,

:

:

:

APC ADVANCED PLANNING CONSULTING ..

2012

,

:

:

:

APC ADVANCED PLANNING CONSULTING ..

2012

&

i

1: ....................1

1.1 ..........................................................................................................................1 1.2 ...............................2 1.3 ...............................................3 1.4 ......................................................4 1.5 ..13

1.5.1 ...............................................................................13 1.5.2 , .............................19 1.5.3 ..........................................................................................................21

2: ....................................23

2.1 ..........................................23 2.2 ........................................................................................25 2.3 ...................................................................27 2.4 ....................................................28

3:

..................................................31

3.1 ..31 3.1.1 ..................................................................................................31 3.1.2 -open door..........................................................................................................................................35 3.1.3 - .......................................................................38

3.2 ..42 3.2.1 42 3.2.2. ..............43

3.3 ...44 3.3.1 ...44 3.3.2 ................44 3.3.3 ( ).45

3.4 , ..................45 3.4.1 46

3.4.1.1 (. 1650/86) ( 160/A).46 3.4.1.2 (2000/60/)...48 3.4.1.3 (2008/56/) .51

&

ii

3.4.2 , ...52

3.4.2.1 MARPOL 73/78...52 3.4.2.2 OPRC...55 3.4.2.3 (UNCLOS)..55 3.4.2.4 ..55 3.4.2.5 ..............................55 3.4.2.6 (1971) (Fund Convention). ...................56 3.4.2.7 2004/35/.............................................................................................56 3.4.2.8. ...............................................................56 3.4.2.9 2008/105/ ......................................................................................................57 3.4.2.10 96/61 ..........................................................................................................................57 3.4.2.11 () .58 3.4.2.12 (), 16/03/1998 .................................................58

3.4.3 ..........................................................................................................................59

3.4.3.1 ......59 3.4.3.2 ( CMS) 23 lo 1979...................................59 3.4.3.3 ..............................................................................................59 3.4.3.4 .....................................59 3.4.3.5 (79/409/)......................................................60 3.4.3.6 (92/43/)....................................................60 3.4.3.7 Natura........................................................................................................60

3.4.4 .60 3.4.4.1 2001/42 .............................................................................61 3.4.4.2 107017/2006 ( 1225//5.9.2006) ,

2001/42/ ...........................................................................61 3.4.4.3 37111/2021/2003 ( 13918/29-9-2003)..............62

4: ........63

4.1 ..................................................................................................63 4.1.1. ....................................................................................64

4.1.1.1. ...................................................................................................64 4.1.1.2. ...........................................................................................76 4.1.1.3. ...............................................................................78

4.1.2 .............................................................................................................................90 4.1.2.1 .........................................................................................90 4.1.1.2 ...92 4.1.1.3 ............................................................................................94

&

iii

..

4.1.1.4 ............96 4.1.1.5 ..........................................................................................................98

4.1.3 ................................................................................99 4.1.3.1. ........................................................................................................................99 4.1.3.2. ..................................................................100

4.1.4 ........................................................................................101 4.1.4.1. .........................................................................................101 4.1.4.2. ...........................................................................................118

4.1.5 ....................................................................................................137 4.1.5.1 .............................................140 4.1.5.2 A - - /.................141

4.2 .........................................................................................141 4.2.1. ..........................................................................................................................141

4.2.1.1 .........................................................................................................141 4.2.1.2 ...........................................................................................................143

4.2.2. .....................................................................................................144 4.2.2.1 Posidonia oceanica...............................................................................................144 4.2.2.2 ...............................................145 4.2.2.3. .........................................................................................................................148

4.2.3. .....................................................................................................................148 4.2.3.1 ....................................................................................150 4.2.3.2 ..............................................................................151 4.2.3.3. ........................................152

4.2.4. ...........................................................................................................152 4.2.4.1. .................................................................................................................152 4.2.4.2. .............................157 4.2.4.3. ............................................157

4.2.5 ................................................................................................................160 4.2.6. .......................................................................................................161

4.2.6.1. .................................................................................................................161 4.2.6.2. .................................................................................................................164

4.2.7 ..........................................................................................................165 4.2.7.1 ..........................................................................166

4.2.8. .......................................................166 4.2.9. ...................................................................................174

4.3 - ............................................................174 4.3.1. ..177 4.3.2. ...............178 4.3.3 , , , .................................................................................181 4.3.4. ......................................................................193

&

iv

5 ,

...........................................195

5.1 .......................................................................................................................195 5.1.1. ......................................................................195 5.1.2. ...................................................195 5.1.3. ............196

5.2 ..................................................................................................................197 5.2.1 .............................................................................................197

5.2.1.1 .....................................................................................................201 5.2.1.2. ..........................................................205 5.2.1.3 .....................................................................................206 5.2.1.4 .........................................................................................207

5.2.2 .........................................................................208 5.2.3. (airgun).......................................................208

5.2.3.1 .......................................................................209 5.2.3.2 ............................................................................212 5.2.3.3 .......................................214 5.2.3.4 airgun ..................................................215

5.2.4 ...............218 5.2.5 ..................................................................219 5.2.6 .........................................................................219 5.2.7. ......................................................220

5.3 (EXPLORATION)...........................................................................................221 5.3.1 ..............................................................................................221

5.3.1.1 .........................................................................................222 5.3.1.2 ..................................................................................................223

5.3.2 .................................................................................................224 5.3.3 .................225 5.3.4 ( )..................................................................................................................................228 5.3.5. ...........................................................................228 5.3.6 ...............................................................................232 5.3.7 ..........................................................................234 5.3.8 ...........................................................................235 5.3.9 .............................................................236 5.3.10 E .................................................................238

5.4 ( ).................................................239 5.4.1 ...............................................................................................239

5.4.1.1 ............................................................................239 5.4.1.2 (Pipelines) (Flowlines)...........................................................................................................................244 5.4.1.3 ......................................................................247 5.4.1.4 ....................................................................................247 5.4.1.5 ............................................................................................................249

5.4.2 ...................................................................................................250

