (2011), 0,78 = 1 $, ) : (2010), ) : McPherson et al (2010).


_21_page

(.. 18). .. , (, , ).

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EC DG SANCO (2011) *

-, (.. P. canariensis 10 m), ( ) **

//

( )

75

(1) /

18,3 55

()

330 (max) .: : Citt di Anzio (2009), Lazio, IT

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277 , 9

118 (max) Citt di Anzio (2009), ..

118 .: XIV: Colazza et al (2010), Palermo, IT

180

.: XIX: Paz et al (2010), Sagunto, Valen., ES

390 .: XX: Nario (2012),

1.000

1.164,24 ( )

.: XX: S.T.A.P.A.C.Sa (2007), Salerno, Camp., IT

950 (max) ..&. (2012)

* .: XX: EC DG SANCO (2011), Task 3: financial impact of applying the EU solidarity regime to cofinance direct costs and losses of Pos (without including natural spread), Table 64. .

** . (.. , , , ). . , 20 1 h. 18,3 20 , ( 2012), .. . : 9 ( ) 2012 (.: XIII: Martinez de Altube et al 2013) 30,75 : . (2012). S. carpocapsae (. http://controlbio.es/ es/92-control-biologico-picudo-rojo, 5,61/25106 ), 50,49 .

, ,

18 , , (. : 71-97 & http://www.econews.gr/2012/04/27/ethnikos-kipos-dentra/). , .


_22_page

19 ( ). .

20, , 21. .. , (. .. Ferreira 2012), .., (Hulme et al 2009).

, . , 22.

, -

19 (... 2011) 89.000 ( 400 , 200 /). , , , () (!!!). (... 2012). , 1,96 % . 2011, 1,6 % . 0,03 % (. http://www.pireasnet.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=687) 0,54 /. 20 , . 60.000.000 , , / - 2 C 1,5 m . ( ). 21 . .. . , , 22/03/2013. 22 EC DG SANCO 2011 (.: XX) 5.000-10.000 1.000 3.000 /. .. Comunitat Valenciana 542 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_municipalities_of_Spain), 1.000 1 . . ( .., , Elche .., Bordighera, ).


_23_page

, :

1) ( & ) , , 50 80 / /. , , (. 27).

( ), Emamectin benzoate . , , , 100% 2 A. planipennis 23. Estacin Phoenix Elche 2011 R. ferrugineus - 24. (, , , ). , 25. , 26. , ( ) , , , 3-5 .

2) (. ),

23 Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Emerald Ash Borer - EAB, Fraxinus spp. . Emamectin, . Mercader et al (2011), Poland et al (2010), Smitley et al (2010). 24 Romero 2011 & .: XVII: Ferry & Gmez (2012). 25 . .: : ANSES (2012). 26 (. .. .: : : Thomas 2013). : . (. .: ). , ( , , . .: : : Weiner & Liese 1995). ( ) . , 19741983 () (Cocos nucifera) Lethal Yellowing OTC (McCoy 1974, McCoy 1976, .: : Hutcheson et al 1983 McCoy 1977). , (Elaeis guineensis) , Monocrotophos (C.U.C. 2011), 3 m 25 , (.: : : Sulaiman et al 2012).


_24_page

( ), , 27. . ( ) 28.

3) R. ferrugineus & P. archon . . , ( , ) , , , , (!)29

27 3 4 2012 (Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam) (IRAC 2012a). 2 20 (IRAC 2012b). , (Benne 2012). 28 : ) P. canariensis (. .: : Barfod et al 2011 .: 4: Meekijjaroenroj & Anstett 2003), ) Phoenix ( ), ( ) (De Nascimento et al 2009, Lpez & Ramos 2007, Owayss et al 2004) (. . 4: Manzanares et al 2011), ) EFSA (. .: : : EFSA 2013). , (. 2011, ..... 2012) . , , , () ( ). N. 4036/2012 ( , ). 29 : , , , , , , - 2.000 , 5


_25_page

4) , (.. P. theophrasti, Elche, ).

5) , 30.

6) .. , , Fraxinus excelsior COST31 32 ( ) .

7) .. , - - 7 .. . , ( ) .

8) , ( , , ) GIS, . .. , - 33. -

. . .. Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 Quadricopter: http://forum.parrot.com/ardrone/en/index.php . 30 : ) (. ) .. P. canariensis. ) , (Koppenhfer et al 1997, Lacey et al 2006, Lewis & Shapiro-Ilan 2002, Unruh & Lacey 2001). - S. carpocapsae, ( : ., ). 31 F. excelsior ( , European Ash) Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus European Ash Dieback 22 . COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) 26 5 . . FRAXBACK : http://www.fraxback.eu/ 32 ( ) = Crowdsourcing. , . OpenAshDieBack : http://oadb.tsl.ac.uk/ . 33 Unvalidated real-time air quality


_26_page

, ..

9) 1 ( ) & 4 ( ), .. , ( , & ) . ( ) : ) (, ) , 34, (, , ) ) 35. 36 , ( ) .

, , P. archon & R. ferrugineus , . & .

. . . , Hulme et al (2009), .. ..; .

, ( ) , , , ,

.. , .

map : http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality/map/real-time-map, () (International Tree Failure Database ITFD) : http://svinetfc8.fs.fed.us/natfdb/index.aspx 34 . UEP : http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/uesd/uep/tree_guides.php (Tree Guides). ( ) iTree (http://www.itreetools.org/). iTree ( 2010) (Soares et al 2011). 35 () (. Chaparro & Terradas 2009). 36 (2011.)


_27_page

P. canariensis R. ferrugineus ( & ).

, ,

. . , 22/03/2012.


