() : : 2014

:

. (CO), (CO2) (.. CaCO3), ( C). 18, , , . To 1828 Whler , . , , NH4OCN ( ).NH4OCN C=ONH2NH2

, , . , .

. , , , , , , , , . . , . . , . , , . , , ., , , , , , , ..

12.000.000, 1.000.000, . ; ; ;O : () , , ( ). ( H, O, N, S, ) . , (.. ) (.. ). ( , ). , , : . H HH-C-C-O-H H H

HH-C-C=O H H , , . O . , , .

H-C=C-Cl : H H

- , , . H :1. . . 2. ( ) . ( ), . .. , . . , , O, N. () .O ( ) , . .3. , , . : 1.2

vo

-OH

-CH=O

C -C=O /C

-COOH

-C-O-C-

-COOC-

C H

4. , . , ( ) :1. .2. .3. , o.4. (Mr ) .5. .6. -CH2-. .

1.3 ..

/

CvH2v+2 1CH3CH2CH3

CvH2 2

CH3CH=CHCH32-

CvH2v-2 2CH3CH2CH2C CH1-

3CH2=CHCH=CH21,3-

CvH2v+1X

1

CH3CH2CH2I1-

CvH2v+2O

(R-OH) 1CH3CH2CH(OH)CH32-

(R-O-R ) 2CH3-O-CH2CH3

CvH2vO

(RCHO) 1

CH3CHO

(R-CO-R ) 3CH3CH2COCH2CH33-

CvH2vO2

(RCOOH) 1

CH3CH2COOH

(RCOOH) 1 (RCOOR ) 2CH3COOCH3

H R- (Radical) - CH2+1 :RCOOR .

IUPAC, . H , . To , .

1.4

1 C: - : --: -

2 C: - 1 ..: --:-

3 C: - 1 ..:--: -

4 C: - 2 ..: --: -

5 C: -

: -

6 C: - ...

, . .

1. ME . H H-C-C-C- CH3CH2CH3 H H

O , , , ( ). H : 3 C: - : -- : -, .

. 4CH33CH22CH3=1CH2 4 C: - 1 : -- :-

O : 1, : 1-. H .

. 5CH3-4CH2-3CH2-2CH-1CH3 OH 5 C: - : -- : -.H -OH 2. : 2-. H , .

. CH3CH2CHO

3 C: - :-- : -. : . , (XO) , -CHO -COOH, ( 1). XO.

. CH2=CHCHCH3 OH

H 3--2-.H .

. CHCCH2COOH

H 3- . -COOH, , 1.

IUPAC: Av , , , . -COOH -CH=O 1 , .

2. ME

, IUPAC: H . , , (C2+2) . T CvH2+1-, R-. T CH3- CH3CH2- . T , , ( ). Av , (-, -, ..) . .

.1CH3-2CH-3CH2-4CH3 CH3 2-

H CH3- . H () . , , Av (XO) () (), XO. Av XO XO, . , XO, . : XO > > . ,

. CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3 2,4- CH3 CH3

CH3 H CH3- CH3CH2- CH3CH2CH2- CH3-CH- CH3

. CH3CHCH2CH2 3--1- CH3

. CH3CHCH2CH3 2- Cl T (Cl-, Br-, F-, -) , .

. 6CH3 5C= 4 C-3CH22CH=1CH2 4--5--1,4- CH3 Cl

O. CH3CH2CHCCH3 3--2- CH3

. CH2=C-CH2CHCH3 4--4--2- CH3 OH

( ). , ( ), (). . C4H10 ..CH3CH2CH2CH3 . CH3CHCH3 CH3

H , . , () . C5H12. H CvH2v+2, . , -C-C-C-C-C- (1)-C-C-C-C- (2)-C-C-C- (3) H CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CHCH2 CH3

CH3 CH3CCH3 CH3: , . . C4H8. H CvH2v, . -C-C-C-C- -C-C-C- C: . . , H Cl .CH 3 CH3CH3C H .C-C-C=C CH3CH2CH=CH2 1-

C-C=C-C CH3CH=CHCH3 2-

C-C=C -C-

CH3C=CH2 CH3

. C3H8O.H CH2+2. CH2+2O , (CH2+1OH) (C2+1OC2+1). :C - C - C -OH CH3-CH2-CH2OH 1-CH3-CH-CH3 2- OHAv - O - , . : CH3-OCH2-CH3 . , . : CH2+1-C=O CH2. CH2+1-C=O CH2+1________________________________________________ CH2+1CO CH22 . CH2+1CO C2+1______________________________________________ , C2H4O2 :CH3COOH HCOOCH3 ._________________________________________________ CH2-2 . , C3H4 :CH3CCH CH2=C=CH2 .

H CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3 : 1) . .2) IUPAC ... CH3-O-CH2-CH3

1.1 C4H8O.

C3H6O.

H . H . H . . , , . , , P, Fe, Mg .

() . , H2O, .. (CuSO4), H2SO4., CO2, .. . H2O CO2 C H.

0,3 g CuO. H 600 C. O 0,88 g CO2 0,54 g H2O. ;

x = 0,24 g.y = 0,06 g. = = = 80 g, C = 20 g H, 80% C 20% H.

4,6 g , C, H O, CuO . H 8,8 g CO2 5,4 g H2O. , ;

. : , . , % ( ) . . . . , (.. ) . H .

O ., C H 1 3, : (CH3)v. , mol .

75% C 25% H. . 100g 75 g C 25 g H. mol C H 100 g .1 mol C 12g 1 mol H 1gx 75g y 25gx = 75/12 mol = 6,25 mol y = 25/1 mol = 25 mol mol , .C: 6,25 mol 6,25/6,25= 1 H: 25 mol 25/6,25 = 4 (CH4)v.: Av , , , .

40% C, 6,67% H 53,33% O. .

.

H , 0,46 g C, H, O 0,88 g CO2 0,54 g H2O. H Mr= 46. ; , .. 0,46g :T44 g CO2 12 g C0,88 g x

x = 0,24 g

T 18 g H2O 2 g H 0,54 g y y = 0,06 g.

C H: 0,24 g + 0,06 g = 0,3 g.

H 0,46 g. 0,46 g - 0,3 g = 0,16 g .

. :C: 024/12 mol = 0,02 mol 0,02/0,01=2

H: 0,06/1mol =0,06 mol 0,06/0,01= 6O: 0,16/16mol = 0,01 mol 0,01/0,01 = 1 : (C2H6O)v.

. (C2H6O)v = 1, C2H6O.

. H CvH2v+2. . : CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3. Av , .

H 0,58 g C, H O 1,32 g CO2 0,54 g H2O. H 58. .