&

v

5.4.3 ..........................................................250 5.4.4 ( ).......................................................................................................................................252 5.4.5 .........................................................................254 5.4.6 ( )..................................................................................................................................256 5.4.7 ...........................................................................257 5.4.8 ...........................................................................258 5.4.9 ...................................................................259 5.4.10 E ...................................................260

5.5 ATYXHMATA.................................................................................................................261 5.5.1 ..................................................................................................261

5.5.1.1 ...............................................................261 5.5.1.2 (Diesel) .....................................................................265 5.5.1.3 .........................................................266 5.5.1.4 (streamer cables)......................................................267

5.5.2 ...........................................................................................................267 5.6 ..................................................268 5.7 ..................................................................................270 5.8 ...........................................................................................272

6 ...........................281

6.1 ............................................................281 6.2 , ......................................................................................................................287 6.3 ...............................................................................................289

7

. ..............................................................................................................291 . ....................................................................................................306

................................................................................................307

: ..............................................................................................309 : , , .........................................................................315

.............................................................................................................317 2001/42/ 27 2001 ..........................................................................347 94/22/ 30 1994 , ..........................................................................................................................369

&

vi

. 2289. , ......................................................................................................377 . 2252. , , 1990 ...............409 . 3100. , , 2000........423 ..............................................................433

: ACCOBAMS.............................................................................................................439 : (POSEIDON OIL SPILL MODEL)...........................................453 : NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY ( )...................................461

&

1

1

1.1

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: , . , 20 40 . : 30 . () 500 . 20 . (array): . / .

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, . , , , . , (light occlusion) . (). , , / . :

: , , / , , (., geohazards), , , . , (muds and cuttings discharge modeling) . (.. ), 500 , 100 ( , , , , .) (MMS, 2004).

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16

. , . (.. ). . (chemosynthetic) . , , . .. , .

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&

20

. . OSPAR, MARPOL 73/78. OSPAR: - ( , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ), ( OSPAR) . OSPAR , , , , , , , . OSPAR . : 1976, 16 ( ). 1976 , 1980. N. 855/1978 ( 235//23.12.1978), . 1634/1986 (104/) .3022/2002 ( 114/). . noxious , , , , , , . . OSPAR.. MARPOL 73/78: MARPOL (arine Pollution) 73/78 1973 1978 - MARPOL. 2 1983 ( - ). V, , 31 1988. , , 1 1992. IV, , 27 2003. VI, , 1997.

&

21

. , . , 1973 , , , , . MARPOL 73/78 1984 . 1269/1982 ( 89//21.7.1982) MARPOL 73/78.

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( 107017/28.8.2006 2001/42/): .

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&

29

( 610.), ROV MAX ROVER, ROV SUPER ACHILLE, MINI ROV, Multibeam echosounder (SEABEAM 2021), , Aanderaa (20), transmissometers, 2 CTD, 1 ADCP system, 2 ORE 3.5 Khz subbottom profilers (4 and 12 transducer array fish), 1 SPARKER SIG (1-9Kj), 1 Air-Gun PAR BOLT (USA), Boomer (GeoAcoustics - UK), Side Scan Sonar (GeoAcoustics - UK), Gravity corers, Multiple corers, Box corers, Underwater Spectroradiometer (LI-COR LI1800UW), X-BAND RADARS ( ), .

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( (HCMR-Net), , , ), HEAL-Link, GIS, .

30 / , , POEM, MTP-II MATER, METROMED, EUROCOMARGE, PELAGOS, OTRANTO, CINCS, INTERREG II IONIO/318, INTERREG-N.AEGEAN/245, KEYCOP, INTERPOL, STRATEGY, FATE, IASON, DANUBS, ADIOS, MARSAIS, BEEP, SESAME etc., FP7 IP PERSEUS COCONET.

APC S.A, ( ). APC S.A. , . APC Ltd, 1994 , . APC S.A. , , ( , , , ) , , .

&

30

&

31

3

3.1

3.1.1

(www.ypeka.gr) : , ,

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. , , , , , , . , , . , , , . T , - - , . . 2289/1995, 94/22/ ( , ) , . 4001/2011 , , ( 156 . 17):

) , 4, , . (90) .

&

32

) (). , , , . (90) .

) (open door) , , . , . . . (30) , , . , . , (), , (www.ypeka.gr) .

(/) 20 , London Oil Development, HELLIS, PAN-ISRAEL, DEILMAN-ILIO , . . 1960 ( ) (IFP). 17 . , , BP (), ESSO ( , , ), HUNT (), TEXACO (), CHEVRON (), ANSCHUTZ (-) OCEANIC-COLORADO ( ), 40 . . . - OCEANIC (1971-1974). 1975 . (. 468/76). 1985 ., 1995 . 2289/95, o . & - 24 . 73.000 2D 2.500 . . 3D, 73 .

&

33

, . , . 1996, 6 3.1. 4 . : & riton & . Enterprise Oil. 85 . . . , . : (4.000 ) Enterprise Oil . Triton ( $8 .). 2000-2001.

. 3.1:

2007, . 3587/2007 ( 20) /-/ ( & ), . 3.2.

&

34

. 3.2: .

:

, , 2D , . , . 1999-2000 . , , , , . (>4.000 ) , . , ( 500 ),

&

35

, .

frontier area . , ( 76 27/1/2012 & Official Journal of the EU 7.3.2012/C 69/03) , , , , . . , , , . / , (-), . , , . , , , , ( , ) (www.ypeka.gr), .

3.1.2. -open door

" ", :

(i) . 200 MMbbls. (1 ) (Triton) 2001 . . , 3.3 3.1, 1892 km2. 158 , 466 37.918183, 20.924695.

&

36

. 3.3: , .

3.1: 1987 ( 87) 1984 (WGS 84). 87 latitude longitude X coord Y coord deg min sec deg min sec

250784 4200067 37 55 0.00 21 10 0.00 228802 4200765 37 55 0.00 20 55 0.00 229109 4210014 38 00 0.00 20 55 0.00 221790 4210260 38 00 0.00 20 50 0.00 222421 4228760 38 10 0.00 20 50 0.00 215118 4229013 38 10 0.00 20 45 0.00 216421 4266013 38 30 0.00 20 45 0.00 245497 4265038 38 30 0.00 21 5 0.00 244620 4237290 38 15 0.00 21 5 0.00 251913 4237063 38 15 0.00 21 10 0.00

.