_28_page

/ Literature cited in the Comment

, . (2011), , & , & (), . 50, .. 29-31. / / [Anastasiadis, M (2011), The value of a tree, Wellbeing & Nutrition magazine, Greek Institute of Gastrenterology & Nutrition ELIGAST, No. 50, pp. 2931 {In Greek}]. / at : http://www.eligast.gr/files/eyexia/2011/50.pdf & http://www.echetle.info/articles/29epistimonika/546iaksiaenosdendroumixalisanastasiadis.html

. (2012), & , .. 52/2012, / & , . / *Ilion Municipality (2012), Prevention & control of Palm pests, Reg. No .. 52/2012, Dir. of Geotechnical Services & the Environment {In Greek}]. / at : http://www.ilion.gov.gr/web/guest/apeftheiasanathesi/documents/get_file/12715/P5212Meleti.pdf

..... (2012), : ;, 18/02/2012, , . / [....S. (2012), Conclusions of Apiculture Conference Pest control Apiculture: competitive or converging fields of Agronomic science?, 18/02/2012, Agricultural University of Athens, Greek Scientific Society of Apiculture Sericulture {In Greek}]. / at : http://www.hssas.gr/index.php?act=viewProd&productId=52

..&. (2012), ..&., . . 265/26042012, : 480, , . / *..&. (2012), Phytotechnical works Contract for the tall Palmtrees of the gardens of ..&., Reg. No 265/26042012, : 480, Olympia and Bequests Committee, Zappeion Hall, Athens {In Greek}]. At: http://et.diavgeia.gov.gr/f/zapeio/ada/%CE%924%CE%A98%CE%9F%CE%A1%CE%A1%CE%9A0%CE%9C%CE%A3

N. 4036/12 ( 8 /2712012) : , . K. 1107/2009 396/2005 . 2009/128. / [Law 4036/12 ( 8 /2712012) : Placing of plant protection products on the market, sustainable use of them and relative measures, implem. of Reg. 1107/2009 and 396/2005 and incorp. of Dir. 2009/128 {In Greek}].

.. . (2011), , 81.280 ..., : 45701, . 539, 22/11/2011, . / [Economic Commission of the Municipality of Piraeus (2011), Open public tender for the job Palmtrees protection and pest management, of an expenditure according to budget of 81.280 plus VAT, : 45701, Decision 539, 22/11/2011 {In Greek}]. / at : http://et.diavgeia.gov.gr/f/piraeus/ada/4570%CE%A9%CE%9E%CE%A5%CE%941%CE%A5

.. . (2012), / , 81.280 ..., : , . 13, 10/01/2012, . / [Economic Commission of the Municipality of Piraeus (2012), Nonawarding / cancellation of tender for the job Palmtrees protection and pest management, of an expenditure according to budget of 81.280 plus VAT, : , Dec. 13, 10/01/2012 {In Greek}]. / at : http://et.diavgeia.gov.gr/f/piraeus/ada/%CE%92%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%9D%CE%A9%CE%9E%CE%A5%CE%9A%CE%A9%CE%9B

, . (2011), ... ! , Science, 09/10/2011. / [Tsoli, Th. (2011), The bees are dying on the altar of the palm tree! Uncontrolled


_29_page

sprayings with dangerous pesticides have broken down Atticas apiculture, Newspaper TO VIMA Science, 09/10/2011 {In Greek}]. / at : http://www.tovima.gr/science/article/?aid=423922

, . (2010), iTree Street, , .. 99, , & , , . / *Chronopoulou, Ch. (2010), Assessment of the contribution of urban green on the environment of Peristeri Municipality (Athens) with the use of iTree Street software, MSc Thesis, pp. 99, National Metsovion Polytechnic, Athens {In Greek}]. / at : http://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/bitstream/123456789/3717/3/chronopoulouch_gis.pdf

Alameda Gibraltar Botanic Gardens, 26/02/2010, Palm Tree Weevil Hits Gibraltar. / at : http://www.gibraltargardens.gi/News2.php

Benne, A. (2012), Resistance and Resistance Management, Presentation, pp. 17, Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. / at : http://www.irac-online.org/content/uploads/AB-IRAC-2012.pdf

Chaparro, L. & Terradas, J. (2009), Serveis Ecolgics del Verd Urb a Barcelona [Ecological Services of Urban Forest in Barcelona], pp. 135 [103], Centre de Recerca Ecolgica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona. / at : http://catpaisatge.net/fitxers/guies/planejament/Serveis_Eco_Verd_Urb.pdf [& http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Barcelona%20Ecosystem%20Analysis.pdf]

C.U.C. (2011), The use of Monocrotophos, Evaluation of initiatives taken by United Plantations to phase out Monocrotophos, Danish Energy Agency, Control Union Certifications, Denmark, pp. 30. / at : http://www.ft.dk/samling/20111/almdel/MIU/bilag/89/1043433.pdf

De Nascimento, L., Delgado, J.D., Mndez, J., Otto, R., Arteaga, M. and Fernndez-Palacios, J.M. (2009), Honeybees and Pollen as Indicators of Alien Plant Species in Two Native Forest Ecosystems of an Oceanic Island (La Palma, Canary Islands), Open Forest Science Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 98-107. / at : http://www.benthamscience.com/open/tofscij/articles/V002/SI0059TOFSCIJ/98TOFSCIJ.pdf

E.C. (2011), Answer of the Commission to Parliamentary question E-010929/2010, 04/02/2011 [Parliamentary question: Ferreira, J., Rhynchophorus ferrugineus environmental and economic impact, 06/01/ 2011]. / at : http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2010-010929&language=EN

E.C. (2012), Answer of the Commission to Parliamentary question E-000206/2012, 29/02/2012 [Parliamentary question: Ferreira, J., Controlling the red palm weevil (II), 19/01/2012]. / at : http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2012-000206&language=EN

Ferreira, J. (2012), Controlling the red palm weevil (II), Parliamentary Question for written answer to the Commission, E-000206/2012, 19/01/2012. / at : http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=WQ&reference=E-2012-000206&language=EN

Ferry, M. & Gmez, S. (2002), The Red Palm Weevil in the Mediterranean Area, Palms (formerly Principes), Vol. 46, No 4, pp. 172-178. / at : http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm

