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1 Hoppock , R. ( 1957 ). Occupational Information. New York : Mc Grow- Hill. 2 Mayo ,E. (1945). The social problems of an industrial civilization. Boston: Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration. 3 Arnold, J. Cooper, C. L. (1998). Understanding human behavior in the workplace. Work Psychology. 4 , . (1997). ( 1): . : .

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6 Vroom Victor H. (1964). Work and Motivation, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 7 : DeMato, D.S., et. al. (April 2004). Job Satisfaction of Elementary School Counselors: A New Look. Professional School Counseling v. 7, no. 4. . 236-245

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12 Jewell, L.N. & Siegall, M (1990). Contemporary industrial and organizational psychology. 2nd edition. West Publishing Company. 13 Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, v. 60, p. 159-170.

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15 Spector Paul E. (2000). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice (Second edition). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 200 16 Vroom Victor H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .

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Sample Items From the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) Think of the work you do at present. How well does each of the following words or phrases describe your work? In the blank beside each word below, write _Y_ for Yes if it describes your work _N_ for No if it does NOT describe it _?_ if you cannot decide WORK ON PRESENT JOB ___ Routine ___ Satisfying ___ Good Think of the pay you get now. How well does each of the following words or phrases describe your present pay? In the blank beside each word below, write _Y_ for Yes if it describes your pay _N_ for No if it does NOT describe it _?_ if you cannot decide PRESENT PAY ___ Income adequate for normal expenses ___ Insecure ___ Less than I deserve

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Think of the opportunities for promotion that you have now. How well does each of the following words or phrases describe these? In the blank beside each word below, write _Y_ for Yes if it describes your opportunities for promotion _N_ for No if it does NOT describe them _?_ if you cannot decide OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROMOTION ___ Dead-end job ___ Unfair promotion policy ___ Regular promotions Think of the kind of supervision that you get on your job. How well does each of the following words or phrases describe this? In the blank beside each word below, write _Y_ for Yes if it describes the supervision you get on your job _N_ for No if it does NOT describe it _?_ if you cannot decide SUPERVISION ___ Impolite ___ Praises good work ___ Doesnt supervise enough Think of the majority of the people that you work with now or the people you meet in connection with your work. How well does each of the following words or phrases describe these people? In the blank beside each word below, write _Y_ for Yes if it describes the people you work with _N_ for No if it does NOT describe them _?_ if you cannot decide COWORKERS ___ Boring ___ Responsible ___ Intelligent SOURCE: From the Job Descriptive Index, which is copyrighted by Bowling Green State University. The complete forms, scoring key, instruction, and can be obtained from Dr. Patricia C. Smith, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403.

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19 Riggio, Ronald E. (?). Introduction to Industrial / Organizational Psychology (Third Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. . 20 Spector Paul E. (2000). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice (Second edition). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 203

Sample Items From the Job In General Scale (JIG) Think of your job in general. All in all, what is it like most of the time? In the blank beside each word below, write _Y_ for Yes if it describes your job _N_ for No if it does NOT describe it _?_ if you cannot decide JOB IN GENERAL ___ Undesirable ___ Better than most ___ Rotten SOURCE: From the Job Descriptive Index, which is copyrighted by Bowling Green State University. The complete forms, scoring key, instruction, and can be obtained from Dr. Patricia C. Smith, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403.

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Facets From the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) Activity Independence Variety Social status Supervision (human relations) Supervision (technical) Moral values Security Social service Authority Ability utilization Company policies and practices Compensation Advancement Responsibility Creativity Working conditions Coworkers Recognition Achievement SOURCE: Weiss, Dawis, Lofquist, and England (1966).

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,

78.

77 McCormick, Ernest J. and Ilgen Daniel (1985). Industrial and Organizational Psychology (8th Edition). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs. . 314-315 78 Spector, Paul E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause, and Consequences. London: Sage Publications. . 62-65

45

.

.

-

.

. Hackett Guion (1985)

79.

, ,

,

80.

,

( ...), .

Nicholson

, .

, , ,

,

, ,

. Latham Frayne (1990)

.

79 Spector, Paul E. (2000). Industrial & Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice (Second Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. . 215 80 Vroom Victor H. (1964). Work and Motivation, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 178-180

46

(self-management)

81.

.

, .

, ,

.

, ,

.

.

.

(Ilgen & Hollenback, 1977)82.

(Steers & Rhodes, 1978).

.

, ,

.

,

83.

,

. , Tharenou

(1993)

. ,

,

.

81 , (1998). : ( 1). : . . 112 82 McCormick, Ernest J. and Ilgen Daniel (1985). Industrial and Organizational Psychology (8th Edition). New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs. . 315-316 83 Vroom Victor H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 178-180

47

. ,

.

.

(Kohler & Mathieu, 1930).

.

. ,

.

Dalton Mesch (1991) : /

/

. , .

.

,

.

,

. Goff, Mount Jamison (1990)

.

. Haccoun Jeanrie

(1995)

.

Nicholson Johns (1985)

. ,

. ,

, .

48

. , Mathieu Kohler (1990)

. Harrison

Shaffer (1994)

,

. , Martocchio (1994)

.

84. , Metzner

Mann (1953),

, ,

85.

. ,

.

, ,

(Begley & Czajka, 1993; ODriscoll & Beehr, 1994).

,

(Jex & Gudanowski, 1992; Thomas & Ganster,

1995).

.

, ,

.