&

37

(ii) - . (> 4.000 .). ( ) (2002, 1 ). , . . 50-80 bbls. , (. 3.4).

. 3.4: -.

(iii) 1982 - 3 MMbbls 2400-2600 . 3,5 . . , (250 ), , H2S CO2. , , .. . 3.5.

&

38

. 3.5: , .

3.1.3 -

2001/42/EC, . 5 (.1), , ,

. 15-20 . , . .

&

39

, , : (i) , (ii) (iii) .

(reference scenario, business and technical change as usual) , . WETO (E.C., 2003) , , .. , , , . 2030. (non-conventional oil). , , (E.C, 2009; E.C., 2003). : - () 41% 2030. . , 2006, ,

(E.C., 2007). - ( 500 . ) . , , . , (E.C., 2010). - . , 20 . . , 20 30 70% , 50% , , , (E.C., 2006). - (55%). (http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/statistics). , , , , , , . , , 1999-2009 58,2% 55,5% ( 39% 37% 27), 4,5% 9,7% ( 22% 24% 27) (. ).

&

40

2006 21,54 Mtoe, 2007 () (http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/statistics). - , , , 39% , 23% , 24% , 7% 7% . , , , , , . , , , , . , MOH 23 . . 74% 26% . (, 2009). - 3.2.

3.2: . (: , 2009)

- , , ( 85%), . , . . , 100 , , , , , , , .. 3 : (i) ( ) , (ii) ( , ) (iii) 2007, ( ) . : (i) : , , , (ii) : , , , , , . , , , , , , .. , , , , . (iii) : ( , ), ,

&

41

, , (, , .) (www.aerioattikis.gr/). ( 3.3).

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&

42

- : . 200 MMbbls. (1 ) (Triton) 2001 . (www.ypeka.gr/). - , . (, 2011) , , , 40% 20%, , . , , .4001/2011, ( , ) , , , . , . , , 200 , . , 80% , , . , , .

3.2

3.2.1

94/22/ , . 2289/1995, . 4001/2011 , ( 156 . 17), . , , 148 .1 . 5 .1 2289/95 4001/11 8 . .

(open door), , : () 1892 km2 : 1 (3) -2 (2) -3 (3)

&

43

(1) . ( ) 20 50%. 5x 5 . , . . , 100 km2 . 200km2 . 25 5 , .

3.2.2.

2001/42 . O 1 () , , , . 2001/42 107017/2006. 107017/2006 ( 1225//5.9.2006) , 2001/42/. 2001/42/ 27 2001 , (L 197/30/21.7.2001), , , , , . . 2.2.

&

44

3.3

, (. 2289/1995) : , .

3.3.1

. 2289/1995 , (prospecting) (1 = ). . , . ( . ), , . , , . , .

3.3.2

. 2289/1995 , (exploration) , (2 = ). , . ( ) / . , , , . . , . , , , / , . , ( ).

&

45

, . .

3.3.3 ( )

. 2289/1995 , (exploitation) , . . . 25 5 . , , , . . , , , . , , , .

3.4 ,

, . , , , 3.4.

3.4: , , .

(. 1650/86) -----------------------------------------------------

(2000/60/) (2008/56/) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MARPOL 73/78 OPRC 1990 (UNCLOS), 1982, 1994 1976 , 2004

&

46

(1971) (Fund Convention). 2004/35/ - 2008/105/ 51354/641/103/2010 96/61, IPPC, EMAS, ISO : . 2252/1994, . 3100/2003, . 3497/2006 1998 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

, 1971 , 1979 , 1979 , 1992 (79/409/) , 1979 (92/42/) , 1992 Natura -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-

2001/42 107017/2006 , 2001/42/ 37111/2021/2003 , 2 5 . 1650/1986 2 3 3 . 3010/2002 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- 1996/61/ (IPPC) () , ( . .3010/2002) - 2001/80/ , ( . ( 992/14.07.05).

3.4.1

3.4.1.1 (. 1650/86) ( 160/A)

1. , 1 () , , , , . , , .

&

47

2. , : ) , , . ) . ) . ) . ) . ) . 3. , : ) . ) . ) . ) , , . ) , , , , . ) , , , : - - . - . - . - . ) . ( 2, ) : 1. : , , , . 2. : , , , , , , . 3. : . 4. : , , , .

&

48

5. : , , . 6. : . 7. : . 8. : , . 9. : . 10. : . 11. : (, , ) , . 12. : , , , , , . 13. : . 14. : . 15. : , , , , , , , , , . 16. : . , .1650/86 97/11/ 96/61/ : . 3010/2002 ( 91/) . 1650/86 97/11/ 96/61/, H..15393/2332 ( 1022/) 3 . 1650/1986 1 . 3010/2002 . 1650/86 97/11/ 96/61/ . ( 91//).

3.4.1.2 (2000/60/)

2000/60/ ( : 2445/2001/, 2008/32/, 2009/31/, : 2008/105/) 2000 - (WFD/Water Framework Directive) , . 2015. ( ) ( ).

&

49

. . 3199/2003 ( 280/) .. 51/2007 ( 54/). 2 . 3199/2003 ( ): 1. . 2. ' , : ) , , . . ) : . ) : , , . ) : , , , , , . ) : . ) : , , . ) : , , , , . ) : . ) : , . , . 1 15, , . ) : , .. , , , , , , . ) : , , , . ) : . ) : , , , , , . ) , , , ( ). ) : ,

&

50

5. ) : , . ) : . ) : , . ) . ) : , . 1 15. ) : ' . 1 15. ) , ' . 1 15. ) : , . 1 15. ) : , . 1 15. ) : , , . ) : 9 . 2. , 9. ) : , , , , , , . ) : , , , , . ) : , , : ) , , , ) , . ) : , , / , .

