Κλιματισμός Αυτοκινήτου Και Συστήματα Ελέγχου

117
ΤΕΙ ΣΕΡΡΩΝ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΤΕΧΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΜΗΧΑΝΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ Κλιματισμός Αυτοκινήτου και Συστήματα Ελέγχου Στεφανής Ιωάννης Εισηγητής: Δρ. Γκαβαλιάς Βασίλειος Μηχανολόγος Μηχανικός

Transcript of Κλιματισμός Αυτοκινήτου Και Συστήματα Ελέγχου

  • : .

  • 2 117

  • / ,

    / . , . , . . , . , . , , , .

    3 117

  • 4 117

  • ...................................................................................................................... 7

    1. .............................................................. 9 1.1 ................................................. 9 1.2 .......................................................... 17 1.3 ..................................................................... 49 1.4 ........................................................................ 51 1.5 .................................................................. 53 1.6 ........................................................................ 55

    2. (Air-condition).............................................................. 572.1 ........................................................................................................ 572.2 .................................................................................................... 792.3 () / ............................................................... 832.4 / .................................................. 872.5 ......................................................................................................... 972.6 .................................................................... 992.7 ................................................................................. 103

    3. ........................................ 105.......................................................................................................... 115 ............................................................................................................. 117

    5 117

  • 6 117

  • , . 14 ( ) , , . , , . ,

    , . , .

    .

    7 117

  • 8 117

  • 9 117

    1.

    1.1

    , . . . , , , . . . . , , , . ! , . , , .

  • Chrysler Imperial 1953

    AIRTEMP (: Wikipedia)

    . . , . , . , . . . , , . . 1939 Packard

    , . , , , . . Packard : . ( ) .

    10 117

  • 11 117

    1940-1941 , . Cadillac ( ), . . 1954-1955 Nash-Kelvinator . , , .

    , , . . . , . , , , . , . , , , , .

    Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided

  • Engineering (CAE) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). CAD . . () . , .. STL (). (CAM). CAD . CAD CAE. Solidworks CAD Cosmos Works, (Finite Element Analysis FEA) (Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD). FEA , CFD ( ) . , (FEA) (CFD). , .

    1.1 / CAD ( ) (: Visteon )

    12 117

  • 1.2 CFD (: Visteon)

    . . , , , . . , ( ) . . CFD

    ( ), . CFD . , , , . ,

    , , , . .

    13 117

  • CFD .

    1.3 (:Visteon)

    . , CFD, . , . (), ( ).

    . , . , , 158 (75 / ) 300 (141,6 / ) .

    14 117

  • 1.4 (: Visteon )

    1.5 (: Visteon )

    1.6 (: Visteon )

    15 117

  • 16 117

    (heating ventilation air conditioning: HVAC) . 1 2 2 3. , . , . , , CAD. HVAC ( ). , . (CFD) ,

    , . 10-15%.

    1.7 HVAC (: Visteon )

  • 1.2

    . , , . , () . . . . . . , . .

    H , . . ( ). . ,

    , .

    17 117

  • 18 117

    . , , .

    1.8 (: Toyota)

    1.9

  • , ( ) . ( ) .

    ( 1.9), , ( 1.8). , . () ( ) ( ) . .

    .

    , . . , :

    1. . 2. .

    19 117

  • ( 1.10). ( 1.11) , . , . , . . , , . , , .

    1.10 (: Toyota)

    20 117

  • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

    1.11 (: Ford)

    (damper), . , , . , ( 1.12). , . , . , . , , . .

    21 117

  • 22 117

    1.12 (: Toyota)

    . :

    1. . 2. ( ).

    . , , . , , . ,

  • , . :

    (+) : (-) :

    1.13 (: Toyota)

    1. , .

    2. , ( ) .

    , . , ( 1.13).

    23 117

  • 1.14 (a) (b) Ford Fiesta

    1.14a . (2). , (1). , , . ( 1.15) . , , . , , . , . , ( 1.15).

    24 117

  • 1.15 (a) . (b) Ford Fiesta (:Ford)

    , . (, ). , . . 1.8 () .

    1.16a

    25 117

  • 26 117

    . . . . . ( ) ( 1.17). . , , . , . CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), , . .