, ,

(Palmore, 1969). ,

. ,

,

(.. Begley & Czajka, 1993; Fox, Dwyer & Ganster,

1993; Lee, Ashford & Bobko, 1990; ODriscoll & Beehr, 1994)

84 Spector, Paul E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause, and Consequences. London: Sage Publications. . 59-62 85 Vroom Victor H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 178-180

49

(Jex & Gudanowski, 1992; Spector et al.,

1988) (Bluen, Barling & Burns, 1990; Schoubroeck et al., 1992)86.

Brief (1988) Watson

(1986),

.

,

87.

, ,

88.

(Johansson, 1981). ,

,

.

,

(Quick, Murphy & Hurrell, 1992).

,

(Kahn & Byosiere, 1990).

( ) (Beehr & Franz, 1986; Ivancevich &

Matteson, 1986). .

,

,

86 Spector, Paul E. (2000). Industrial & Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice (Second Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. . 216 87 Spector, Paul E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause, and Consequences. London: Sage Publications. . 66-67 88 Vroom Victor H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 180-181

50

(Ivancevich, Matteson,

Freedman & Philips, 1990).

,

, managers (Ivancevich

et al., 1990).

( ),

( )

( )

( )

.

(Jick & Mitz, 1985).

,

(Veroff, Douvan & Kulka, 1981)

James, Hartnett Kalsbeck (1983) James, Strogatz,

Wing Ramsey (1987).

.

, Hofstede,

. ,

. managers

.

.

(Bowne, Russell, Morgan,

Optenberg & Clarke, 1984; Gebhardt & Grump, 1990),

(Bly, Jones & Richardson, 1986; Gibbs,

Mulvaney, Henes & Reed, 1985),

(Gebhardt & Grump, 1990) (Bowne et al., 1984).

Glasser (1976),

:

o ( , .) .

o .

51

o 30 .

o

.

o 89.

, , ,

.

.

. ,

.

,

.

,

.

(Rain, Lane & Steiner,

1991). ,

.

(Weaver, 1978).

.

,

, . ,

90.

.

,

. . 89 Lawson, Robert B. and Shen, Zheng (1998). Organizational Psychology: Foundations and Applications. New York: Oxford University Press. . 245 90 Spector, Paul E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause, and Consequences. London: Sage Publications. . 68-70

52

.

.

91.

.

(.. Judge & Watanabe, 1993; Lance,

Lautenschlager, Sloan & Varca, 1989; Schaubroeck et al., 1992; Weaver, 1978).

92.

,

.

, , ,

,

.

(burnout) ,

1970

.

,

.

93.

.

94.

,

91 Spector, Paul E. (2000). Industrial & Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice (Second Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. . 216 92 Spector, Paul E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause, and Consequences. London: Sage Publications. . 68-70 93 Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: a multidimensional perspective ( W. B. Shaufeli, C. Maslach & Marek (eds) Professional Burnout. Recent developments in theory and research). London: Taylor & Francis. 94 , . (1996). . , . 71-85.

53

.

,

.

Maslach,

,

: ,

(Maslach &

Jackson, 1986).

(, , ...),

(Golembiewski,

Muzenrider & Stevenson, 1986; Shirom, 1989; Cordes & Dougherty, 1993; Lee &

Ashforth, 1993)95.

,

.

.

Maslach Jackson (1981),

. , (emotional exhaustion)

,

.

.

,

(depersonalization), , ,

,

.

(..

15),

.

. ,

, , ,

95 Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: a multidimensional perspective ( W. B. Shaufeli, C. Maslach & Marek (eds) Professional Burnout. Recent developments in theory and research). London: Taylor & Francis. . 19-32.

54

,

, .

, Lee Ashforth (1993)

.

96.

.

.

, , .

, ,

.

. Chen Spector (1992)

.

Keenan Newton (1984)

.

.

, .

.

(Spector, 1997).

.

,

. ,

96 Spector, Paul E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause, and Consequences. London: Sage Publications. . 65-66

55

(Greenberg, 1990)97.

(organizational commitment),

--

.

,

, ,

(Meyer & Allen, 1997).

- - ,

, .

, ,

.

Organizational Commitment Questionnaire

(OCQ) - 15 items.

, , -

- . ,

( organizational loyalty),

( commitment to the work group), (commitment to the

supervisor), (commitment to the job), (commitment to the

career) (commitment to the union)98. ,

(job involvement),

, ,

.

- -,

,

(Mowday, 1982).

97 Spector, Paul E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause, and Consequences. London: Sage Publications. . 67-68 98 Bartlett, K.R. (2001). The relationship between training and organizational commitment: A study in the Health Care field. Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol.12, no.4, Winter

56

,

. ,

,

,

extra roles ,

. ,

,

,

99.

,

(conceptualized) ,

,

, -

,

.

, attitudinal commitment -

-, behavioral commitment.

. ,

,

-

- . Mathieu & Zajac

.

. , ,

.

99 Mathieu, E.J., & Zajac, M.D. (1990). A review and Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, Vol.108, no.2. . 171-194

57

(r=.49) ,

.

.

,

-

- -

-

.

,

.

. O Driscoll

(1992)

, Becker & Billings (1993)

.

.

, ,

,

. ,

,

- -

- - (Vandeberg &

Lance,1992).

. ,

(Jenkins, 1993; Mobley, Griffeth, Hand & Meglino, 1979),

(Koslowsky, 1991; Shore,

58

Newton & Thorton, 1990). Dwyer(1991)

.

, ,

100 .

101 .

,

,

. ,

.

,

- - .

,

.