&

51

, , , . 1 15. , , , . , , . ) : , .. , , ' , , . ) : .

3.4.1.3 (2008/56/)

/ . 3983/2011 ( 144/). , 2 , , : ) , , , , ) , . 8 4, , , . , , , . , . 4 3983/2011 ( 3 2008/56/) : 1. : ) , , / , , . 2321 /1995 (136), ) , 2 2 . 3199/2003 (280), , .. 51/2007 (54) .

&

52

2. : 5. , . 3. : 6. 4. : , , , , , , , , . 5. : , , , , : ) , , , , , . / , , ) , , , . , . 5, I. .

3.4.2 ,

3.4.2.1 MARPOL 73/78

MARPOL (arine Pollution) 73/78 1973 1978 - MARPOL. 2 1983 ( - ). V, , 31 1988. , , 1 1992. IV, , 27 2003. VI, , 1997.

&

53

. , . , 1973 , , , . MARPOL 73/78 1984 . 1269/1982 ( 89//21.7.1982) MARPOL 73/78. (..) (.) . . 14/2011 ( 29//2.3.2011) VI 1997 , 1973, 1978 ( V .. MARPOL 73/78). .. 124/2010 ( 201//30.11.2010) 1978 , 1973 ( I .. MARPOL 73/78). .. 27/2007 ( 19//30.1.2007) 1978 , 1973 ( I .. MARPOL 73/78). .. 114/2006 ( 112//8.6.2006) 1978 , 1973 ( IV .. MARPOL 73/78). .. 2431.02/02/05 ( 331//15.3.05) 1978 , 1973 ( 13, 13 IOPP MARPOL, 73/78). .. 2431.06.1/13/05 ( 644//13.5.05) 1978 , 1973 ( V MARPOL, 73/78) . 3104/03 ( 28//10.2.03) 1997 1973, 1978 . .. 2431.06.1/13/05/2005 ( 644//13.5.2005) 1978 , 1973 ( V MARPOL, 73/78). .. 2431.02/02/05/2005 ( 331//15.3.2005) 1978 , 1973 ( 13, 13 IOPP MARPOL, 73/78). .. 49/2005 ( 66//11.3.2005) 2002/59/ 27 2002 . .. 312/2002 ( 273//13.11.2002) 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78 -. , , V).

&

54

.. 206/2000 ( 186//25.8.2000) 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78) .. 128/2000 ( 112//6.4.2000) 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78 & ) . .. 12/2000 ( 11//27.1.2000) .. 346/94 (183/) , 93/75/ 13 1993, 211/97 (166/), 174/98 (129/) 3/99 (2/) .. 54/1999 ( 53//22.3.1999) 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78). .. 3/1999 ( 2//13.1.1999) .. 346/94 (183/) , 93/75/ 13 1993, . 211/97 (166/) . 174/98 (129/) . .. 174/1998 ( 129//16.6.1998) .. 346/94 (183/) , 93/75/ 13 1993, .. 211/97 (166/) . .. 211/1997 ( 166//25.8.1997) .. 346/94 (183/) . .. 361/1996 ( 233//20.9.1996) 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78). .. 68/1995 ( 48//7.3.1995) 1972 . .. 346/1994 ( 183//31.10.1994) 93/75/ 13 1993. .. 46/1993 ( 17//17.2.1993) 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78- ). .. 288/1992 ( 147//2.9.1992) 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78). .. 103/1992 ( 47//31.3.1992) 1973 (MARPOL 73/78). .. 254/1989 ( 120//11.5.1989) 1987 1978 1973 (MARPOL 73/78). . 404/1986 ( 182//28.11.1986) 1973 (MARPOL 73/78). .. 167/1986 ( 63/`/15.5.1986) . 479/84

&

55

MARPOL 73/78 . .. 479/1984 ( 169//1.11.1984) RPOL 73/1978, . .. 181053/3127/83/1983 ( 673//21.11.1983) / MARPOL 73/78.

3.4.2.2 OPRC

OPRC (Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response) 1990 . 30/11/1990 : 13/05/1995 : () : . 2252/1994 ( 192//18-11-1994). : (i) , (ii) (iii) .

3.4.2.3 (UNCLOS)

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) , 1982 Montego Bay 16/11/1994, : (i) , () , (ii) , (iii) . UNCLOS, . 1995 (.2321/95 136/23.6.1995).

3.4.2.4

1976 , 1980. . 81/420/EEC, 83/101/EEC, 84/132/EEC, COM(95) 202 final, COM(99) 29 final - CNS 99/0023. N. 855/1978 ( 235//23.12.1978), . 1634/1986 (104/) .3022/2002 ( 114/).

3.4.2.5 (Persistent Organic Pollutants - POPs) 22/05/2001 : 17/05/2004 : ..

. , , . , ,

&

56

. DDT (PCBs). : . 3447/2006 ( 52/)

3.4.2.6 (1971) (Fund Convention).

. 1638/1986 ( 108//18.7.1986) ..270/95 ( 151//26.7.1995). , .. 98/1990 .

3.4.2.7 2004/35/

2004/35/ 2006/21/ ( ). , , , , , . . , . , : - , - 1979 1992, - , . 2000 . , 2004/35 . 148 29 2009 ( 190/) . , .. 11/2002 ( 6//21.1.2002), .2252 ( 192/), .

3.4.2.8.

, , . : . 2252/1994 ( 192//) , , 1990

&

57

. 3100/2003 (20//) , . 3497/2006 ( 219/) , , . , , 28 . 1 , , , , (REMPEC) 25 2002. 10 ( ) : () , , , , () , , , , () , , .

3.4.2.9 2008/105/

, , , 2010 51354/641/103/2010 ( 1909//8.12.2010) () , 2008/105 86/176, 83/513, 84/156, 84/491, 86/280, 2000/60, .

3.4.2.10 96/61

, (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, IPPC) 96/61. 3010/2002 ( 91//25-4-2002) (): (i) ..15393/2332/2002 ( 1022//) (ii) ..11014/703/104/2003 ( 332/). 96/61/ (IPPC) 45.000 15 . , ( / Best Available Techniques, BATs)),

&

58

, , , . () ( ), (end-of-pipe techniques). COM(2005) 540 , 96/61/ ( IPPC). 96/61/ , , , , , . , . ( , , , ), . , 50 MW . 20% , 33% x SO2 . IPPC , (, 2002).