Hulme, P. E., Pyek, P., Nentwig, W. and Vil, M. (2009), Will threat of biological invasions unite the European Union, Science, Vol. 324(5923), pp. 40-41. / at : http://ftpshare.its.unibe.ch/iee/pub/7/old/PDF/Hulme%20et%20al%20Europ%20Union%20Science%202009.pdf

IRAC (2012)a, IRAC Mode of Action (MOA) Classification Scheme, pp. 23, Vs 7.2, 04/ 2012,


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Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. At : http://www.irac-online.org/content/uploads/MoA-classification.pdf

IRAC (2012)b, Insecticide Resistance: Causes and Action, pp. 4, Mode of Action (MOA) Initiative, Southern Region Integrated Pest Management Center & Insecticide Resistance Action Committee, Insecticide Resistance Action Com. / at : http://www.sripmc.org/IRACMOA/IRMFactSheet.pdf

Jacas, J.A. (2010), Advances in the Management of the Red Palm Weevil in Spain, pp. 66, Presentation at: UF-CTA Potential Invasive Pests Workshop, 10-14/10/2010, Miami, Fl, USA, Center for Invasive Species Research (CISR). / at : http://cisr.ucr.edu/pdf/rpw-spain-jacas.pdf

Koppenhfer, A.M., Baur, M.E., Stock, S.P., Choo, H.Y., Chinnasri, B. and Kaya, H.K. (1997), Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes within host cadavers in dry soil, Applied Soil Ecology, Vol. 6, No 3, pp. 231-240. At : http://ag.arizona.edu/plp/faculty/Stock/BiologyandSystematicsofNematodes/PDF%20Files/koppenhofer%20et%20al%5B1%5D.,%201997.pdf

Lacey, L.A., Arthurs, S.P., Unruh, T.R., Headrick, H. and Fritts, R. (2006), Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple and pear orchards: Effect of nematode species and seasonal temperatures, adjuvants, application equipment, and post-application irrigation, Biological Control, Vol. 37, No 2, pp. 214-223. / at : http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/1822/PDF

Lewis, E.E. & Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. (2002), Host cadavers protect entomopathogenic nematodes during freezing, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Vol 81, No 1, pp. 25-32. / at : http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/17016/PDF

Lpez, L.M.P. & Ramos, I.E.L.S. (2007), Espectro polnico de algunas mieles producidas en Tenerife y La Gomera (Islas Canarias, Espaa), Geo-Eco-Trop, Vol. 31, pp. 215-232. / at : http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_311_162292.pdf

McCoy, R.E. (1974), Techniques for Treatment of Palm Trees with Antibiotics, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 5639, Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, Vol. 87, pp. 537-540. / at : http://fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%20Protected/1974%20Vol.%2087/537-540%20(McCOY).pdf

McCoy, R.E. (1976), Uptake, translocation and persistence of oxytetracycline in coconut palm, Phytopathology, Vol. 66, pp. 1038-1042. / at : http://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1976Articles/Phyto66n08_1038.pdf

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Mercader, R.J.M.R., Siegert, N.W.S.N., Liebhold, A.M.L.A. and McCullough, D.G.M.D. (2011), Simulating the effectiveness of three potential management options to slow the spread of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) populations in localized outlier sites, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 41, No 2, pp. 254-264. / at : http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2011/nrs_2011_mercader_002.pdf

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Catalogue of literature sources

( ), . 1930. .

The Municipal Garden of the Archaeological Museum (The Garden with the Statues), Sparta, Greece. Photograph of 1930 approximately. Archive of the Georgiadis House of

Photography Sparta, Greece.


_33_page

Catalogue of literature sources

I. (Arecaceae Palmae Palmaceae); , , , , / How do Palms work? Biology, Anatomy, Physiology, Composition, Water relations

1) Hodel, D.R. (2009), Biology of Palms and Implications for Management in the Landscape, HortTechnology, Vol. 19, No 4, pp. 676-681. / at : http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/19/4/676.full.pdf+html

2) Georgi, N.J., Sarikou, S. and Thymakis, N. (2005), The Growth of Palms under Sheltered Mediterranean Conditions, Palms, Vol. 49, No 4, pp. 189-194. / at : http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2005/vol49n4p189-194.pdf

3) Broschat, T.K. (1997), Nutrient distribution, dynamics, and sampling in coconut and canary Island date palms, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Vol. 122, No 6, pp. 884890. / at : http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/122/6/884.full.pdf+html

4) Tomlinson, P.B. (2006), The uniqueness of palms, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 151, No 1, pp. 5-14. / at : http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/sites/ harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/files/publications/pdfs/Tomlinson_BotJLinneanSoc_2006.pdf

5) Barfod, A. S., Hagen, M., & Borchsenius, F. (2011). Twenty-five years of progress in understanding pollination mechanisms in palms (Arecaceae). Annals of botany, Vol. 108, No 8, pp. 1503-1516. / at : http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/108/8/1503.full.pdf+html

6) Popham, R.A. (1951), Principal Types of Vegetative Shoot Apex Organization in Vascular Plants, The Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. 51, No 5, pp. 249269. / at: https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/3862/v51n05_249.pdf?sequence=1

7) Jouannic, S., Lartaud, M., Herv, J., Collin, M., Orieux, Y., Verdeil, J. L., & Tregear, J. W. (2011). The shoot apical meristem of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis; Arecaceae): developmental progression and dynamics. Annals of Botany, Vol. 108, No 8, pp. 1477-1487. / at : http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/108/8/1477.full.pdf+html

8) Menezes, N.L.D., Silva, D.C., Arruda, R.C., Melo-de-Pinna, G.F., Cardoso, V.A., Castro, N.M., Scatena, V.L. and Scremin-Dias, E. (2005), Meristematic activity of the Endodermis and the Pericycle in the primary thickening in monocotyledons: considerations on the" PTM", Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cincias, Vol. 77, No 2, pp. 259-274. / at : http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v77n2/a06v77n2.pdf