. ,

,

-

- (Riggio, ?). Mathieu & Zajac (1990)

.

100 Riggio, Ronald E. (?). Introduction to Industrial / Organizational Psychology (Third Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 101 Coleman, F.D., Irving, P.G., & Cooper, L.C. (1999). Another look at the locus of control - organizational commitment relationship: it depends on the form of commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20. . 995-1001

59

. , ,

.

(r=.49) ,

.

(Arnold & Feldman, 1982; O Driscoll, Ilgen, & Hildren, 1992; Stumpf &

Hartman,1984).

.

,

-

- -

-

.

,

.

. O Driscoll

(1992)

, Becker & Billings (1993)

.

.

, ,

,

. ,

,

- -

- - (Vandeberg &

Lance,1992).

60

downsizing

.

(Taylor & Giannantonio, 1993)

,

,

,

.

.

. ,

(Jenkins, 1993; Mobley, Griffeth, Hand & Meglino, 1979),

(Koslowsky, 1991; Shore,

Newton & Thorton, 1990).

Williams & Hazer (1986)

.

Dwyer(1991)

. ,

,

102.

Coleman, Irving Cooper (1999)

.

,

,

. ,

.

102 Riggio, Ronald E. (?). Introduction to Industrial / Organizational Psychology (Third Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

61

,

- - .

,

. ,

.

.

,

. ,

,

. (

),

.

.

, . ,

,

(Schultz, 1982).

,

. ,

.

.

62

,

H.R,

. ,

, ,

, KRAFT

FOODS HELLAS SONY HELLAS. ,

KRAFT

SONY.

Kraft Foods Hellas .

tests

,

.

Kinexa .

KRAFT

. , -

(team building), KRAFT Personal Profile Analysis

Thomas International, .

. KRAFT test

,

.

(work-life balance)

,

.

. ,

63

(flexible options)

. ,

,

. ,

. ,

- -

. , 3 workshop

Stress Management life tools

.

-

-

,

, ....

.

, KRAFT

,

. , KRAFT :

9 core skills .

(job-person fit).

. ,

(feedback)

.

.

9

64

. , ,

,

(

).

,

. ,

(time management, stress management )

.

.

,

.

(individual responsibility)

.

KRAFT

:

(diversity) .

intangible .

. (benefits) . , .

(favoritism) .

, , , , ,

. ,

65

. ,

.

(.. )

(delegation) . ,

,

,

.

(job enrichment). ,

BEST WORK PLACE.

.

Sony Hellas Sony Hellas Sony

Corporation Sony Europe 2 .

, open survey -

- ,

, (benefits) , ,

.

Sony Europe - main guide lines

Sony Europe -

.

,

(action plan)

.

, ,

.

,

.

66

.

internet.

e-mail ,

. ,

Sony Europe Zoomerang.

,

. ,

,

-

- .

Zoomerang

Sony Europe , ..

, .

10 ,

.

, ,

reminders

. ,

80%

.

,

.

Screen Saver

Sony Europe

. ,

meeting

. ,

.

,

.

67

, Sony

.

(

)

-. :

9 ,

Sony.

.

9

, ,

. ,

.

.

soft competences - ,

-

. ,

. ,

.

SONY

:

, .

68

, ,

.

.

weak strong

. weak

.

team building.

.

.

,

(job-person fit).

.

(Judge & Bono, 2001 Judge, Locke, Durjam & Kluger, 1998

Judge, Heller, Mount, 2002). , Weiss Cropanzano (1996)

,

,

.

69

,

:

I. , , ,

, , ,

, ,

;

II. (5)

(, , , /

, ) (

, , , ,

, )

;

70

o 102 ,

( ..., , KRAFT FOODS

SONY HELLAS) 33 69 .

21 53 .

,

800

2.500 (

). ,

/.

, ,

.

.

, ,

(10) ,

, .

,

, .

(

) (, 1993).

. ,

, ,

. ,

. ,

( , 1994) .

.

...,

KRAFT FOODS HELLAS SONY HELLAS,

71

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

. ,

.

,

,

.

.

. ,

.

o

103 (. . 110)

. (3)

,

,

.

,

103 , P. Warr, J. Cook T. Wall (1979), Shaufeli et al. (in press) (Big Five) Warren Norman (1963).

72

.

(. . 112),

,

, , ,

.

8 .

, ,

15 .

: 1 =

/ , 2 = / , 3 =

/ , 4 = /, 5 = /

, 6 = / , 7 = /

(. . 113).

JOB SATISFACTION (P.Warr, J. Cook, T. Wall, 1979), JOB

DESCRIPTIVE INDEX (JDI), JOB IN GENERAL SCALE (Irronson et al., 1989)

MINNESOTA SATISFACTION QUESTIONNAIRE (MSQ) (Weiss, Dawis, Lofquist, &

England, 1966).

(. . 117),

Warren Norman, 1963.

Big Five Personality Test

.

: 1) vs , 2) vs

, 3) vs , 4)

vs 5) vs

.

Big Five

,

. 30 ,

.

1 5. , ,

,

73

,

.

, (. . 120)

.

o

,

,

. ,

.

.

.

/

.

.

,

,

, (

) . ,

: )

,

)

74

.

. 1

(3) ,

.

.

75

1. 102

.

:

8 6 14 / % 24,2 8,7 13,7 2 9 11 / % 6,1 13,0 10,8 1 13 14 / % 3,0 18,8 13,7 2 3 5 / % 6,1 4,3 4,9 14 26 40 / % 42,4 37,7 39,2 4 11 15 / % 12,1 15,9 14,7 2 1 3 / % 6,1 1,4 2,9 33 69 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0

,

(Fishers exact=11,118, p=0,066).