3.4.2.11 ()

, , / , , . () . ISO 14001 , . ISO 14001 , (EMAS). , , ISO 9001, (www.elot.gr/).

3.4.2.12 (), 16/03/1998

- (UNFCCC) . , . : (i) (property rights), (ii)

&

59

(iii) . H E.E. : (i) 2003/87/ ( ) (ii) 2004/101/ ( 2003/87/ , ). H . 3017/2002 ( 117//30-5-2002).

3.4.3

3.4.3.1

2 1971 1975. ..191/1974 ( 350) .1752/1988 .1950/1991 ( 350//74, 26//88 84//91 ). , ( MedWet) . : (i) (A 2.1), (ii) ( 3.1), (iii) , ( 4.1).

3.4.3.2 ( CMS) 23 lou 1979

, , . 1999 (.2719, 106//99). 3.4.3.3

1979. 92/43 . , , . . 1335/1983 ( 32/).

3.4.3.4 ..

.. 1992, . 1994 .2204/1994 ( 59/) N 3937/2011 ( 60//2011)

&

60

. 3937 , , , ,

. , ,

(N 3937/2011 2 ) 1 , , ,

.

3.4.3.5 (79/409/)

.. 181 . () , . 414985/85 ( 757/) 37338/1807/.103/2010 ( 1495/).

3.4.3.6 (92/43/).

33318/3028/1998 . .. 14849/853/103 ( 645/). Natura 2000.

3.4.3.7 Natura

Natura 2000. Natura 2000 163 ( 79/409/) 239 ( 92/43/). . , , 3,4 . 21% . 10 , (www.ekby.gr/). 3.4.4

3.4.4.1 2001/42

O 1 () , , , . 107017/2006.

&

61

3.4.4.2 107017/2006 ( 1225//5.9.2006) , 2001/42/

2001/42/ 27 2001 , (L 197/30/21.7.2001), , , , , . 2: : : ) : , , : / , , , , , ..., .., .. , . ) (...): (....), , .... . ) (....): , 6 11 , ) : , , , . ) : , . ) : , , , , . ) : . 6: (....) 1. ..., 3 (.1 2), (....) , , , , , . .... 11 .

&

62

2. .... , , , . 3. ...., , .... . , 3 5 . 4. , , 11 . 5. ..... .... . ..... .., .

3.4.4.3 37111/2021/2003 ( 13918/29-9-2003)

, 2 5 . 1650/1986 2 3 3 . 3010/2002

: , : 1996/61/ (IPPC) () , ( . .3010/2002) 2001/80/ , ( . ( 992/14.07.05).

: / 906 / 22.12.99 1272 / 27.11.03 () : 5475/ 325 / 11.2.04, 16075/ 565/27.4.05, 5473/ 322 / 11.2.04, 870/ 65 /21.1.05, : : 906/ / 22.12.99, 1272/ / 27.11.03 () 27 1650/1986 2742/1999 . . 3044/2002 ( 13) 25 ( ). .

,

, ,

&

63

4

. . 2001/42/ . :

(, )

, () () ,

, (benthic fauna) ,

, ,

,

, , (Marine

Protected Areas MPA) -

, (Aquaculture), , , , , .

4.1

. , , , .

&

64

4.1.1. .

4.1.1.1.

, . . - . , , . , - - .

() , , (.. , , , , ) ' . , (.. , , , ) . , , .

. , , , . : ( ), . , . , , , , . . , ( ) . / . . , . ,

&

65

. ( ). ( ), . . . . (trough) , . ( - - ) . (). , . . , . , , . . . , 14:00 . 3 6 m/s 9 m/s (1-2 m/s). . , , , , . 50-60 km, 1-2 km. , , . , , , , . , . (, , , ), , , , , . . (--) (.. ) (.. ). . , , . (). . ( ).

&

66

, , , . , . 4.1 4.1, 4.2 4.3 .

4.1.

(m)

25,28 38 11 20 29 1970-1997 24 38 3621 21 2111 1956-1997 1 2144' 3815 1955-1997 11,5 38 859 21 2524 1955-1997

&

67

: 40,6oC

: -0,4oC

: 44,8oC

: -7,8oC

: 41,3oC

: -4,5oC

: 41,2oC

: -3,8oC

. 4.1. ( ), ( ) ( ) ( : http://www.hnms.gr)

&

68

. 4.2. (), (-) (-) ( : http://www.hnms.gr)

&

69

, . , (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, ECMWF). 0,5x0,5 6 (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) 13 , 01/01/1986 31/12/1998. , , . , . - . . , 4.3.

. 4.3. ( ), , .

, , .

&

70

. , 24-, - , , . . 4.4. . 5 4.2.

4.2.

(m/s) < 1 1-3 3-5 5-8 > 8

. , , . , 4.4 , 4.5, 4.6 4.7 . 5 %, 34 %. , 5,5 %, 8 m/s, 21 %. 28 % 7,2 % , 10,9 % 10,3 % . - . , (, , ) , 9 %. 9,8 %. ( , , ), . 20 m/s. - , . , , , . , , , .

&

71

(, , , ) , . , ( ), 8 m/s. , 8m/s. ( ), ( ) - . (, , ) . . , , 10 m/s. , , - .

. 4.4. .

&

72

() ()

() ()

. 4.5. () , () () () .

&

73

() ()

() ()

. 4.6. () , () , () () .

&

74

() ()

() ()

. 4.7. () , () , () () .

&

75

, , , , . 4.3.

4.3. 01/01/1986 31/12/1998.

