Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία Της Κίνας
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Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας Συντεταγμένες: 32°48′00″N 103°05′00″E / 32.8°N 103.0833°E Η Λαϊκή δημοκρατία της Κίνας είναι χώρα της Ανατολικής Ασίας και η χώρα με το μεγαλύτερο πληθυσμό στον κόσμο, 1.360.720.000 κατοίκους. [5] Η έκτασή της είναι 9.596.961 τ.χλμ.. Πρωτεύουσα της Κίνας είναι το Πεκίνο. Γεωγραφικά είναι η μεγαλύτερη χώρα στην περιοχή της Ανατολικής Ασίας και η τέταρτη μεγαλύτερη στον κόσμο μετά τη Ρωσία, τον Καναδά και τις Ηνωμένες Πολι- τείες Αμερικής. Συνορεύει με 14 κράτη: Βιετνάμ, Λάος, Βιρμανία, Ινδία, Μπουτάν, Νεπάλ, Πακιστάν, Αφγανιστάν, Τατζικιστάν, Κιργιζία, Καζακστάν, Ρωσία, Μογγολία και Βόρεια Κορέα. Από την ίδρυση της, το 1949, κυβερνάται από το Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα της Κίνας (ΚΚΚ). Η Κίνα είναι η τρίτη μεγαλύτερη οικονομία του κό- σμου μετά τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής, αν θε- ωρήσουμε την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση ως ενιαία οικονο- μική εντότητα [3] και ο μεγαλύτερος εξαγωγέας αγα- θών. Η Κίνα είναι μια ταχέως αναπτυσσόμενη χώρα, με μεσαίο κατά κεφαλήν εισόδημα. Το πιο σημαντικό λιμάνι τις χώρας είναι η Σαγκάη . Το ΑΕΠ της χώρας είναι 10,119 τρισεκατομμύρια δολάρια και το κατά κεφαλήν είναι 7.544 αμερικάνικα δολάρια. Ο ρυθμός ανάπτυξης της Κινεζικής οικονομίας είναι υψηλός και το 2011 ήταν 9,2%. [3] Ο ρυθμός αυτός ανάπτυξης είναι σταθερός από το 1978 με μέσο όρο 8%, οπότε και η οικονομία απελευθερώθηκε και η ανεργία άρ- χισε να μειώνεται. Παρά αυτήν την ανάπτυξη όμως, μεγάλο μέρος του αγροτικού πληθυσμού παραμένει φτωχό. [8] To 47% του ΑΕΠ προέρχεται από τη βιο- μηχανία, το 43% από τις υπηρεσίες και το 10% από γεωργικές εργασίες. [3] Σε μια διαμάχη που βρίσκεται σε εξέλιξη, η Κίνα προβάλλει κυριαρχικά δικαιώματα για την Ταϊβάν και κάποια γειτονικά νησιά, από τη διεκδίκηση των οποίων η Κίνα δεν παραιτήθηκε ποτέ. 1 Ιστορία 1.1 Προϊστορία και οι πρώτες δυνα- στείες Στην Κίνα αναπτύχθηκαν ένας από τους παλαιότε- ρους πολιτισμούς του πλανήτη. Η ανθρώπινη παρου- σία στην περιοχή από τους παλαιολιθικούς χρόνους μαρτυρείται από ένα πλήθος αρχαιολογικών ευρημά- των, χαρακτηριστικότερο των οποίων είναι η ανακά- λυψη του Ανθρώπου του Πεκίνου την δεκαετία του 1930. Κατά τη Νεολιθική εποχή, ο κινεζικός πολιτισμός αναπτύχθηκε γύρω από δύο κέντρα. Στον βορρά, στο οικοσύστημα της περιοχής του Κίτρινου Ποτα- μού, και στο νότο, σε αυτό της περιοχής του ποτα- μού Γιανγκτσέ. Λόγω της γεωγραφίας της περιοχής, οι εισβολές γειτονικών λαών ήταν περιορισμένες, δί- νοντας αρκετό χρόνο στους τοπικούς πολιτισμούς να αναπτυχθούν σε ήρεμο περιβάλλον. Το πόσα από τα διάφορα πολιτιστικά επιτεύγματα των κοινωνιών αυ- τών είναι γηγενή ή αποτελούν προϊόντα της επα- φής τους με τους γείτονές τους, αποτελεί ακόμα και σήμερα πεδίο έρευνας. Οι Κινέζοι ανάπτυξαν την κατασκευή των κεραμικών και την κατασκευή της πορσελάνης ήδη από το 5.000 έως το 3.000 π.