(. 24,2%) (.

8,7%). /

. ,

(. 3,0%) 13 (. 18,8%).

76

2. 102

.

:

5 4 9 / % 15,2 5,8 8,8 5 5 10 / % 15,2 7,2 9,8 2 9 11 / % 6,1 13,0 10,8 7 21 28 / % 21,2 30,4 27,5 10 19 29 / % 30,3 27,5 28,4 4 9 13 / % 12,1 13,0 12,7 0 2 2 / % ,0 2,9 2,0 33 69 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0

2,


,

(. 28,4%).

77

3. 102 .

: 2 5 7 / % 6,1 7,2 6,9 3 4 7 / % 9,1 5,8 6,9 6 8 14 / % 18,2 11,6 13,7 6 6 12 / % 18,2 8,7 11,8 10 28 38 / % 30,3 40,6 37,3 5 12 17 / % 15,2 17,4 16,7 1 6 7 / % 3,0 8,7 6,9 33 69 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0

3,


. , ,

/ (. 37,3%).

78

4. 102 .

: 0 1 1 / % 0,0 1,4 1,0 0 0 0 / % 0,0 0,0 0,0 6 5 11 / % 18,2 7,2 10,8 1 2 3 / % 3,0 2,9 2,9 10 20 30 / % 30,3 29,0 29,4 14 31 45 / % 42,4 44,9 44,1 2 10 12 / % 6,1 14,5 11,8 33 69 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0

5,

(Fishers

exact=4,347, p=0,500). ,

/ , (. 44,1%).

79

5. 102 .

: 1 2 3 / % 3,0 2,9 2,9 2 2 4 / % 6,1 2,9 3,9 3 9 12 / % 9,1 13,0 11,8 0 4 4 / % ,0 5,8 3,9 15 28 43 / % 45,5 40,6 42,2 11 17 28 / % 33,3 24,6 27,5 1 7 8 / % 3,0 10,1 7,8 33 69 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0

5,


42,2%, , .

80

6. 102 .

: 3 0 3 / % 9,1 0,0 2,9 2 3 5 / % 6,1 4,3 4,9 5 6 11 / % 15,2 8,7 10,8 3 3 6 / % 9,1 4,3 5,9 7 20 27 / % 21,2 29,0 26,5 12 26 38 / % 36,4 37,7 37,3 1 11 12 / % 3,0 15,9 11,8 33 69 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0

6,

(Fishers exact=11,197, p=0,060). , /

(. 15,2% vs 8,7%). ,

/ (. 15,9% vs 3,0%).

81

7. (5) 102 (t-test).

t-test

.. .. .. .. t df P

2,9 0,85 2,6 0,85 1,739 100 0,085

3,5 0,51 3,8 0,53 -2,092 100 0,039

3,3 0,69 3,0 0,65 2,067 100 0,041

/ 3,2 0,72 3,3 0,60 -0,966 100 0,337

3,5 0,78 3,7 0,77 -0,960 100 0,340

7 .

(..) (..)

(, , , /

).

(p=0,085) (p=0,039) (p=0,041) . , ,

. ,

(p=0,337) (p=0,340), .

82

8. 102

. ()

: 20-25 26-31 32-37 38-43 44-49 50-55

0 2 6 4 2 0 14 / % 0,0 6,7 20,0 23,5 25,0 0,0 13,7

4 4 3 0 0 0 11 / % 28,6 13,3 10,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 10,8

2 6 4 0 0 2 14 / % 14,3 20,0 13,3 0,0 0,0 66,7 13,7

0 3 0 2 0 0 5 / % 0,0 10,0 0,0 11,8 0,0 0,0 4,9 2 9 12 10 6 1 40

/ % 14,3 30,0 40,0 58,8 75,0 33,3 39,2 4 6 4 1 0 0 15

/ % 28,6 20,0 13,3 5,9 0,0 0,0 14,7 2 0 1 0 0 0 3

/ % 14,3 0,0 3,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 14 30 30 17 8 3 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

8,

(Pearson x302 =49,868, p=0,013). 44

49 (.

25,0%). 20-25 (. 28,6%) 50 55 (. 66,7%).

38 43 (. 11,8%) 44 49 (.

75,0%). , 20 25 (. 28,6% 14,3%).

83

9. 102

. ()

:

20-25 26-31 32-37 38-43 44-49 50-55

0 2 4 2 1 0 9 / % 0,0 6,7 13,3 11,8 12,5 0,0 8,8

0 4 5 1 0 0 10 / % 0,0 13,3 16,7 5,9 0,0 0,0 9,8

1 6 2 2 0 0 11 / % 7,1 20,0 6,7 11,8 0,0 0,0 10,8

6 6 6 8 2 0 28 / % 42,9 20,0 20,0 47,1 25,0 0,0 27,5 1 11 6 3 5 3 29

/ % 7,1 36,7 20,0 17,6 62,5 100,0 28,4 4 1 7 1 0 0 13

/ % 28,6 3,3 23,3 5,9 0,0 0,0 12,7 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

/ % 14,3 0,0 0,0 ,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 14 30 30 17 8 3 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

9,

(Pearson x302 =52,173, p=0,007). ,

20 25 (. 28,6% 14,3%). 32 37 (. 13,3%) 32-37 (.16,7%). , 26-31 (.

20,0%). , 44 49 (. 62,5%)

38-43 (. 47,1%).