10,1 12,9 6,7 18,4 -1,0 10,0 13,1 6,8 19,8 -0,7 11,6 13,5 7,3 23,7 0,8 14,0 17,5 10,7 23,8 3,5 17,3 21,3 12,6 29,2 8,0 22,3 25,7 18,6 34,8 10,2 25,5 28,3 20,9 35,9 11,6

25,6 29,0 21,4 39,7 16,0 22,4 25,8 17,9 34,2 10,2 18,8 22,6 14,5 30,8 7,8 14,5 17,3 10,9 25,8 3,3 11,3 13,3 8,1 19,8 0,5

13C 29C , 6 20C. 40C. 3 1998 39,84C. , 6,7C 21,4C , . , . 25 1998 1,16C.

300 mm 1200 mm. , 780 mm. 1996 1161 mm, 1987 , 508 mm. 4.4, 01/01/1986 31/12/1998.

&

76

4.4. 01/01/1986 31/12/1998

mm

mm ( )

66,9 169,5 (1998) 73,2 217,1 (1996) 71,3 149,5 (1996) 51,2 109,1 (1990) 27,5 68,3 (1991) 10,8 41,7 (1986) 3,9 15,1 (1989)

14,2 98,5 (1995) 51,1 132,3 (1998) 95,9 213,9 (1989) 180,0 438,5 (1998) 132,9 277,2 (1990)

779,0 1160,9 (1996)

4.1.1.2.

. , . 0.1x0.1o. 1/1/1995 9:00 UTC-31/12/2004 12:00 UTC 3h. 24 00:00, 03:00, 06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, 21:00, 24:00 UTC. , 10 =29218. 48 20.6-21.2 37.75-38.55. , Uw, U, . , 10 . , . , . , . . 30%. , , P (%), . :

i. H Uw < 6m/s ii. H Uw> 8 m/s iii. Uw> 17.2 m/s

4, 5 8 Beaufort. ,

&

77

, , .

. 4.8.. . 4.8..

. 4.8..

.4.8.. Uw8m/s

. 4.8.. Uw>17.2m/s

&

78

4.8., . , . 2.56-4.77m/s 2-3 Beaufort. , , (. 4.8.). , 13.14-16.72m/s 6-7 Beaufort. , , . , , , (. 4.8.). 4.8. 6m/s ( , 4) . 90%. , 4.8. 8m/s ( , 5) . , 3% , 4%, . , 4.8., 17.2m/s ( , 8) . 0.00-0.04 . , , . , 1995-2004 6-7 Beaufort. . , . , .

4.1.1.3.

. , , . , . , (, , , , , , ..) .

, , . . . ,

&

79

. . , . . ( ) (.. ) (.. ) . : ) (.. , , ), ) (.. , , ), ) , ) ) , ) . . () . . (.. ) . ( ) , . , . , . . . oo . , , . , , . . , . : (CO), (SO2), o (NO2) (), (. 4.9).

&

80

, .

. 4.9. (, 2008).

: I. . II. , , II. : () , .

, . : (1) H . . . , . (2) . CO, SO2, . , , , PAN ( ) . (3) 1000 km . , , . (4) .

&

81

. , . , . ( 2.5 m) , (Prospero et al. 2001; Uno et al. 2001; Kallos et al. 2007). 20 , (Kallos et al. 2007) 4.10. (5) H . (CFCs) , . CO2 (ocean acidification) .

. 4.10. - . (, , C, D) - (, , ..) . M1, 2, 3 . - 5 (Kallos et al. 2007).

&

82

(CO) , , , . CO CO2 2-4 . , , . 75% 25%. . , . CO, .

(SO2) , . SO2 SO3 . (CS), (CS2), (CH3)2S, (H2S) . , , , , . , , , . SO2 . 0-6% .. SO2. 0.05% . , . , .

(2) () 2 3. x 2, 2 (.. ). 2 , , , . . 2 . (2), (3), (3) (3-), (2-) (4+). , (). 50% , , (2).

&

83

2 , . , .

(O3) , , , . (15-50 km), 90% . O3 . , CFCs, . 10% , (0-15 km). , . , (VOCs), (NOx) . (VOCs NOx) , , . , (). . CO2, . . .. ( SO2 H2SO4). (.. , , .). . . . , , - , . - 32 ppbv ( ). , .

( ). 1-4

&

84

, 5-6 , 7 . . (, , ) (), . , . , , , , , , CFCs. . , . , , , .

, . , . , , , , , . , . , . 0.1-1 m, . . . , . : Aitken 0.001 0.1 m, 0.1 1m, > 1 m, 1-1000 m, 100 m, 1-100 m > 100 m. : 2.5m (PM2.5) 10m (PM10)

, (10), , , , , , , , (), . 4.5.

&

85

4.5. ( 2009).

: - 1996/62/ ( 3277/209/2000, 180//17-2-2000). - 1999/30/ , , , ( 34/30.5.2002, 125// 5-6-02). - 2000/69/ ( 9238/332, 405/27.2.05). - 2002/3/ ( 38638/2016, 1334/21.9.05). - 2004/107/ , , , ( 22306/1075/103, 920/8.6.07). - 2008/50/ , 96/62/E (1999/30/, 2000/69/ 2002/3/), 97/101/ ( 14122/549/.103, 488/30.3.11).

&

86

. (), (www.ypeka.gr). , 4.11 4.12 (, , , , , ), ( , , ). , (.. ), (, , , , ).

. 4.11. () ().

. 4.12. () ().

/ . . / . 4.6

&

87

2007 ( 2009).

4.6. ( ) 2007.

. ( )

. ( )

CO (mg/m3) 0.8 (0.2) 0.8 (0.2) NO (g/m3) 32 (15) 27 (12) NO2 (g/m3) 48 (3) 49 (6) NOx (g/m3) 80 (14) 77 (17) SO2 (g/m3) 9 (5) 10 (6) O3 (g/m3) - 30 (11) PM10 (g/m3) 44 (4) 46 (3)

(10) 1999/30/ : . : 34.3% . : 29.2% 2 1999/30/ 2010. , , , - . 70% , - ( 2009). ( 3) 2001-2010 ( 2011). , (, , , ) 27 2006-21 2007 ( ). : ) (NOx, SO2, O3), ) (PM10, PM2.5), ) (, ) ) (Benzene, Toluene, m, p-, o-xylene). 4.13 4.14 .