9) Zimmermann, M.H. & Tomlinson, P.B. (1972), The vascular system of monocotyledonous stems, Botanical Gazette, Vol. 133, No. 2, pp. 141-155. / at : http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/sites/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/files/publications/pdfs/Zimmerman_BotanicalGaz_1972.pdf

10) Zimmermann, M.H. & Tomlinson, P.B. (1974), Vascular patterns in palm stems: variations of the Rhapis principle, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol. 55, No 3, pp. 402-24. / at : http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/90519#page/413/mode/1up

11) Zimmermann, M.H. & Sperry, J.S. (1983), Anatomy of the Palm Rhapis Excelsa, IX. Xylem Structure of the Leaf Insertion, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol. 64, pp. 599-609. / at : http://content.lib.utah.edu/utils/getfile/collection/uspace/id/849/filename/image

12) Sperry, J.S. (1985), Xylem embolism in the palm Rhapis excelsa, IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 6, No 4, pp. 283-292. / at : http://biologylabs.utah.edu/sperry/publications/Sperry%201985%20IAWA.pdf


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13) Horn, J.W., Fisher, J.B., Tomlinson, P.B., Lewis, C.E. and Laubengayer, K. (2009), Evolution of lamina anatomy in the palm family (Arecaceae), American Journal of Botany, Vol. 96, No 8, pp. 1462-1486. / at : http://www.amjbot.org/content/96/8/1462.full.pdf+html

14) Broschat, T.K. (2010), Cold Damage on Palms [Esp. Figure 9. Frost susceptibility of various parts of a juvenile windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei)], Document ENH-92, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Un. of Florida. / at : http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg318

15) Parker, G. (1996), Humidity and Hungry Palms, Chamaerops, No.21. / at : http://www.palmsociety.org/members/english/chamaerops/021/021-12.shtml

16) Rich, P.M. (1987), Mechanical structure of the stem of arborescent palms, Botanical Gazette, Vol. 148, No 1, pp. 42-50. / at : http://professorpaul.com/publications/rich_1987_botgaz.pdf

17) Ferrini, F., Littardi, C., Bonanomi, L., Villa, G., Pantaleo, A., Pellerano, A., Mariotti, M., Cornara, L. and La Rocca (2004), Results of a study on stem anatomy and on mechanical characteristics of palm wood and their relationship with plant stability, Presentation at : The Annual Conference of the International Society of Arboriculture Bridging Technologies for Trees of Tomorrow, 7-11/08/2004, Pittsburgh, USA, pp. 26. / at : http://www.imlusa.com/Palm_Trees.pdf

18) Gibson, L.J. (2012), The hierarchical structure and mechanics of plant materials, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 9(76), 2749-2766. / at : http://171.66.127.193/content/early/2012/08/07/rsif.2012.0341.full.pdf+html

19) Cruiziat, P., Cochard, H. and Amglio, T. (2002), Hydraulic architecture of trees: main concepts and results, Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 59, No 7, pp. 723-752. / at : http://pine.ucc.nau.edu/dfk3/papers/Cruiziat%20et%20al.%202002.pdf

20) Renninger, H.J., Phillips, N. and Hodel, D.R. (2009), Comparative hydraulic and anatomic properties in palm trees (Washingtonia robusta) of varying heights: implications for hydraulic limitation to increased height growth, Trees-Structure and Function, Vol. 23, No 5, pp. 911-921. / at : http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0349g1rh

21) Renninger, H. J. & Phillips, N. (2010), Intrinsic and extrinsic hydraulic factors in varying sizes of two Amazonian palm species (Iriartea deltoidea and Mauritia flexuosa) differing in development and growing environment, American Journal of Botany, Vol. 97, No 12, pp. 1926-1936. / at : http://www.amjbot.org/content/97/12/1926.full.pdf+html

/ Composition

22) Ranasinghe, C.S., Illankoon, I.M.I., Silva, L.R.S., Premasiri, R.D.N. and Pradeep, A.P.C. (2012), Transitory Carbohydrate Reserves in Vegetative Organs of Coconut Under Different Growth Conditions and its Relation with Reproductive and Vegetative Growth of the Palm, COCOS, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 77-91. / at : http://www.sljol.info/index.php/COCOS/article/view/4753

23) Sulaiman, O., Salim, N., Nordin, N. A., Hashim, R., Ibrahim, M. and Sato, M. (2012), The Potential of Oil Palm Trunk Biomass as an Alternative Source for Compressed Wood, BioResources, Vol. 7, No 2, pp. 2688-2706. / at : http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_07_2_2688_Sulaiman_SNHIS_Oil_Palm_Compressed_Wood/1526

24) Dalibard, C. (2007), The potential of tapping palm trees for animal production, in: 2nd FAO Electronic Conference on Tropical Feeds Livestock Feed Resources within Integrated Farming Systems, 09/09/1996 28/02/1997, pp. 61-82. / at : http://www.fao.org/ag/AGA/AGAP/FRG/conf96.pdf/dalibard.pdf

25) Haynes, J. & McLaughlin, J. (2000), Edible Palms and their Uses, pp. 13, Fact Sheet MDCE-00-50, Miami-Dade County Extension Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of


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Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. / at : http://www.plantapalm.com/vpe/ethnobotany/EdiblePalms.PDF

26) Luis, G., Rubio, C., Gutirrez, A. J., Hernndez, C., Gonzlez-Weller, D., Revert, C., Castilla, A., Abreu, P. and Hardisson, A. (2012), Palm tree syrup; nutritional composition of a natural edulcorant, Nutricin Hospitalaria, Vol. 27, No 2, pp. 548-552. / at : http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/nh/v27n2/30_original_20.pdf

27) Mialet-Serra, I., Clement-Vidal, A., Roupsard, O., Jourdan, C. and Dingkuhn, M. (2008), Whole-plant adjustments in coconut (Cocos nucifera) in response to sinksource imbalance, Tree Physiology, Vol. 28, No 8, pp. 1199-1209. / at : http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/8/1199.full.pdf+html