84

10. 102 .

()

: 20-25 26-31 32-37 38-43 44-49 50-55

1 1 4 1 0 0 7 / % 7,1 3,3 13,3 5,9 0,0 0,0 6,9

1 3 2 0 1 0 7 / % 7,1 10,0 6,7 0,0 12,5 0,0 6,9

0 7 5 2 0 0 14 / % 0,0 23,3 16,7 11,8 0,0 0,0 13,7

1 4 2 4 1 0 12 / % 7,1 13,3 6,7 23,5 12,5 0,0 11,8 5 7 11 8 5 2 38

/ % 35,7 23,3 36,7 47,1 62,5 66,7 37,3 5 5 5 2 0 0 17

/ % 35,7 16,7 16,7 11,8 0,0 0,0 16,7 1 3 1 0 1 1 7

/ % 7,1 10,0 3,3 0,0 12,5 33,3 6,9 14 30 30 17 8 3 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

10,

(Pearson x302 =29,132, p=0,511).

( 20-55)

(. 37,3%).

85

11. 102 .

()

: 20-25 26-31 32-37 38-43 44-49 50-55

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 / % 0,0 0,0 3,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / % 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

2 7 0 0 2 0 11 / % 14,3 23,3 0,0 0,0 25,0 0,0 10,8

0 2 1 0 0 0 3 / % 0,0 6,7 3,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9 1 5 10 8 4 2 30

/ % 7,1 16,7 33,3 47,1 50,0 66,7 29,4 7 13 13 9 2 1 45

/ % 50,0 43,3 43,3 52,9 25,0 33,3 44,1 4 3 5 0 0 0 12

/ % 28,6 10,0 16,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,8 14 30 30 17 8 3 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

11,

(Pearson x252 =33,548, p=0,118). ,

, (.

44,1%).

86

12. 102 .

()

: 20-25 26-31 32-37 38-43 44-49 50-55

0 1 2 0 0 0 3 / % 0,0 3,3 6,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,9

0 2 0 1 1 0 4 / % 0,0 6,7 0,0 5,9 12,5 0,0 3,9

3 3 4 2 0 0 12 / % 21,4 10,0 13,3 11,8 0,0 0,0 11,8

0 1 2 1 0 0 4 / % 0,0 3,3 6,7 5,9 0,0 0,0 3,9 3 11 14 8 4 3 43

/ % 21,4 36,7 46,7 47,1 50,0 100,0 42,2 4 9 7 5 3 0 28

/ % 28,6 30,0 23,3 29,4 37,5 0,0 27,5 4 3 1 0 0 0 8

/ % 28,6 10,0 3,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,8 14 30 30 17 8 3 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

12,

(Pearson x302 =27,658, p=0,589).

, , ,

(. 42,2%).

87

13. 102 .

()

: 20-25 26-31 32-37 38-43 44-49 50-55

0 1 1 1 0 0 3 / % 0,0 3,3 3,3 5,9 0,0 0,0 2,9

1 1 2 1 0 0 5 / % 7,1 3,3 6,7 5,9 0,0 0,0 4,9

1 3 6 1 0 0 11 / % 7,1 10,0 20,0 5,9 0,0 0,0 10,8

1 1 1 1 2 0 6 / % 7,1 3,3 3,3 5,9 25,0 0,0 5,9 3 9 7 6 2 0 27

/ % 21,4 30,0 23,3 35,3 25,0 0,0 26,5 6 11 9 7 3 2 38

/ % 42,9 36,7 30,0 41,2 37,5 66,7 37,3 2 4 4 0 1 1 12

/ % 14,3 13,3 13,3 0,0 12,5 33,3 11,8 14 30 30 17 8 3 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

13,

(Pearson x302 =18,679, p=0,946).

. , ,

37,3% .

88

14. (5) 102

(Kruskal-Wallis Test).

() .. .. p

20-25 14 2,6 0,73 0,380 26-31 30 2,7 0,94 32-37 30 2,6 0,88 38-43 17 3,0 0,72 44-49 8 2,5 0,88 50-55 3 2,1 1,01 20-25 14 3,6 0,62 0,248 26-31 30 3,7 0,61 32-37 30 3,7 0,41 38-43 17 3,5 0,53 44-49 8 3,9 0,34 50-55 3 4,2 0,58 20-25 14 3,1 0,42 0,341 26-31 30 3,1 0,77 32-37 30 2,9 0,80 38-43 17 3,3 0,51 44-49 8 3,3 0,44 50-55 3 3,3 0,38 / 20-25 14 3,4 0,72 0,824 26-31 30 3,4 0,65 32-37 30 3,2 0,53 38-43 17 3,2 0,75 44-49 8 3,1 0,76 50-55 3 3,4 0,40 20-25 14 3,4 0,84 0,663 26-31 30 3,6 0,81 32-37 30 3,7 0,74 38-43 17 3,6 0,77 44-49 8 3,5 0,62 50-55 3 4,3 0,98

14,

.

,

(p=0,380), (p=0,248), (p=0,341), (p= 0,824) (p=0,663) .

89

15. 102

.

:

0 6 1 7 14 / % 0,0 31,6 6,3 10,6 13,7

0 0 4 7 11 / % 0,0 0,0 25,0 10,6 10,8

0 2 2 10 14 / % 0,0 10,5 12,5 15,2 13,7

0 2 0 3 5 / % 0,0 10,5 0,0 4,5 4,9 1 7 5 27 40

/ % 100,0 36,8 31,3 40,9 39,2 0 2 3 10 15

/ % 0,0 10,5 18,8 15,2 14,7 0 0 1 2 3

/ % 0,0 0,0 6,3 3,0 2,9 1 19 16 66 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

15,

(Fishers exact =19,384, p=0,433). ,

(. 39,2%).