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

.

C [p

pb]

O3 SO2 NOx

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

C [

g/m

3 ]

PM10 PM2.5

. 4.13. 3, SO2 NOx ppb 10 2.5 g/m3 11/2006-12/2007.

&

88

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

.

C [n

g/L]

Benzene Toluene m,p-xylene o-xylene

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

.

C [

g/m

3 ]

. 4.14. (Benzene, Toluene, m, p-, o-xylene) ng/L g/m3 11/2006-12/2007.

( , , -) . , (.. SO2, 10 2.5, ) , . / , . / (.. ) (. 4.16). , , . - . O3 . O3 4.15 (http://forecast.uoa.gr/). . ( ), (. 4.16, http://forecast.uoa.gr/).

. 4.15. () () (http://forecast.uoa.gr/)

&

89

. 4.16. (PSO4) () () (http://forecast.uoa.gr/).

, , (Michaelides et al. 1999). . , . . , . , - . . (. 4.17, http://forecast.uoa.gr/).

. 4.17. . (http://forecast.uoa.gr/)

&

90

4.1.2

4.1.2.1

, , (Papazachos & Papazachou 1997). () (. 5km) , () , , () () (. 4.18). - - , , . Le Pichon & Angelier (1979), ( ), . (backstop) . (back-thrusting) (. ) (Huguen et al. 2001). , , . (Finetti et al. 1990). .

. 4.18. , - . T , GPS (Papanikolaou et al. 2004)

&

91

, , . (Finetti 1982, Finetti et al. 1990, Huguen et al. 2001). GPS , , 10 mm/yr, 20 mm/yr, 40-50 mm/yr (Le Pichon et al. 1995, Reilinger et al. 1997, 2000, Kahle et al. 2000). - , 10 mm/yr, . . , . GPS , (Papanikolaou et al., 2004) (. . 4.18). , , (McKenzie 1972, 1978, Le Pichon & Angelier 1979, Dewey & Sengr 1979).

. 4.19. O (Papanikolaou 1989a)

, -

&

92

. , , ( ), ( ) ( ). , Scutari-Pe, (Antalya convex zone), (Kober 1928, 1931) (. 4.19) , - , - , , - , , - . , , , .

4.1.1.2

(Papanikolaou 1989a, 1997), : H1: , - , H2: - , H3: , -

H4: Vardar-, H5: , H6: , H7: ( ), H8: H9: , ( ). 4.20

. H1, H3, H5, H7 H9 , H9, . H2, H4, H6 H8 . ,

,

H0. (1) ,

, , .

(), , , .

, , , ,

(Papanikolaou 1986a, 1988d, 1989a).

(.. (Ktenas 1924)), (, .. - , Renz (1955)). , (Papanikolaou 1989a). (Renz 1955, Papanikolaou 1979a, 1988c) .

,

.

( ), (

&

93

, Renz 1955). , () (, , , , ) . (Renz 1955, Aubouin 1959, Thiebault 1982) ( ) (Papanikolaou 1986a). . (1) , . (Bizu-Duval et al. 1976, Jacobshagen 1979, Dermitzakis & Papanikolaou 1979).

. 4.20. (Papanikolaou 1997)

&

94

4.1.1.3

, , / - (accretion) (continental fragments). , . , , , (rifting) . ( ) . (. 4.21) , , , (), (4) ( (2) -1) (Papanikolaou 1997).

. 4.21. , . , . ( Papanikolaou 1997).

&

95

( ), (pillow lavas) , , ( ) , . : (i) - , (ii) , (iii) (iv) - (Papanikolaou op cited)(. 4.22).

. 4.22. , VII, . Papanikolaou (1989a).

&

96

4.1.1.4

- , , , . , ( - ) ( ). , -, . : , (detachment tectonics). , (halokinesis), , , , . - . - , . , ( Aptici Italy), ( Complesso Anidritico Italy) ( Burano Italy) (Karakitsios & Rigakis 2007). , (. ). (484 430 ), , , , . , (ikoalou 1986). , . H - . , . . . , , ( ) - , 1981. - - , . (Vigla shales) Posidonia - . . , (. Karakitsios & Rigakis 2007). . , . - . , , , . ,

&

97

. , , . , , . ( 8 ) (. Makris & Papoulia 2009, Makris et al. 2011, Makris & Papoulia 2011) "streamer" , 10000 m, . O (multi channel seismic profiles) , streamer () , . , ( Vs shear waves Vp/Vs), , / , (basin modeling) (. . 4.23) (Makris & Papoulia 2011) .

. 4.23. : ( Migration) OBS ( ) o ( - SEAHELLARC). O (Makris & Papoulia 2011)

-

. 2000-TR-23. , TRITON , 2001.

&

98

(WARRP), , GEOPRO, 90 (. . 4.24) (Makris, pers. communication; Makris & Papoulia, 2011b).

. 4.24. . (Makris & Papoulia 2011b)

H , 4000 . 90 (WARRP), , GEOPRO (Makris, pers. communication), .

4.1.1.5

(McKenzie 1972, Makropoulos 1978, Makropoulos & Burton 1981, Jackson & McKenzie 1988, Papazachos & Papazachou 1997, Burton et al. 2004) (. .. 4.25). , : - ( ). . A . ( 60 ) . , , , . ( ) ( ). 25 (Papazachos & Papazachou, 1997). () . , ,

&

99

.

. 4.25. 100 (Burton et al. 2004)

4.1.3.

4.1.3.1.

. Brooks and Ferentinos (1984) . - , air-gun 40 inch3 (streamer) 30 m 16 . , . , , (~340 m) (546 m), . , , 1000 m . . - 5000 m , (Monopolis and Bruneton, 1982). 1/82 Shackleton - . , , , . , , .

&

100

4.1.3.2.

2112 km2 300 m -. ,

&

101

, -.

4.1.4.

4.1.4.1.

