Η ΛΑΤΡΕΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΜΙΘΡΑ-ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΓΡΑΜΜΑ

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Armin Geertz

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................................................................................................................ 26 1. .......................................................... 26 1.1 MICHAEL KEARNEY.................................. 28 1.2 ..................................................................... 34 ............................................................................................................ 42 2. ......................................... 42 2.1 : ......... 45 2.2 ..................... 53 2.2.1 , , ....................................................................................................................... 56 2.2.2 ........................................................................................................................... 60 2.2.3 ...................................................................................................... 70 2.2.4 ............... 73 .................................................................................................................. 77 3. ................... 77 3.1 ........................................................ 79 3.2 ..................................................... 83 3.3 ................. 86 3.3.1 .............................................................................. 86 3.3.2 ............................................................. 90 3.3.3 ......................................... 98 3.3.4 .................................... 102

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...................................................................................................................... 106 , ................. 109 ................................................................................................................... 110 1. .......................................... 110 1.1 ........................................................... 115 1.2 ........................................................... 120 ..................................................................................................................... 130 ................................................................................................................... 132 2. ..................................................................................... 132 2.1 ....................................................................................... 133 2.2 ..... 134 ................................................................................................................. 143 ............................................................................................................................... 150 ..................................................................................................................... 166 ................................................................................................................................... 175

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1: mitreo di Felicissimo. (http://www.ostia-

antica.org/regio5/9/9-1.htm) ..............................................................................150 2: . Terme di Diocleziano (Museo

Nazionale Romano), Rome, Italy.......................................................................150 3:

mitreo di Felicissimo. (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio5/9/9-1.htm) ......151 4:

mitreo di Felicissimo. (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio5/9/9-1.htm) ......151 5:

mitreo di Felicissimo. (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio5/9/9-1.htm) .................................................................................................................151

6: mitreo di Felicissimo. (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio5/9/9-1.htm) ......152


8: mitreo di Felicissimo. (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio5/9/9-1.htm) .................................................................................................................152


10: . . (www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Almagest) (abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec02.html) ..........................................154

11: . (abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec02.html) ..........................................154

12: 23,5 (www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/A105/LectureII/)...........................................155

13: . (http://horoscope.moisttowelettemuseum.com/work.html) ...............................155

14: , . (http://www.clas.canterbury.ac.nz/ejms/new_mithraea/images/Ricostruzione%20dell%27edificio.JPG) .........................................................................................156

15: . (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/17/17-2a.htm)............................................................................................................................156

16: . (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio2/8/8-6.htm).............157

17: (Gordon 1972)....................157

18: , . (Gordon 1976)....................................................................................................158

19: , . (Gordon 1976) ..........................................................158

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20: / . . (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio2/8/8-6.htm) ..............................................................................159

21: / . . (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio2/8/8-6.htm).................................................159

22: ...............................160 23: .

(http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio2/8/8-6.htm).................................................160 24: .

(http://www.ostiaantica.org/dict/topics/mithraea/mithraea.htm) .......................161 25:

del Palazzo Imperiale (http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/pi/pia.htm)161 26: Fiano Romano

. . (http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF:Mithras_banquet_Louvre_Ma3441.jpg) - (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mithras_tauroctony_Louvre_Ma3441.jpg) ......................................................................................................................162

27: (CIMRM 368).......................162 28: Marino.

(http://mythology.ourgardenpath.com/2009/01/04/altar-symbolism-1-death-and-rebirth-and-the-lunar-round/).............................................................................163

29: ...................................163 30:

(http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio4/5/5-13.htm)...............................................164 31: ................................164 32: Capua.

(http://www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Religions/iranian/Mithraism/m_m/pt7.htm) 165

4

BCL Bibliotheca Classica Latina

BT Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum

CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum

et Romanorum Teubneriana Leipziz

Latinorum

EPRO tudes preliminaries aux religions

orientales dans l Empire Romain,

. . J. Vermaseren, Leiden, 1961 -

LCT Loeb Classical Text

PG Patrologia Graeca

PL Patrologia Latina

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14 Burkert, W., , .., .23 15 . . . . Beck, R. L., The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire, .., / . 3 Turcan, R., The Cults of the Roman Empire (. A. Nevill) (Cambridge UK & Cambridge USA, 1996), . 216 16 Beck, R. L., The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire, .., . 2-3 17 5 . .. . . Gordon, R. L., Institutionalized Religious Options: Mithraism, .. ,. 394 18 Gordon, R. L., Mithraism and Roman Society, .., 97 Gordon, R. L., Image and Value in the Graeco-Roman World, .., . 97 19 Beard, M. North, J. Price, S., Religions of Rome, .., . 1, . 303 Burkert, W., , .., . 60