90

16. 102

.

:

0 2 0 7 9 / % 0,0 10,5 0,0 10,6 8,8

0 1 3 6 10 / % 0,0 5,3 18,8 9,1 9,8

0 1 4 6 11 / % 0,0 5,3 25,0 9,1 10,8

0 4 1 23 28 / % 0,0 21,1 6,3 34,8 27,5 1 8 4 16 29

/ % 100,0 42,1 25,0 24,2 28,4 0 3 3 7 13

/ % 0,0 15,8 18,8 10,6 12,7 0 0 1 1 2

/ % 0,0 ,0 6,3 1,5 2,0 1 19 16 66 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

16,

(Fishers exact =22,445, p=0,206). , , 28,4%

, ,

.

91

17. 102

.

:

0 2 2 3 7 / % 0,0 10,5 12,5 4,5 6,9

0 0 2 5 7 / % 0,0 0,0 12,5 7,6 6,9

0 0 2 12 14 / % 0,0 0,0 12,5 18,2 13,7

0 2 2 8 12 / % 0,0 10,5 12,5 12,1 11,8 0 11 3 24 38

/ % 0,0 57,9 18,8 36,4 37,3 1 1 5 10 17

/ % 100,0 5,3 31,3 15,2 16,7 0 3 0 4 7

/ % 0,0 15,8 0,0 6,1 6,9 1 19 16 66 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

17,

(Fishers exact =25,012, p=0,073). ,

,

(. 12,5%, 12,5%, 12,5% 31,3%),

(. 18,2%) (. 57,9% 15,8%).

92

18. 102 .

:

0 0 0 1 1 / % 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,5 1,0

0 0 0 0 0 / % 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

0 1 3 7 11 / % 0,0 5,3 18,8 10,6 10,8

0 1 1 1 3 / % 0,0 5,3 6,3 1,5 2,9 0 7 1 22 30

/ % 0,0 36,8 6,3 33,3 29,4 1 10 5 29 45

/ % 100,0 52,6 31,3 43,9 44,1 0 0 6 6 12

/ % 0,0 0,0 37,5 9,1 11,8 1 19 16 66 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

18,

(Fishers exact =25,690, p=0,032).

(. 52,6% 36,8%), ,

(. 37,5%, 6,3% 18,8%) .

93

19. 102 .

:

0 1 0 2 3 / % 0,0 5,3 0,0 3,0 2,9

0 1 1 2 4 / % 0,0 5,3 6,3 3,0 3,9

0 2 1 9 12 / % 0,0 10,5 6,3 13,6 11,8

0 0 0 4 4 / % 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,1 3,9 0 9 8 26 43

/ % 0,0 47,4 50,0 39,4 42,2 1 5 3 19 28

/ % 100,0 26,3 18,8 28,8 27,5 0 1 3 4 8

/ % 0,0 5,3 18,8 6,1 7,8 1 19 16 66 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

19,

(Fishers exact =15,544, p=0,863). ,

,

(. 42,2%).

94

20. 102 .

:

0 1 1 1 3 / % 0,0 5,3 6,3 1,5 2,9

0 2 0 3 5 / % 0,0 10,5 0,0 4,5 4,9

0 1 3 7 11 / % 0,0 5,3 18,8 10,6 10,8

0 1 0 5 6 / % 0,0 5,3 0,0 7,6 5,9 0 6 5 16 27

/ % 0,0 31,6 31,3 24,2 26,5 1 4 6 27 38

/ % 100,0 21,1 37,5 40,9 37,3 0 4 1 7 12

/ % 0,0 21,1 6,3 10,6 11,8 1 19 16 66 102 % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

20,

(Fishers exact =17,220, p=0,672). , , 37,3%

.

95

21. (5) 102


.. .. p

1 2,6 0,844 / 19 2,6 1,02 16 2,6 0,79 / 66 2,7 0,85 1 3,0 0,142 / 19 3,8 0,46 16 3,8 0,53 / 66 3,6 0,54 1 3,3 0,859 / 19 3,1 0,48 16 3,2 0,96 / 66 3,1 0,66 / 1 2,0 0,140 / 19 3,1 0,81 16 3,2 0,50 / 66 3,4 0,59 1 2,5 0,136 / 19 3,5 0,78 16 4,0 0,67 / 66 3,6 0,77

21,

.

,

(p=0,844), (p=0,142), (p=0,859), (p= 0,140) (p=0,136) .

96

22. (5) 102


: .. .. p

/ 14 2,6 1,11 0,984 / 11 2,6 0,93 / 14 2,6 0,83 / 5 2,8 0,49 / 40 2,7 0,78 / 15 2,7 0,94 / 3 2,7 1,29 / 14 3,6 0,55 0,604 / 11 3,4 0,72 / 14 3,7 0,58 / 5 3,8 0,33 / 40 3,7 0,49 / 15 3,7 0,53 / 3 3,9 0,19 / 14 3,0 0,67 0,514 / 11 3,0 0,56 / 14 3,0 0,69 / 5 3,5 0,58 / 40 3,2 0,58 / 15 3,0 0,87 / 3 3,8 1,18 / / 14 2,9 0,81 0,443 / 11 3,4 0,73 / 14 3,3 0,57 / 5 3,2 0,55 / 40 3,3 0,63 / 15 3,3 0,49 / 3 3,7 0,42 / 14 3,4 0,98 0,904 / 11 3,5 0,80 / 14 3,7 0,63 / 5 3,4 1,04 / 40 3,7 0,69 / 15 3,6 0,86 / 3 3,8 0,60

22

(5)

.