-

, . , . - - . : ) , ) ) , . . , . , . , (Schlitzer et al. 1991, POEM Group 1992, Theocharis et al. 1993, Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. 1997, Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. 1999), :

1. (Modified Atlantic Water, MAW). , . W . MAW 30 200m . , MAW (Atlantic Ionian Stream, AIS) Mid-Mediterranean Jet (MMJ) . MAW . MAW 15-17 0C ( ),

&

102

2. (Levantine Intermediate Water, LIW). . . LIW 200 600m , . . LIW , . LIW . LIW 14 15 0C, 38.8 psu 29 29.10 kg/m3. (Schlitzer et al. 1991, Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. 1999) (Cretan Intermediate Water, CIW) LIW, . 4.27b ( Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. 1997).

3. (Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water, EMDW). 1600m 13.3-13.6 0C,

&

103

(Pelops Anticyclone, PA). ( 4.27). CC 400m . 100m 800m. LIW .

. 4.27. : ) , ) . . ( Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. 1997).

&

104

INTERREG-II - , ( 2001). 16-27 2000 19-27 2000, / , 2000 . , . 4.28 .

IAR01IAR02

IAR03IAR04IAR05

IAR06IAR07

IAR08

IKA00

IKE1

IKE10IKE11

IKE2IKE3

IKE4

IKE5IKE6

IKE7IKE8

IKE9

IKO1

IKO2

IKO3IKO4

IKO5IKO6 IKO

7

IKO8

IPA1

IPA2IPA3

IPA4IPA5IRI11

IRI12

IRI13

IRI14

IRI15

IRI16

IRI17IRI18

IRI19IRI20

IRI21

IRI22

IRI23

IRI24

IRI25

IRI26

IRI27

IRI29

IRI30

IRI31

IRI32

IRI33

IRI34

IRI35

IRI36

IRI37

IRI38IRI39IRI40IRI41IRI42IRI43

IRI44

IRI45

IRI46

IRI47

IRI48

IRI49ITGRIC

OWOE

Z

. 4.28. CTD ( ) 2000. 2000. ( OW, OE )

1. 2000

4.29 -S . (ISW, LIW/CIW, EMDW) . , (Adriatic Deep Water, ADW), (Cretan Deep Water, CDW).

&

105

38.4 38.6 38.8 39.0 39.2Salinity, psu

13

14

15

16

Pote

ntia

l Tem

pera

ture

, de

gree

s C

29.00

29.20

29.40

LIW/CIW

CDW

ISW

ADW

EMDW

. 4.29. 2000. /S ( ) ( ).

4.30 , 5 dbar (. 5m). . , , , .

13.60

14.00

14.40

14.80

15.20

37.90

38.10

38.30

38.50

38.70

. 4.30. () () 5 dbar ( 2000).

2000. (. 4.28).

&

106

: -- H , 4.31. . , , , . . , , . , , . , .

0 50 100 150 200 250 IRI16, km

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

, db

ar

IRI16

IRI16

IRI15

IRI15

IRI15

IRI13

IRI12

IRI12

IRI11

IPA1

IPA3

IPA5

IKO1

IKO2

IKO3

IKO6

IKO6

IKO7IKO

8IKO

8

13.0

13.213.4

13.6

13.814.0

14.2

14.4

14.6

14.815.0

0 50 100 150 200 250 IRI16, km

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

, db

arIRI

16IRI

16IRI

15IRI

15IRI

15IRI

13IRI

12IRI

12IRI

11IPA

1IPA

3IPA

5IKO

1IKO

2IKO

3IKO

6IKO

6IKO

7IKO

8IKO

8

38.30

38.40

38.50

38.60

38.70

38.80

38.82

38.90

39.00

39.10

. 4.31. () () ( ) . 38.82 psu CDW EMDW . ( 2000)

(CDW) / 1990. : 300m LIW/CIW . , 1500 m, CDW , 1 2 .

: 4.32. 300m, 100m . , , . /

&

107

(LIW/CIW), . 800 1600m CDW . , EMDW, Theocharis et al. (2002) , 1990.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 IRI36, km

-2800

-2600

-2400

-2200

-2000

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

, db

ar

IRI36

IRI35

IRI35

IRI34

IRI34

IRI33

IRI32

IRI32

IRI31

IRI30

IRI29

13.0

13.4

13.8

14.2

14.6

15.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 IRI36, km

-2800

-2600

-2400

-2200

-2000

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

, db

ar

IRI36

IRI35

IRI35

IRI34

IRI34

IRI33

IRI32

IRI32

IRI31

IRI30

IRI29

38.60

38.65

38.70

38.75

38.80

38.82

38.85

38.90

38.95

39.00

. 4.32. () () , . 38.82 psu CDW EMDW ( 2000).

2. 2000

4.33 -S . H MAW ISW, , , . 50 . ( 150 450 ), (LIW/CIW), EMDW, ( 1993) EMDW CDW (Theocharis et al. 2002). 1800 2000 , , 1999 (Theocharis et al. 2001), 2000.

&

108

38.00 38.20 38.40 38.60 38.80 39.00 39.20Salinity, psu

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

Pote

ntia

l Tem

pera

ture

, de

gree

s C

29.00

29.20

29.40

ADWEMDW

LIW/CIW

MAW

ISW

. 4.33. 2000. /S ( ) ( ).

4.34 , 5 dbar ( 5m).

OWOE

Z 22.7

22.9

23.1

23.3

23.5

23.7

23.9

24.1

24.3

24.5

OWOE

Z38.74

38.78

38.82

38.86

38.90

38.94

38.98

39.02

. 4.34. () () 5 dbar ( 2000).

, , , . , . , , .

&

109

2000. (. 4.28).

: -- H , 4.35. 2000, CDW. , LIW/CIW . . , , . 2000.

0 50 100 150 200 250 IRI16, km

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

, db

ar

IRI16

IRI15

IRI14

IRI13

IRI12

IRI11

IPA1

IPA3IPA

5IKO

1IKO

2IKO

3IKO

6IKO

7IKO

8

13.0013.2013.4013.6013.8014.0014.2014.4014.6014.8015.0017.5020.0022.5025.00

0 50 100 150 200 250 IRI16, km

-1800

-1600

-1400

-1200

-1000

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

, db

arIRI

16IRI

15IRI

14IRI

13IRI