Χ. Με βάση την παράδοση και τους διάφορους μύθους της Κινεζικής Μυθολογίας, στους πρώτους άρχοντες της περιοχής αποδίδονται ένα πλήθος μαγικών ιδιο- τήτων και ταυτόχρονα χρεώνονται την επινόηση δια- φόρων τεχνών, όπως η γραφή ή η καλλιέργεια της γης. Την αφήγηση της ιστορία της Κίνας ακολουθεί, παραδοσιακά, η δημιουργία της πρώτης δυναστεία, της δυναστείας των Σία, για την οποία υπάρχουν ελά- χιστα ιστορικά στοιχεία και, κυρίως, καλύπτεται από μυθολογικές αναφορές. Την πτώση της ακολούθησε η άνοδος της δυναστείας των Σανγκ, κατά την οποία συναντούμε τις πρώτες σημαντικές ιστορικές κατα- γραφές. Το κράτος το Σανγκ αναπτύχθηκε στην πε- ριοχή του Κίτρινου Ποταμού, από τον 16ο αιώνα π.Χ. έως τον 11ο αιώνα π.Χ., αναπτύσσοντας έναν πολιτι- σμό με τα χαρακτηριστικά των πολιτισμών της Επο- χής του Ορείχαλκου, κατά τον οποίο εμφανίζεται και η πρώτη γνωστή μας μορφή του Κινέζικου αλφαβή- του, το οποίο χρησιμοποιούταν για θρησκευτικές τε- λετές. Το κράτος των Σανγκ ακολουθεί η άνοδος της δυνα- στείας των Τσόου (1.050 - 221 π.Χ.). Σε όλους τους τομείς της σύγχρονης επιστήμης υπάρχει σημαντική ανάπτυξη κατ' αυτή την εποχή. Η οργάνωση του κρά- τους προσομοιάζει σε εκείνη που είχε η Ευρώπη του 1
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Transcript of Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία Της Κίνας
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, , Xinjiang Museum
: (: ). , ( ) - - , . , - . Chen Minhua 20 - .[16] 2000
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6 9
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7
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- , 4 . , - - - . , 2007 - - 1 , , - . 2008 15 , 17. ( ) - 2009. , 2020.
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). - . , ISS ( ) ( ).
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, ---... - sir Marc Aurel Steinhttp://www.xronos.gr/detail.php?ID=89581
12 [1] Kam Wing Chan, Misconceptions and Complexities in
the Study of Chinas Cities: Definitions, Statistics, andImplications, Eurasian Geography and Economics (2007)
[2] Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China TheNational Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic ofChina
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8 13
[8] The Chinese Economy. Economy Watch. 16 2012
[9] Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Untold Story(Jonathan Cape, 2005) Page 3.
[10] policy autumn 06_Edit5.indd
[11] Teiwes, Frederick C., and Warren Sun. 1999. 'Chinasroad to disaster: Mao, central politicians, andprovincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leapforward, 1955-1959. Contemporary China papers.Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp 52-55.
[12] National Peoples Congress system overview onChina.org.cn
[13] : 13 , 12 2008
[14] , - , 13 2008
[15] , - -, 15 2008.
[16] -
[17] -
[18] COSCO Hellas - Schiffstyp: Frachtschiff - Rufzeichen:SWJG - vesseltracker.com
[19] Asia Times Online :: China News - Chinas 'fifthgeneration' leaders come of age
[20] China legislature confirms qualification of 2,987 newlyelected deputies - Peoples Daily Online
[21] Electoral Calendar - international elections worldelections. - 26-5-2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110526192300/http://www.mherrera.org/elections.htm. 12-5-2011.
[22] China to build more highways in 2007
[23] Expressways Being Built at Frenetic Pace
[24] Chinas Car Drive (13 2005). Earlywarning.
[25] in.gr - , 25 2008
[26] in.gr - , 25 2008
13 NPC ( )
""
... -, in.gr
: . -. ... 13 2008.http://portal.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_kathextra_4_13/07/2008_240702.
OpenDirectory Project
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