    1.16b

  • :

    Turbo

    Sirocco

    1.17

    , ( 1.14a b). . . , . , , .

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  • 28 117

    / ( ) , . . , . . .

    . .

    : 1. / , . 2.

    . 3. 2000 ,

    . 4. .

    . , (H2O2) (OH). . .

  • . .

    1.18 , (: Toyota)

    (Air Quality Sensor AQS) HVAC. , AQS HVAC .

    29 117

  • 30 117

    . . , . , .

    (a)

    1.19 (a) , . (b) (: Peugeot)

    . / . , , . , ( ). . . : . , , .

  • . , , / . . , .

    1.20

    1.21 , , . ( ). ,

    () &

    31 117

  • . :

    1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

    1.21

    1.22

    32 117

  • . , .. . ( 1.22),

    . , . . .

    1.23

    ( 1.23) . . . 1.24 ,

    . .

    33 117

  • 34 117

    , , .

    1.24

    1.25

    7 C. , .

    ( 1.25).

  • . ' , , - . , , .

    1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13 ) ( A/C)

    1.26

    1.26 . , . A/C , 2 6 C (35 42 F). , . () , (). , , , .

    35 117

  • : , .

    , : , , . , . , () .

    ()

    , . , :

    . , .

    . 1/4 1/2

    . 1 6

    , .

    36 117

  • A / C . ,

    .

    1.27 (: Toyota)

    ( 1.27), ( ) .

    . .

    37 117

  • 1) 2) 3)

    1.28 (: Ford)

    ( 1.28) . , . . (1). , ( ) . . , . () ( ). , . , ( 1.26). - . , , .

    38 117

  • , . .

    :

    1. , .

    2. , .

    3. , . ,

    .

    1.29

    / ( 1.29). , .

    39 117

  • . , , . . .

    HVAC

    , . , .

    1.30 HVAC

    HVAC

    , . . , , .

    40 117

  • 1.31 HVAC

    HVAC

    . : , . HVAC, . (MPV: Multi Passenger Vehicles) - .

    1.32 HVAC

    :

    1. . 2.

    , . 3. (MPV). 4. .

    41 117

  • :

    1. . 2. ,

    .

    3. .

    , / ( ). , ( ) . ( ). .

    . . :

    , (1), . 1.33 1.34 . , .

    42 117

  • , 0,8 . , .

    (PTC: positive temperature coefficient). . , , . , . . 20 . . ( ) , (ohm) . , , . , . . , . . , .

    165 C.

    1) 2) 3)

    1.33 (: Ford)

    43 117

  • 1) 2) 3)

    1.34

    (: Ford)

    (

  • 80 C, . , . .

    1) 2) 3)

    1.35a Diesel (: Ford)

    1) 2) 3) diesel 4) 5) 6)

    1.36a (: Ford)

    1.36b Diesel

    45 117

  • (, ) . - , , . 1.36c (B) () , . , (3), (2) . () (7). , . (1) . , . , , . . , .. .

    1) 2) 3) 4) 5) . 6) (ECU) 7) ) ) C) D) E)

    1.36c (: Ford) 46 117

  • (6) . , HVAC (, ). , : 1. ( 90) 2. 3. (125 C) 4. 5. , ,

    .

    . .

    , . Volvo, 40%. , C30 Electric ( E85).

    . C30 Electric, , , . . C30 Electric 150 km. 80 km.

    47 117

  • 48 117

    Volvo C30 Electric ,

    -33C

    Volvo C30 Electric ,

    -33C

    ; . . ( ). 10C 50%. , , .

    ; . . ( ). 10C 50%. , , .

    1.37 . (: V.W.)

    A / C,

    , , . A/C .

  • 1.3

    . (ECU), , .. , , , . ECU ( ) . , ECU , . , .

    : 9C. 5 . 4C (

    ). 40C 105C.

    ( ..). ,

    .

    ECU.

    49 117

  • , , A/C /C. A/C (ECU) , A/C, , . ( ) ( 1.38).

    1.38 (: Rover)

    A/C

    50 117

  • 1.4

    ( 1.39). .

    1.39 (: Toyota)

    2 bar 16 bar, , 0 80 C. ( 57 C). . .