28) Legros, S., Mialet-Serra, I., Caliman, J.P., Siregar, F.A., Clement-Vidal, A., Fabre, D. and Dingkuhn, M. (2009), Phenology, growth and physiological adjustments of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) to sink limitation induced by fruit pruning, Annals of Botany, Vol. 104, no 6, pp. 1183-1194. / at : http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/6/1183.full.pdf+html

/ Water relations

29) Holbrook, N.M. & Sinclair, T.R. (2006), Water balance in the arborescent palm, Sabal palmetto. I. Stem structure, tissue water release properties and leaf epidermal conductance, Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 15, No 4, pp. 393-399. / at : http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/ faculty/holbrook/papers/Holbrook-Sinclair_PCE_v15_p393_1992.pdf

30) Ringersma, J., Mechergui, M. and Pijnenburg, S. (1996), Transpiraton Measurements in Date Palms using the Granier Method, American Society of Ag Engineers, Proceedings of the International Conference, Nov 3-6 1996, pp 141-146. / at : ftp://ftp.dynamax.com/References/62%20Transpiration%20Measurement.pdf

31) Sellami, M.H. & Sifaoui, M.S. (2003), Estimating transpiration in an intercropping system: measuring sap flow inside the oasis, Agricultural water management, Vol. 59, No 3, pp 191-204. / at : http://data2.xjlas.ac.cn:81/ UploadFiles/sdz/cnki/%E5%A4%96%E6%96%87/ELSEVIER/intercropping/84.pdf

32) Assa, I.B., Bouarfa, S. et Perrier, A. (2009), Utilisation de la mesure thermique du flux de sve pour l'valuation de la transpiration d'un palmier dattier, in T. Hartani, A. Douaoui, M. Kuper (diteurs scientifiques), Economies deau en systmes irrigus au Maghreb, Actes du quatrime atelier rgional du projet Sirma, 26-28/05/2008, Mostaganem, Algrie, Cirad, Montpellier, France. / at : http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/38/62/40/PDF/BenAissa.pdf

/ Wound response

33) Downer, A.J., Hodel, D.R. and Mochizuki, M.J. (2009), Pruning Landscape Palms, HortTechnology, Vol. 19, No 4, pp. 695-699. / at : http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/19/4/695.full.pdf

34) Pfalzgraf, K. (2002), Loss of a Legacy - Fusarium oxysporum and Ornamental Phoenix canariensis, Palms, Vol. 46, No 4, pp. 161-166. / at : http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/vol46n4p161-166.pdf

35) Weiner, G. & Liese, W. (1995), Wound response in the stem of the royal palm, IAWA Journal, Vol 16, No 4, pp. 433-442. / at : http://bio.kuleuven.be/sys/iawa/IAWA%20J%20pdf's/16.no.1-4.1995/16.4.433_442.pdf

36) Thomas, R. (2013), L'anatomie des palmiers et les techniques d'endothrapie : quelles consquences physiologiques ?, pp. 16, Communication at the: Colloque mditerranen sur les ravageurs des palmiers, Association Franaise de Protection des Plantes (AFPP), 16-18/01/2013, Nice. / at : http://www.sauvonsnospalmiers.fr/IMG/pdf/2_-_thomas_romain.pdf


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II. .. / Selected EU Phytosanitary

Legislation

37) 2000/29/ , 8 2000, EE L 169 10.7.2000, . 1, 2010/1/ 8 2010. / [Council Directive 2000/29/EC on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community (of 8 May 2000, OJ L 169, 10.7.2000, p.1), CONSOLIDATED up to the Commission Directive 2010/1/EU of 8 January 2010].

38) 2007/365/ Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), 25 2007, EE L 139 31.5.2007, . 24, 2010/467/ 17 2010. / [Commission Decision 2007/365/EC on emergency measures to prevent the introduction into and the spread within the Community of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (of 25 May 2007, OJ L 139, 31.5.2007, p.24), CONSOLIDATED up to the Commission Decision 2010/467/EU of 17 August 2010].

/ Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_consolidated.do

39) Anonymous (2013), Annexe 1 - Synthse de la rglementation en vigueur vis vis des changes de Palmiers, pp. 10, at the: Colloque mditerranen sur les ravageurs des palmiers, Association Franaise de Protection des Plantes (AFPP), 16-18/01/2013, Nice. / at : http://www.fredon-corse.com/standalone/3/E20540DL3VDNx3ZNotm38R5W.pdf

III. Paysandisia archon : / Formal quarantine pest documentation

40) EPPO (2008), Paysandisia archon, Data sheets on quarantine pests, EPPO Bulletin, Vol. 38, No 2, pp. 163166. / at : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01214.x/pdf

41) EPPO (2011), Paysandisia archon, Diagnostics, EPPO Bulletin, Vol. 41, No 3, pp. 363368. / at : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2011.02503.x/pdf

42) Molet, T. (2011), CPHST Pest Datasheet for Paysandisia archon, USDA-APHISPPQ-CPHST, Last Update: 09/08/2011. (19/01/2013) / Available from the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) program / at : http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/1281

IV. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : / Formal quarantine pest documentation

43) ... (2010), , Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Dryophorinae) (

, / see generally : - Roques, A., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J.Y., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Nentwig, W. and Kenis, M. (2009), Alien terrestrial invertebrates of Europe, Ch. 5 in Handbook of alien species in Europe, pp. 63-79, DAISIE (Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe), Springer. / at : http://ftpshare.its.unibe.ch/iee/pub/7/2009/600.pdf - Liebhold, A.M. & Tobin, P.C. (2008), Population Ecology of Insect Invasions and their Management, Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 53, pp. 387-408. / at : http://148.243.165.200/biblioteca/libros/articulos/Liebhod%20y%20Tobin.2008.pdf