97

(p=0,984), (p=0,604), (p=0,514), (p= 0,443) (p=0,904) .

98

23. (5) 102


: .. .. p

/ 9 2,4 1,07 0,379 / 10 2,6 0,89 / 11 2,3 0,86 / 28 2,7 0,83 / 29 2,9 0,87 / 13 2,5 0,69 / 2 3,3 1,27 / 9 3,6 0,49 0,331 / 10 3,4 0,55 / 11 3,9 0,63 / 28 3,6 0,42 / 29 3,7 0,61 / 13 3,7 0,48 / 2 4,3 0,18 / 9 2,8 0,41 0,381 / 10 3,0 0,82 / 11 3,1 0,82 / 28 3,0 0,53 / 29 3,2 0,75 / 13 3,4 0,67 / 2 3,0 0,71 / / 9 3,3 0,63 0,577 / 10 3,3 0,67 / 11 3,2 0,61 / 28 3,1 0,63 / 29 3,3 0,70 / 13 3,5 0,51 / 2 3,6 0,85 / 9 3,6 0,83 0,794 / 10 3,5 0,82 / 11 3,6 1,03 / 28 3,4 0,78 / 29 3,7 0,71 / 13 3,8 0,62 / 2 4,0 0,47

23

(5)

.

99

(p=0,379), (p=0,331), (p=0,381), (p= 0,577) (p=0,794) .

100

24. (5) 102 (Kruskal-Wallis Test).

: .. .. p / 7 2,1 1,08 0,229 / 7 2,2 0,80 / 14 2,9 0,81 / 12 2,8 0,91 / 38 2,8 0,82 / 17 2,7 0,70 / 7 2,4 1,17 / 7 3,8 0,65 0,413 / 7 3,8 0,61 / 14 3,6 0,50 / 12 3,4 0,62 / 38 3,7 0,50 / 17 3,8 0,52 / 7 3,9 0,30 / 7 2,7 0,76 0,307 / 7 2,8 0,82 / 14 2,9 0,64 / 12 3,3 0,63 / 38 3,1 0,68 / 17 3,2 0,57 / 7 3,3 0,71 / / 7 3,1 0,56 0,872 / 7 3,3 0,43 / 14 3,5 0,56 / 12 3,3 0,83 / 38 3,2 0,67 / 17 3,3 0,68 / 7 3,4 0,51 / 7 3,6 0,94 0,106 / 7 4,3 0,77 / 14 3,5 0,69 / 12 3,3 0,58 / 38 3,5 0,77 / 17 3,8 0,81 / 7 3,7 0,76

24

(5)

.

101

(p=0,229), (p=0,413), (p=0,307), (p= 0,872) (p=0,106) .

25. (5)

102 (Kruskal-Wallis Test).

: .. .. p / 1 1,0 . 0,519 / 0 . . / 11 2,8 1,03 / 3 2,2 0,92 / 30 2,6 0,81 / 45 2,7 0,85 / 12 2,7 0,85 / 1 3,3 . 0,038 / 0 . . / 11 3,4 0,58 / 3 3,1 0,76 / 30 3,8 0,52 / 45 3,7 0,49 / 12 3,9 0,43 / 1 2,2 . 0,584 / 0 . . / 11 3,1 0,79 / 3 2,7 0,35 / 30 3,1 0,47 / 45 3,1 0,70 / 12 3,1 0,96 / / 1 3,0 . 0,473 / 0 . . / 11 3,1 0,62 / 3 3,7 01,03 / 30 3,4 0,66 / 45 3,2 0,63 / 12 3,5 0,54 / 1 2,3 . 0,053 / 0 . . / 11 3,3 0,95 / 3 3,4 0,19 / 30 3,8 0,64 / 45 3,5 0,77 / 12 4,2 0,69

102

25, (5)

.

,

(p=0,038) (p=0,053).

(3,8, 3,7, 3,9) (3,8, 3,5, 4,2) . 26. (5)


: .. .. p / 3 2,3 1,67 0,334 / 4 2,0 0,59 / 12 2,7 0,82 / 4 2,1 0,72 / 43 2,6 0,85 / 28 2,8 0,83 / 8 3,0 0,88 / 3 3,5 0,43 0,074 / 4 3,8 0,72 / 12 3,4 0,56 / 4 3,8 0,59 / 43 3,7 0,55 / 28 3,6 0,47 / 8 4,1 0,24 / 3 3,0 0,76 0,149 / 4 3,4 0,75 / 12 2,7 0,42 / 4 3,1 0,55 / 43 3,0 0,71 / 28 3,3 0,56 / 8 3,4 0,97 / / 3 2,9 0,23 0,861 / 4 3,2 0,81 / 12 3,3 0,83 / 4 3,5 0,84 / 43 3,3 0,65 / 28 3,3 0,57 / 8 3,3 0,57 / 3 2,7 0,67 0,345 / 4 3,5 1,16 / 12 3,4 0,82 / 4 3,6 0,69 / 43 3,8 0,73 / 28 3,5 0,73 / 8 3,8 0,84

103

26, (5)

.

,

(p=0,074). ,

(3,7, 3,6, 4,1).