    . , , 80 C 57 C, ,

    : :

    -

    -

    -

    -

    R-134a

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  • . ( ) . , ,

    , / . . ( ) ( ) . . / . ( ) ( ) . , .

    . , .

    . : O

    , .

    52 117

  • 1.5

    ( 1.40). 2 bar 16 bar, , 0 80 C. , 57 C. . .

    . , , 80 C 57 . , .

    .

    . () , ( ). . /

    , ( - ). . ( ) ( ) () .

    (: O , , .)

    53 117

  • 54 117

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A/C 7.

    . . C. D.

    1.40 (: Ford)

    1. 2. 3. / 4. A/C

    5. 6. 7. A/C 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

    . & D. & . & . C. & F.

    1.41 (: Ford)

  • 1.6

    ( 1.41 1.42)

    . 1.41 . , ( ).

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

    1.42

    (: Ford)

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  • 56 117

  • 2. (Air-condition)

    2.1

    . . , , , . (). . 80% . , .

    (. 1.38). , . ( ) ( ). / , . ,

    . 2 bar 22 bar. 0 C 110 C. , 1,2 bar 3 bar,

    57 117

  • 58 117

    , 28 bar 125C . 22,5 bar 57C,

    57C. , .

    2.1

    2.2 &

  • ()

    , . . . . 10 cm3 , , . , ( ), , ( ) . . , .

    : 1. (swash plate). 2. (Rotary Vane) (Turbocompressors) 3. (Screw Type):

    59 117

  • 2.3 (: Toyota)

    ()

    (. 2.3) . "V". , . ( ) . .

    2.4 (: Toyota)

    60 117

  • (. 2.4). . : . , , . . ( ) .

    1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) . . C.

    2.5 (swash plate) (: Ford)

    (swash plate*)

    (4)

    ( 2.5) .

    61 117

  • . , . . , .

    * , swash plate , ( 2.6): swash plate

    . . swash plate ( + )

    ( ). , ( ). , ( ) , . .

    2.6 Swash plate (: Wikipedia)

    62 117

  • 1. 2. 3. 4. . .

    2.7 (: Ford)

    swash plate (3 2.5) . swash plate . swash plate . , . , . swash plate , . (5

    2.5). , .

    : swash plate.

    63 117

  • 64 117

    (a) (b)

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

    . . , C.

    2.8 (a) (b) (: Ford)

    swash plate, , ( 2.8a 2.8b):

  • . . . (

    ) ( ).

    C. .

    To (). P swash plate .

    , . , :

    , . , ( C 2.8a). , , . (6) () (C). .

    65 117

  • , ( C 2.8b), . , . , () . () . , , . swash plate , , . , ,

    swash plate . , 5% , .

    F F

    FF

    F F

    2.8

    66 117

  • , F, (F). , . F, 0 ( ), . , .

    , , . . , F F. F ( ) 0 ( ). () . ,

    . ,

    (swash plate) . . .

    67 117

  • X. bar . bar . . C.

    2.10 swash plate (: Peugeot)

    . , . :

    1. . 2. .

    2.11 2.12

    (:Toyota) (:Toyota)

    68 117

  • . , , , .

    . , . , . , .

    . .

    2.13 (:Toyota)

    69 117

  • . .

    ( ).

    ( 2.14) , . .

    70 117

  • 1. 2. 3. 4.

    1. 2. 3. 4.

    2.14

    ( 2.15) , . . . , . .

    1. 2.

    2.15 () (:Ford)

    71 117

  • A. . . . ( ) .

    B. . .

    C. , .

    . , .

    . . . , . () . , . , . 10 , , , , .

    72 117

  • 2.1

    Proto.F653DC Brushless (cc) 20,1 (rpm) 12.000 (kW) 6,5 (V) 345 / HFC134a / SE 10 (mm) 120 (mm) 194 (kg) 6.0

    , , . . , . 3,5 - 4,0 MPa.

    ( 2.17), . ( 150 C), .

    73 117

  • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

    2.16 ( 140 150 C)

    2.17 (:Toyota)

    . (4) ( 2.18 & 2.19). , .

    74 117

  • (5) . , ( ) .

    1. 2. () 3. 4.

    5.