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), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, .. 1/2010, .. 2, , , , . / [B.P.I. (2010), The most important pest of palms, the insect Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Dryophorinae) (Red Palm Weevil), Guidelines for control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, G.. 1/2010, pp. 2, Agricultural Entomology Lab, Entomology & Agricultural Zoology Department, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens {In Greek}]. / at : http://www.bpi.gr/files/pdf/ Rhynchophorus-%CE%9F%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1.pdf

44) ... (2010), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), , . / B.P.I. (2010), Guidelines for macroscopic surveys for the detection of the palm pest Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) Coleoptera: Curculionidae), pp. 3, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens {In Greek}]. / at : http://www.bpi.gr/files/pdf/Episkophseis/ kateuthintiries%20odhgies/entoma/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus.pdf

45) EPPO (2007), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Rhynchophorus palmarum, Diagnostics, EPPO Bulletin, Vol. 37, No 3, pp. 571-579. / at : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01165.x/pdf

46) EPPO (2008), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Data sheets on quarantine pests, EPPO Bulletin, Vol. 38, No 1, pp. 55-59. / at : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01195.x/pdf

47) Molet, T., Roda, A.L. and Jackson, L.D. (2011), CPHST Pest Datasheet for Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, USDA-APHISPPQ-CPHST, Last Update: 06/02/2012. (19/01/2013) / Available from the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) program / at : http://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/webfm_send/1595

48) USDA-APHIS (2011), New Pest Response Guidelines: Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, vs 3/2011-1, pp. 122, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). / at : http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ import_export/plants/manuals/emergency/downloads/nprg-redpalmweevil.pdf

V. Paysandisia archon / Biology of Paysandisia archon

49) Sarto i Monteys, V. & Aguilar, L. (2005), The castniid palm borer, Paysandisia archon (Burmeister, 1880) in Europe: Comparative biology, pest status and possible control methods (Lepidoptera: Castnidae), Nachrichten des Entomologischer Verein Apollo N.F 26(1/2), pp. 6194. / at : http://www.infopalmeras.es/IMG/pdf/articulo_paysandisia_archon.pdf

50) Sarto i Monteys, V., Acn, P., Rosell, G., Quero, C., Jimnez, M.A. and Guerrero, A. (2012), Moths Behaving like Butterflies. Evolutionary Loss of Long Range Attractant Pheromones in Castniid Moths: A Paysandisia archon Model, PloS one, Vol. 7, No 1, pp. 11, e29282. / at : http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029282

51) Olivier, L. (2012), Paysandisia archon (Lep. Castniidae) - a threat for Mediterranean Basin palms, pp. 29, Presentation at the PALM PROTECT Project Stakeholder Workshop, 12-14/09/2012, Volcani Center, Israel. / at : https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/palmprotect/index.cfm?sectionid=15

52) , . (2012), Paysandisia Archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) , . / Psirofonia, P. (2012), First report of Paysandisia Archon (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) on Phoenix theophrasti, Greek Foresters Internet Community {In Greek}]. / at : http://dasologoi.gr/arthra-apopseis/1590-protes-prosboles-apo-to-lepidoptero-paysandisia-archon-lepidoptera-castniidae-se-foinika-toy-theofrastoy.html


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VI. & Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : /

Biology & Ecology of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus : Basic literature sources

53) Giblin-Davis, R.M., Oehlschlager, A.C., Perez, A., Gries G., Gries, R., Weissling, T.J., Chinchilla, C.M., Pea, J.E., Hallett, R.H., Pierce, H.D.Jr and Gonzalez, L.M. (1996), Chemical and Behavioral Ecology of Palm Weevils (Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae), Behavioral Ecology Symposium 95, Florida Entomologist, Vol. 79, No 2, pp. 153-167. / at : http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe79p153.pdf

54) Murphy, S.T. & Briscoe, B.R. (1999), The red palm weevil as an alien invasive: biology and the prospects for biological control as a component of IPM, Biocontrol News and Information, Vol. 20, No 1, pp. 35-46. / at : http://www.iraqi-datepalms.net/uploadedfiles/review%20article.pdf

55) El-Mergawy, R.A.A.M., Al Ajlan, A.M., Abdallah, N.A., Nasr, M.I. and Silvain, J.F. (2011), Determination of different geographical populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using RAPD-PCR, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, Vol. 13, No 2, pp. 227-232. / at : http://www.sanremopalme.org/images/files/02_rpw-pcr%20ajlan.pdf

56) Rochat, D., Schmidt-Buesser, D., Couzi, P., Lherminier, B., Roskam, P., Hamidi, R. Avand-Faghih, A. et Renou, M. (2013), Charanon rouge du palmier : traits dcologie, comportement olfactif et pigeage, pp. 16, Communication at the: Colloque mditerranen sur les ravageurs des palmiers, Association Franaise de Protection des Plantes (AFPP), 16-18/01/2013, Nice. / at : http://www.sauvonsnospalmiers.fr/IMG/pdf/2_-_rochat_didier_inra_pp_.pdf

57) Dembilio, . (2011), Bio-ecology and integrated management of the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, PhD Thesis, pp. 175, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castell de la Plana. t: http://www.researchgate.net/ publication/230660889_Bio-ecology_and_integrated_management_of_the_Red_Palm_ Weevil_Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus

58) Dembilio, . & Jacas, J.A. (2011), Basic bio-ecological parameters of the invasive Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Phoenix canariensis under Mediterranean climate, Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol. 101, pp. 153163. / at : http://www.researchgate.net/publication/46169288_Basic_bio-ecological_parameters_of_the_invasive_red_palm_weevil_Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_(Coleoptera_Curculionidae)_in_Phoenix_canariensis_under_Mediterranean_climate/file/d912f5028b70d53942.pdf.