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21 Cumont 1896 2 Textes et monuments figurs relatifs aux mystres de Mithra (vol. II, Bruxelles) , , 1899, 1 , Textes et monuments figures relatifs aux mysteres de Mithra, vol. I. Bruxelles. 22 Cumont , , . Campbell, L. A., Mithraic Iconography and Ideology (Leiden, 1968). Widengren, G., The Mithraic Mysteries in the Graeco-Roman World with special regard to their Iranian background, in La Persia e il mondo Greco-Romano, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Roma, 1966) Anno 363, Quaderno 76. Boyce, M. Grenet, F., A History of Zoroastrianism, vol.3, Handbuch der Orientalistik, 1 Abt., 8. Bd. 1., Abschn., Lfg.2 (Leiden, 1991) Kreyenbroek, P. G., Mithra and Ahreman in Iranian Cosmogonies, in J. R. Hinnells (ed.), Studies in Mithraism (Rome, 1994), . 173-182 Russell, J. R., On the Armeno-Iranian roots of Mithraism, in J. R. Hinnells (ed.), Studies in Mithraism (Rome, 1994), . 183-193. : Bivar, A. D., The Personalities of Mithra in Archaeology and Literature, Biennial Yarshater Lecture, series 1 (New York, 1999) Weiss, M., Mithras, der Nachthimmel: Eine dekodierung der rmischen Mithraskultbilder mit Hilfe des Avesta, Traditio (1998), 53, 1-36 Kultbilder des Mithras im Licht einer neuen Deutung unter besonderer Bercksichtigung des Reliefs von Mannheim, Mannheimer Geschictbltter, NF 7 (2000), 11-55. : Ferguson, J., The Religions of the Roman Empire (London, 1970) Rives, J., Religion in the Roman Empire, Blackwell Ancient Religions, 2. (Oxford, 2007) .. , Richard Gordon ( Franz Cumont and the Doctrines of Mithraism, in: J. R. Hinnells (ed.), Mithraic Studies (Manchester, 1975), . , . 215-248, Cumont . Gordon , , . , Roger Beck (The Mysteries of Mithras: A New Account of their Genesis, in: Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 88 (1998), 115-128 = Beck, R. L., Beck on Mithraism: Collected Works with New Essays (Aldershot, 2004a), .

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33 Beck, R. L., The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire, .., . 7-8 34 cognitive theories . neurosciences . 35 , Beck (The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire, .., . 6 -9) . , Beck, , Richard Gordon (Mystery, metaphor and doctrine in the Mysteries of Mithras, in J. R. Hinnells (ed.), Studies in Mithraism (Rome, 1994), .103-124) Beck . 36 Martin, H. L., Performativity, Narrativity and Cognition: Demythologizing the Roman Cult of Mithras, in W. Braun, Rhetoric and Reality in Early Christianity (Waterloo, 2004a), . 187-217

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37 Whitehouse, H., Modes of Religiosity: Towards a Cognitive Explanation of the Sociopolitical Dynamics of Religion, in Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 14, (2002), 293-315 , , (. .) (, 2006) 38 Roger Beck (Four Men, Two Sticks, and a Whip: Image and Doctrine in a Mithraic Ritual, in: H. Whitehouse H. L. Martin (eds), Theorizing Religions Past: Archaeology, History, and Cognition, Walnut Creek, CA: Rowman Altamira, 2004b, Part I, . 6, . 87-104) , Whitehouse Luther Martin. 39 Martin, . L., Performativity, Narrativity and Cognition: Demythologizing the Roman Cult of Mithras, .., . 187-217 40 Dan Sperber, , . Sperber . Sperber, D., Rethinking Symbolism, Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology (Cambridge, 1975) Explaining Culture. A Naturalistic Approach (Oxford, 1996)

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153 Burkert, W., , .., . 98 154 ( Laeta, CVII): Et, ut omittam Vetera, ne apud incredulos nimis fabulosa videantur, ante paucos annos propinquus vester Gracchus, nobihtatem patriciam nomine sonans, cum praefecturam regeret urbanam, nonne specu Mithrae et omnia ^ortentuosa simulacra, quibus corax, nymphius,^ miles, leo, Perses, heliodromus, pater initiantur, subvertit, fregit, excussit et his quasi obsidibus ante praemissis inpetravit baptismum Christi? di Felicissimo 3 . .. ( 1). . Beard, M. North, J. Price, S., Religions of Rome, .., vol. 2, . 305, 12.5a 155 . Clauss, M., The Roman Cult of Mithras, .., . 102-105 156 -, Quaestiones Veteris Et Novi Testamenti CXIV, 11: Ne enim horreant turpiter dehonestari se oculi illis velantur, alii autem sicut aves alas percutiunt vocem coracis imitantes; alii vero leonum more fremunt; alii autem ligatis manibus intestinis pullinis proiciuntur super foveas aqua plenas, accedente quodam cum gladio et inrumpente intestina supra dicta qui se liberatorem appelet. . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, Journal of Mithraic Studies 3 (1980), 24 = Gordon, R. L., Image and Value in the Graeco-Roman World, .., . 5 157 Martin, H. L., Performativity, Narrativity and Cognition, .., . 191. S. Maria Capua Vetere. . Vermaseren, M. J., Mithriaca I., The Mithraeum at S.Maria Capua Vetere (EPRO, 16) (Leiden, 1971), 25-50.

