ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ ΣΤΗ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΙΚΗ ΠΟΙΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΚΤΙΡΙΩΝ ΒΑΣΙΚΕΣ ΓΝΩΣΕΙΣ ΠΡΟΤΥΠΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΣ
ΒΑΣΙΚΕΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΕΣ
234
Βασικές Έννοιες Της Πληροφορικής 1/1/2022 Γιώργος Αυγέρης MSc
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Transcript of ΒΑΣΙΚΕΣ ΕΝΝΟΙΕΣ
Slide 1
22 2015 MSc
/ 1 - - ' 22/3/2015
, , Internet
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, , Internet
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; . / , .
.22 2015
, . ( ). . ( ) .22 2015
. . . . 22 2015
/ (data modelling and data representation).
, , (algorithms and processes).
, , (performance time/space, reliability/robustness).
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4 (hardware) (software) 22 2015
(Hardware)
(Hardware); (hardware). () .
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(Hardware); , (device) - , , modem, ,
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(Hardware)
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(Software)
(Software); .
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(Software); , , .. .22 2015
(Data)
(data) (bit) , (, , , ) (digital), 22 2015
(data)
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(data) , , , . (files) ;22 2015
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(Users)
(Users) , , ,
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-
;
;
;22 2015
, , (0 1) (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).22 2015
10 2001121031141005101611071118100091001101010
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/
, : on off. . : , , .
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/
(1 0). (.. , 1 0) 1, on. 0, off. (on off)
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Bits Bytes
bit, 1 0 bits, , bits byte. byte
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(0 1) : bit
Bit . , . , ). .
Bits Bytes
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Bits Bytes
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: byte
1 byte = 8 bits
1 KB (Kilobyte)= 210 = 1024 bytes1 MB (Megabyte)= 220 = 1024 Kbytes = 1.048.576 bytes1 GB (Gigabyte)= 230 = 1024 Mbytes= 1.048.576 Kbytes1 TB (Terabyte)= 240 = 1024 Gbytes =
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ASCII001100000001100011001100102001100113001101004001101015010000010100001001000011C01000100D01000101E
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(Supercomputers)
(FLOPS)
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(Mainframes)
servers22 2015
(Minicomputers)
, , servers.22 2015
(Microcomputers)
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H
C.P.U.
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PC (Motherboard) (CPU)22 2015
(KME) (central processing unit, CPU).
, ,
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CPU22 2015
CPU - / , /. , . () / / /.22 2015
CPU -
,
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/
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CPU22 2015
(ALU)
ALU
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ALU
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H KME , , ( ) , 32-bit, bytes . 64 bits
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CPU (CPU)
(CISC, RISC 8088, 80386, Pentium, Pentium Core 2 Duo)- (GHz)
;
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GHzCPU22 2015
CPU22 2015
CPU22 2015
, quartz
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. Hertz (Hz), . ( 300 MHz, 300 ) , 22 2015
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PC (Motherboard) (CPU) (Main Memory)22 2015
(RAM, ROM, Cache)
( , , CD, DVD)
;
- / - -
;
- -
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RAM - RAM . RAM
, .22 2015
RAM RAM RAM , , , RAM . , swapping,
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RAM , . DRAM, 22 2015
- Cache Memory
(cache) RAM, RAM
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- Cache Memory
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/
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PC (Motherboard)22 2015
BIOS
CPU
CD-ROM
PCI
AGP
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. bits
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, RAM, 22 2015
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- ports ( ) , , , , , , , . . bit , byte
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- ports
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: RAM (system clock) (bus) (cache memory)
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PC (Motherboard) (CPU) (Hard Disk) (Main Memory)
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, . /,
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(Track) (Sector)22 2015
, 1 (on) 0 (off), bit /
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-
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-
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5MB (1965)
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(1GB) (7200rpm) (IDE, SATA)
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(Input Devices)
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100 CPU :
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: . QWERTY,
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Num Lock.