59) Dembilio, ., Tapia, G.V., Tllez, M.M. and & Jacas, J.A. (2012), Lower temperature thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in a Mediterranean climate, Bulletin of Entomological Research, Vol. 102, 1, pp. 97-102. / at : http://www.researchgate.net/publication/51583739_Lower_temperature_thresholds_for_oviposition_and_egg_hatching_of_the_red_palm_weevil_Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus_%28Coleoptera_Curculionidae%29_in_a_Mediterranean_climate

60) Conti, F., Raciti, E. and Carta Cerrella, D. (2013), Monitoring Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus, with Pheromone Traps: Five Years of Experience in Sicily, pp. 7,

2 : / See also Annex 2 : Supplementary literature sources. , . / It contains a graph with the longest data series of trap captures that we found during the compilation of this catalogue.


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Communication at the: Colloque mditerranen sur les ravageurs des palmiers, Association Franaise de Protection des Plantes (AFPP), 16-18/01/2013, Nice. / at : http://www.fredon-corse.com/standalone/4/F06CP7UpFVe0T110B4a74Kt0.pdf. Poster at : http://www.afpp.net/ apps/accesbase/dbsommaire.asp?d=7020&t=0&uid=57305290&sid=57305290&idk=1

61) Rochat, D. (2012), PALM PROTECT Work package 2 (Biology), pp. 10, Presentation at the PALM PROTECT Project Stakeholder Workshop, 12-14/09/2012, Volcani Center, Israel. / at : https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/palmprotect/index.cfm?sectionid=15

62) Cabello, T. (2007), Biologa del Picudo Rojo de la Palmera, Presentation, pp. 94, , Presentation, pp. 94, Jornada de Plagas y Enfermedades en las Palmeras, 12-13/06/2007, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Gobierno de Canarias & Gestin del Medio Rural (GMR) de Canarias. / at : http://www.picudorojocanarias.es/downloads/ponencias/Biologia_Picudo_Rojo.pdf

63) Abdel-Azim, M.M., Vidyasagar, P.S.P.V., Aldosari, S.A. and Mumtaz, R. (2012), Impact of Mating Frequency on Fecundity, Fertility and Longevity of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curuclionidae), Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, Vol. 2, No 4, pp. 520-528. At : http://www.davidpublishing.com/ davidpublishing/Upfile/5/21/2012/2012052109767064.pdf

64) Kaakeh, W. (2005), Longevity, fecundity, and fertility of the red palm weevil, Rynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on natural and artificial diets, Emir. J. Agric. Sci., Vol. 17, No 1, pp. 23-33. / at : http://ejfa.info/index.php/ejfa/article/download/5045/2557

65) Ince, S., Porcelli, F. and Al-Jboory, L. (2011), Egg laying and egg laying behavior of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) 1790 (Coleoptera Curculionidae), Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, Vol. 2, No 11, pp. 1368-1374. / at : http://scihub.org/ABJNA/PDF/2011/11/ABJNA-2-11-1368-1374.pdf

66) Salem, M.S., Belal, M.H., Nour, M.E. and Sayed, E.A. (2012), Detection of a Chemical Marker from Ovipositing Females in Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculiondae), Advances in Environmental Biology, Vol. 6, No 8, pp. 2280-2284 (& Vol. 6, No 8, pp. 2164-2169 !!!). / at : http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb/2012/2280-2284.pdf & http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb/2012/2164-2169.pdf

67) Ju, R.-T., Wang, F., Wan, F.-H. and Li., B. (2011), Effect of host plants on development and reproduction of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Journal of Pest Science, Vol. 84, No 1, pp. 33-39. / at : http://www.iraqi-datepalms.net/Uploaded/file/Effect%20of%20host%20plants%20on%20development%20and%20reproduction%20of%20RPW%28Ju%20RT%20&%20Li%20B%29.pdf

68) Kontodimas, D.C., Milonas, P.G., Vassiliou, V., Thymakis, N. and Economou, D. (2006), The occurrence of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in Greece and Cyprus against the native Greek palm tree Phoenix theophrasti, Entomologia Hellenica, Vol. 16 (2005-2006), pp. 11-15. / at : http://www.entsoc.gr/volume%2016/Ent-Hell-2006-11-15.pdf

69) Raciti, E., Conti, F., Carta Cerrella, D., Morabito, M., Lidestri, A., Malfitana, S. and Romano, D. (2013), Palm Species Potentially Resistant to Red Palm Weevil attacks in sites of Eastern Sicily Heavily Infested, pp. 8, Communication at the Colloque mditerranen sur les ravageurs des palmiers, Association Franaise de Protection des Plantes (AFPP), 16-18/01/2013, Nice. / at : http://www.fredon-corse.com/standalone/F0397Cg0TO 3X4uVQA281C186.pdf. Poster / at : http://www.afpp.net/apps/accesbase/dbsommaire. asp?d=7020&t=0&uid=57305290&sid=57305290&idk=1

70) Monzer, M.A. & Srour, H.A. (2009), Desiccation intolerance of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv) adults in relation to their cuticular hydrocarbons, Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., Vol. 2, No 1, pp. 47-53. / at : http://entomology.eajbs.eg.net/pdf/vol2-num1/6.pdf


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71) Aldryhim, Y. & Khalil, A. (2003), Effect of humidity and soil type on survival and behavior of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) adults, Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Scientific Research, Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Vol. 8, No 2, pp. 87-90. / at : http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/1882/Documents/27.pdf

72) Abe, F., Hata, K. and Sone, K. (2009), Life History of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophtoridae), in Southern Japan, Florida Entomologist, Vol. 92, No 3, pp 421-425. / at : http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe92p421.pdf & http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/75978/73636

73) Filardo, G., Motisi, A., Pernice, F. e Lucido, P. (2009), Parametri termici acquisiti mediante sonde per la diagnosi precoce di attacchi di Punteruolo rosso, pp. 119-121 in La ricerca scientifica sul punteruolo rosso e gli altri fitofagi delle palme in Sicilia : Vol. 1, Report anno 2008, pp. 224, L. Guarino, A. Angileri, S. Colazza e G. Filardo (Coord.), Progetti FITOPALMINTRO & MEDEA, Dipartimento Interventi Infrastrutturali, Assessorato Agricoltura e Foreste, Reg. Siciliana, Palermo. / at : http://www.agrinnovazione.regione.sicilia.it/aggiornamenti/ eventi/2009/aprile/file/punteruolo%20rosso.pdf