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186 Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 27 187 Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 31-32 , . . 188 (Fasti 2, 243-266, 255-256), (De Astronomia, 2, 40 Fabulae 202) .. 189 (Historiae Naturalis, 10, 32: corvi ante solstitium generant, idem aegrescunt sexagenis diebus, siti maxime, antequam fici coquantur autumno), . (Phaenomena 449, . 425) : 'Apllwna d gnnta tlhqj tn mn ej rneon metamorfsai ka poisai diyn per tn kmn tj praj .... . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 27

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Atque exinde numquam coronatur, idque in signum habet ad probationem sui, sicubi temptatus fuerit de sacramento, statimque creditur Mithrae miles, si deiecerit coronam, si eam in deo suo esse dixerit. Beard, M. North, J. Price, S., Religions of Rome, .., vol. 2, . 312 200 , , di Felicissimo, , ( 5). 201 Gordon, ( ) . . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 32 Beck, R., Ritual, Myth, Doctrine, and Initiation in the Mysteries of Mithras: New Evidence from a Cult Vessel, in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 90, (2000), 146 202 4 . .. . Gordon (Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., . 75, . 20) , Cumont (Textes et monuments figures relatifs aux mysteres de Mithra, .., . 317) Vermaseren (Mithras. The Secret God, , .., . 140). 203 Gordon (Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., . 32) , . , .

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204 , De Natura Animalium, 4, 34 5, 39 7, 23 17, 27. . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 75, . 21-22 205 , Historia Naturalis, 8, 47-48, 52, 56-58. . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 75, . 21, 22 206 . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 33-34 207 , di Felicissimo, , , ( 6). 208 Beck, L. R., In the Place of the Lion: Mithras in the Tauroctony, .., . 29-50 209 Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 33 210 , De Natura Animalium, 4, 34: `O acn to lontoj x stou sunsthken, o mn k sfondlwn polln. e d tij t st to lontoj diakptoi, pr atn xlletai. mueloj d ok cei od gr sti kola aln dkhn 211 , Historia Naturalis, 2, 222: itaque solis ardore siccatur liquor, et hoc esse masculum sidus accepimus, torrens cuncta sorbensque. sic mari late patenti saporem incoqui salis, aut quia exhausto inde dulci tenuique, quod facillime trahat vis ignea, omne asperius crassiusque linquaturideo summam aequorum aquam dulciorem profunda; hanc esse veriorem causam asperi saporis quam quod mare terrae sudor sit aeternusaut quia plurimus ex arido misceatur illi vapor aut qui terrae natura sicut medicatas aquas inficiat. est in exemplis Dionysio Siciliae tyranno, cum pulsus est ea potentia, accidisse prodigium, ut uno die in portu dulcesceret mare: 212 , , 15, 25 16, 32 (Arethusa): tan mn on toj t leontik muoumnoij ej tj ceraj nq' datoj mli nyasqai gcwsi, kaqarj cein tj ceraj paraggllousin p pantj luphro ka blaptiko ka musaro, ka j mstV kaqartiko

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ntoj to purj okea nptra prosgousi, paraithsmenoi t dwr j polemon t pur. kaqarousi d ka tn glssan t mliti p pantj martwlo. tan d t PrsV prosgwsi mli j flaki karpn, t fulaktikn n sumblJ tqentai 213 . . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 40. ( , 16-18) . , . Cosi, D., Aspeti mistici e misterici del culto do Attins, in: U. Bianchi M. J. Vermaseren (eds.), La soteriologia dei Culti Orientali. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale La soteriologia dei Culti nell Impero Romano, Roma 24-28 Septembre 1979 (EPRO, 92) (Leiden, 1982), . 485-504, 492 22, 497, 502-503 214 Gordon (Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 36) Marcel Detienne , , Gordon, . . Gordon, R.L., Franz Cumont and the Doctrines of Mithraism, in Mithraic Studies, I, (1975), 241, Detienne . Detienne, M., Les jardins d Adonis: la mythologie des aromates en Grce (Paris, 1972) 215 Beck, R. L., The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire, .., . 73 216 Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 37, 78-79, . 37 217 , Historia Naturalis, 11, 38 218 , . . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 36-37 219 . . Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 36 220 Gordon, R. L., Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, .., 37

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peridwn, tj te planoj ka tj ej toj plantaj a nenemhmnhj, ka tj di' atn tj yucj diexdou. Toinde t smbolon klmax ptpuloj, p d' at plh gdh. 7 . . , , , . . Beck, L. R., In the Place of the Lion: Mithras in the Tauroctony, .., . 30. 235 Gordon, R. L., Mithraism and Roman Society, .., 101 236 , , 6, 8-9: otw ka Prsai tn ej ktw kqodon tn yucn ka plin xodon mustagwgontej telosi tn msthn, ponomsantej splaion tpon

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