27. (5)


: .. .. p / 3 2,9 1,29 0,904 / 5 2,8 1,17 / 11 2,7 0,96 / 6 3,1 0,86 / 27 2,6 0,80 / 38 2,6 0,79 / 12 2,5 1,00 / 3 2,9 0,29 0,101 / 5 3,3 0,52 / 11 3,9 0,47 / 6 3,7 0,56 / 27 3,7 0,54 / 38 3,7 0,50 / 12 3,8 0,53 / 3 3,0 0,17 0,582 / 5 3,1 0,89 / 11 3,2 0,90 / 6 3,1 0,39 / 27 3,1 0,59 / 38 3,2 0,72 / 12 2,8 0,58 / / 3 2,6 0,20 0,273 / 5 2,9 1,06 / 11 3,2 0,63 / 6 3,3 0,67 / 27 3,3 0,66 / 38 3,4 0,60 / 12 3,4 0,54 / 3 3,4 0,10 0,167 / 5 3,0 1,06 / 11 3,9 0,90 / 6 3,3 0,98 / 27 3,5 0,59 / 38 3,7 0,80 / 12 3,9 0,65

104

27,

(5)

.

(p=0,904), (p=0,101), (p=0,582), (p= 0,273) (p=0,167) .

105

,

. ,

(5)

(, , ,

/ , ), ,

, , ,

.

:

102 / , / / i/ , ii/ , iii/ , iv/ , v/ , vi/ vii/ (5) .

(5)

102 i/ , ii/ , iii/ , iv/ , v/ vi/ .

, , , , , , , , , , . ,

(p=0,066)

/ /

.

(p=0,060) Macarov (1982)

.

/ /

106

.

, (5)

,

(p=0,085), (p=0,039)

(p=0,041)

(p=0,337) (p=0,340).

, ,

.

Schultz (1982),

,

.

104.

(7)

(p=0,013) 38 49

.

(p=0,007)

20 25

32 37 .

20

25 ,

,

, Super, 50

105. ,

Portigal

(status), 106.

,

104 Jewell, L.N. & Siegall, M. (1990). Contemporary industrial and organizational psychology. 2nd edition. West Publishing Company. 105 Jewell, L.N. & Siegall, M (1990). Contemporary industrial and organizational psychology. 2nd edition. West Publishing Company. 106 Jewell, L.N. & Siegall, M (1990). Contemporary industrial and organizational psychology. 2nd edition. West Publishing Company.

107

( .. ) (

)107,

.

(p=0,073)

(p=0,032).

. Schultz (1982),

, . , ,

, (5) (, , , / , ) ( , , , , , ) , . ,

(p=0,038). .

,

.

(p=0,053)

,

. ,

(p=0,074) .

, OBrien (1983)

Spector (1982),

107 Johns, G. (1996). Organizational behavior .Understanding and managing life at work. Harper Collins College Publishers.

108

. ,

108. ,

.

,

10 .

;

.

: ,

, , , ,

.

(6)

.

108 Vroom Victor H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. . 147

109

Locke (1976)

:

1.

.

2.

.

.

3. ,

, .

4.

.

5.

.

6.

.

7.

.

8.

.

9. .

10. ,

.

11. ,

.

12.

.

80

,

, .

, ,

.

.

,

110

. , ,

, .

.

112

. . . . .

1.

1. [ ] 2. [ ]

2...............

3.

1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ]

4.

1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ]

5.

1. / [ ] 2. / [ ] 3. / [ ] 4. [ ]

6.

1. [ ] 2. [ ]

7.

1. [ ]

2. [ ]

3. () [ ]

4. [ ]

8.

1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. / [ ] 4. / [ ]

113

. 1. :

1. / [ ]

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3. / [ ]

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7. / [ ]

2. / / : 1. / [ ]

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6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

3. : 1. / [ ]

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5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

4. : 1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

114

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

5. / / : 1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

6. : 1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

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7. : 1. / [ ]

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3. / [ ]

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8. : 1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

115

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

9. :

1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

10. :

1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

11. :

1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

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12. :

1. / [ ]

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116

3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

13.

1. / [ ]

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3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

14.

1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

15. (.. ):

1. / [ ]

2. / [ ]

3. / [ ]

4. / [ ]

5. / [ ]

6. / [ ]

7. / [ ]

117

. . 1 ( ) 5 ( ). . , .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. ...

1 2 3 4 5

2. ...

1 2 3 4 5

3. ... 1 2 3 4 5

4. ...

1 2 3 4 5

5. ...

1 2 3 4 5

6. ... 1 2 3 4 5

118

7. ... 1 2 3 4 5

8. ... 1 2 3 4 5

9. ...

1 2 3 4 5

10. ... 1 2 3 4 5

11. ...

1 2 3 4 5

12. ... 1 2 3 4 5

13. ... 1 2 3 4 5

14. ... 1 2 3 4 5

15. ... 1 2 3 4 5

16. ... 1 2 3 4 5

17. ...

1 2 3 4 5

18. ... 1 2 3 4 5

119

19. ...

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20. ...

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21. ... 1 2 3 4 5

22. ...

1 2 3 4 5

23. ... 1 2 3 4 5

24. ... 1 2 3 4 5

25. ... 1 2 3 4 5

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27. ... 1 2 3 4 5

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29. ... 1 2 3 4 5

30. ... 1 2 3 4 5

120

;

.

121

Arnold, J. Cooper, C. L. (1998). Understanding human behavior in the workplace.

Work Psychology.

Bartle

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