74) Salama, H.S., Hamdy, M.K. and Magd El-Din, M. (2002), The thermal constant for timing the emergence of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), Anzeiger fr Schdlingskunde, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 2629. / at : http://193.146.160.29/gtb/sod/usu/$UBUG/repositorio/10290001_Salama.pdf

75) Fiaboe, K.K.M., Peterson, A.T., Kairo, M.T.K. and Roda, A.L. (2012), Predicting the potential worldwide distribution of the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using Ecological Niche Modelling, Florida Entomologist, Vol. 95, No 3, pp. 659-673. / at : http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/80382/77623

Rhynchophorus cruentatus

76) El-Mergawy, R.A.A.M., Al Ajlan, A.M., Abdalla, N., Nasr, M.I. and Silvain, J.F. (2011), Genetic Comparison among Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and Four Rhynchophorus Species, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B, Vol. 1, No 4 (August), pp. 610-615. / at: http:/ /www.davidpublishing.com/davidpublishing/Upfile/9/26/2011/2011092686045681.pdf

77) Weissling, T.J., Giblin-Davis, R.M., Center, B.J. and Hiyakawa, T. (1994), Flight behavior and seasonal trapping of Rhynchophorus cruentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Vol. 87, No 5, pp. 641-647. At: http:// digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1323&context=entomologyfacpub

78) Weissling, T.J. & Giblin-Davis, R.M. (2010), Palmetto weevil, Rhynchophorus cruentatus Fabricius (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Document EENY-013, Entomology & Nema-tology Dep., Fl. Cooperative Extension Service, Inst. of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Un. of Florida. At: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in139 & http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN13900.pdf

... / It is mentioned here mainly because it is used as documentation for the USA pest risk model. / see : NAPPFAST Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Pest Risk Maps, Complete Pest Matrix, / at : http://www.nappfast.org/caps_pests/matrix.htm / and specifically : R. ferrugineus NAPPFAST Model Documentation, / at : http://www.nappfast.org/caps_pests/maps/Documentation /Rhynchophorus%20ferrugineus%20documentation.pdf . / see generally : Jarok V., Honk A., Magarey R.D. and Skuhrovec J. (2011), Developmental database for phenology models: related insect and mite species have similar thermal requirements, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 104, No 6, pp. 1870-1876. / at: http://web.natur.cuni.cz/ekologie/jarosik/cze/pdf/D96.pdf


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VII. , , ( , ) / Inventorying, Mapping, Organization of management (with Geographic Information Systems, etc.)

79) , .., , .. , .. (2011), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), . 36-40, : 14 , 11-14/10/2011, . / [Pontikakos, C.M., Kontodimas, D.C. and Tsiligiridis, T.A. (2011), Integrated management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in palm trees of the Park Pedion Areos in Athens (Attica, Greece) using Location Aware System, pp. 36-40, in : Proceedings of the 14th Panhellenic Entomologic Conference, 11-14/10/2011, Nafplio, Greece. {in Greek with extended English summary}]. / at: http://www.entsoc.gr/z1files/14o.pdf

80) Pontikakos, C.M., Kontodimas, D.C., Michaelakis, A.N. and Samiou, F.G. (2013), Development of an expert Geographic System for monitoring of infestation and of control interventions against pests (CPLAS) - Application to the management of RPW, pp. 11, Communication at the: Colloque mditerranen sur les ravageurs des palmiers, Association Franaise de Protection des Plantes (AFPP), 16-18/01/2013, Nice. / at : http://www.fredon-corse.com/standalone/3/DEFDD641hhW83ULFyRH2s80G.pdf

81) Pontikakos C. & Kontodimas D. (2010), A Location Aware System for Integrated Management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Poster at the: VI Biennale Europea delle Palme - Dies Palmarum 2010, 18-20/11/2010, Sanremo. / at : http://cplas.gr/images/stories/poster_SANREMO_ITALY_2010.pdf

82) Soroker, V. (2012), PALM PROTECT Work package 3 - Detection and Monitoring (Part : Location Aware System for R. ferrugineus dispersal & a Decision Support System for the control of the pest in nurseries, urban areas and large scale palm tree habitats), pp. 60, Presentation at the PALM PROTECT Project Stakeholder Workshop, 12-14/09/2012, Volcani Center, Israel. / at: https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/palmprotect/index.cfm?sectionid=15

83) Gonzlez, S.G. (2012), Desarrollo de un Sistema de Informacin para la Prevencin y Control Fitosanitario de Palmeras en Marruecos, Proyecto PALMERA: Tecnologas de la informacin espacial para la gestin de los palmerales. Parte II (Actividad 2), pp. 39, Presenation at: Jornadas sobre Tecnologas de la Informacin Espacial para la conservacin del Medio Rural, 17/12/2012, La Laguna, Islas Canarias. / at: http://www.palmera-poctefex.com/images/documentos/ponencia9.pdf

VIII. , , / Detection, Monitoring, Sampling

() / Detection (in general)

/ See also supra : III & IV / Units III & IV and especially : EPPO (2008), Paysandisia archon Data sheet. ... (2010), R. ferrugineus / [B.P.I. (2010), Guidelines for macroscopic surveys for the detection of R. ferrugineus]. EPPO (2008), R. ferrugineus Data sheet. / See also supra : VII: Soroker (2012) PALM PROTECT Work package 3.

84) Soroker, V., Suma, P., La Pergola, A., Cohen, Y., Cohen, Y., Alchanatis, V., Golomb, O., Goldshtein, E., Hetzroni, A., Galazan, L., Kontodimas, D., Pontikakos, C., Zorovic, M. and Brandstetter, M. (2013), Early Detection and Monitoring of Red Palm Weevil: Approaches and Challenges, pp. 12, Communication at the: Colloque mditerranen sur les ravageurs de

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