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(F1,.., F12). . (.. F1 )
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(Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, )
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(, , )
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:
(keyboard controller), , , () CPU22 2015
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- Mouse (pointing device). (pointer) , , , . ( ) (optical mouse): 22 2015
- Mouse : (pointing): (clicking): (double-clicking): (dragging): (right-clicking): (.. )
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- Joysticks (game pads) joysticks joysticks 22 2015
Game Pads
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Joysticks
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- OCR . (RGB) (OCR) .22 2015
- OCR
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(Barcode Scanner) (bar code) ( , .. ) . , 22 2015
(Barcode Scanner)
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. , , 22 2015
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. ( ) (digitizing) (speech recognition)
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(Output Devices)
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DVIS-VideoVGA22 2015
CRT ( ) (pixel picture element) pixel
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()
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(dot pitch) pixel , pixel (RGB). ,
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Pixels22 2015
+ + + /
(dot matrix printer)
(inkjet printer)
(laser printer)
+ + +
+ + + +
- Printers22 2015
(Software)
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(Assemblers) (Compilers- Interpretes) (Utilities) (Debbugers)
. :22 2015
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(user interface)22 2015
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DOS (Disk Operating System)Microsoft WindowsMac OSLinuxUnix
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MS-DOS 1 (1981)
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MS-DOS 3.3022 2015
WindowsWindows 1.0Windows 2.0Windows 3.1Windows NTWindows 95Windows 98Windows 2000Windows MEWindows XPWindows VistaWindows 722 2015
Windows 1.0 (1985)22 2015
Windows 2.0 (1987)
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Windows 3.1 (1992)
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Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
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Windows 95 (1995)
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Windows 98 (1998)
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Windows 2000 (2000)
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Windows XP (2001)
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Windows Vista
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Windows 7
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Mac OS X 10 Jaguar
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Linux
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Unix
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"" , , , , , ..
.
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(Word Processing) (Spreadsheet) (Data Base) & (CAD, 3D) video, , 22 2015
, Microsoft Word, OpenOffice Write Corel WordPerfect, Internet.22 2015
.
, .
, , .
Microsoft Excel Lotus 1-2-3 OpenOffice Calc .22 2015
Microsoft OfficeOpen office22 2015
, . . , , . Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL Access .22 2015
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Adobe PhotoshopCorelDraw
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(Networks)22 2015
.
. 22 2015
LAN (Local Area Network)
(LAN) . . . modems . LAN.22 2015
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WAN (Wide Area Network) (WAN)
(.. ,,).22 2015
22 2015 WAN (Wide Area Network)
22 2015 WAN (Wide Area Network)
Intranet Extranet Intranet Internet . Intranet . Intranet Internet , e-mails.22 2015
Intranet Extranet Extranet Intranet . Extranet . Extranet 22 2015
Internet ()
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(Internet) . .22 2015
; Internet , . : , . . 22 2015
Internet; . ( , ). .
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; '60, ... ARPANet. .., . 1980, , . .
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(multimedia) (www) (e-mail) (ftp) (telnet) (Talk, irc, videoconferencing) (newsgroups, mailing lists, chatlines) (archie, search engines)
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; TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) ( ). TCP/IP . Internet . .22 2015
;O (router) . (Backbone) (download) (upload) Internet.22 2015
; Modem ISDN ADSL Internet (Internet Service Provider - ISP) (user name) & (password) ISP
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InternetIP Internet , IP ( address). IP 32 bits. IP 4 . 8 bits 32 0-255. IP site: www.whatismyip.com208.152.64.40 IP22 2015
22 2015 InternetDomain Names IP . O Internet . IP , . . DNS (Domain Name System). . . 3 5 .74.125.79.104IP Addresswww.google.comDomain Name
22 2015 InternetDomain Names
. 3 edu com gov mil net org
InternetDomain Names
2 aucadeesfrgr
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InternetDomain Name System (DNS)
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Internet (Routing)
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Internet
(Routing)22 2015
Internet
(Routing)22 2015
Internet
(Routing)22 2015
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COMPUTER VIRUSES22 2015
COMPUTER VIRUSES22 2015
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Windows XP
; (Click) ( ) (Double click) (Right click) (Drag) . (Scroll)
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Windows XP
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Windows XP
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Windows XP
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Windows XP
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Windows XP
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...
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Windows XP
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Windows XP - Controls
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()
D:C:
E: CD/DVDFlash Disk
F: 22 2015
Partitions ()22 2015
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.doc Word.xls Excel.exe .com .bat -.pdf.zip.rar .txt
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