    2.18 (:Ford)

    2.19

    (:Toyota)

    ( 2.20). F G . R P &

    75 117

  • F R

    G P

    2.20 (:Toyota)

    () , . . . , . .

    76 117

  • . swash plate (Pulse Width Modulated PWM), (Electronic Climate Control ECC). . . , .

    :

    .

    . .

    1. swash plate 2. 3. 4. 5. PWM swash plate 6. 7.

    2.21 swash plate (: Opel)

    77 117

  • 78 117

    ()

    . . . R12 R134a , , .

    ( ): . . .

  • 2.2

    . . , . .

    . , , ( ) , .

    . , . () .

    2.22

    79 117

  • . - . : . : ,

    2.23 (:Toyota)

    2.24 (:Toyota)

    R12, R134a. ( ), .

    80 117

  • 2.25

    .

    . , . ,

    ( 2.26) ( 2.27). () (-) . , . . / .

    ( 2.28), / () . , . . .

    81 117

  • 82 117

    .

    1) (80 oC), 2) , 3) (57 oC) ( )

    2.26 2.27 (: Ford)

    /

    ()

    2.28 (: Toyota)

    , . . , .

  • 2.3 () /

    ( 2.29)

    , :

    1. , .

    2. , .

    3. .

    4. . 5. .

    2.29 (: Toyota)

    83 117

  • 84 117

    . , , . . , , , . R134a,

    .

    , . 100-110 C , .

    2.30 (: Toyota) (

    )

    . . , ,

  • . .

    2.31 ( ) (: Toyota)

    , :

    1. .

    2. , .

    3. , .

    4. .

    5. .

    6. / .

    & . (3) (4). , . (4), . U (6). (3% )

    85 117

  • 86 117

    . , .

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. U 6. 7. 8.

    2.32 (: Toyota)

    : . R134a R12 .

    () :

    3 . . .

    . : / ()

    . , (UV).

  • 2.4 / ,

    . :

    .

    . .

    , . . . , .

    . . 10 C . , , .

    :

    87 117

  • 88 117

    . . .

    ( 2.33) : . . .

    : 1.

    (Pe). 2. ( )

    (Ps). 3. , ,

    (Pf).

    2.33 (: Toyota)

  • /

    . (Pf) ( Pe Ps). ,

    . , ( ) . , (Ps) (Pe). . . . Pf , Ps Pe , .

    . . . V

    , .

    89 117

  • .

    , . , .

    ( 2.34) , . .

    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6. , 7. 8. 9. 10.

    2.34 (: Ford)

    90 117

  • /

    (1). (8). . / . . (7). (7). . , . (7) . , , . . , . , . , , . .

    ( )

    ( 2.35) . , ,

    91 117

  • . .

    . ( 1,5 2,9 bar ). , , . , .

    , . , , . . . , (3%), .

    1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( )

    2.35 (: Ford)

    92 117

  • /

    (1,19 mm - 1,70 mm) (. 2.2).

    2.2

    / 1,70 mm 1,57 mm 1,45 mm 1,35 mm 1,19 mm

    ( 2.35) , ( ). , , , , . , , . ,

    . . . . , .

    93 117

  • . . (). . . .

    , ( , ). .

    1. 2. 3. 4. 1,6 mm (.. - )

    5. 1,3 mm (.. )

    6. 1,1 mm ( ) 7. 1,4 mm 8.

    2.36 (: Ford)

    94 117

  • /

    2.37 , .

    2.38

    , .

    95 117

  • 96 117

    2.39 (: Toyota)

    2.40

  • 2.5

    . , . , .

    ( 2.39) , . . , . ( ) ( ).

    . , . , . , , . .

    , / .

    97 117

  • 98 117

    , , , . , .

    2.41 (: Toyota)

  • 2.6

    ( 2.41 2.42) ( ). . (2 bar), . 0 C, . ,

    . . , . , .

    , .

    2.42 (: Toyota) 99 117

  • ( )

    . NTC (negative temperature coefficient = ), . , . (0 C) 1 C, . 2,5 C, , , .

    1. 2.

    2.43 (: Ford)

    ( ) , ( ) . 1C,

    100 117

  • . , 2,5C.

    ( )

    0 C, , . , ( 2.46) , . , 1,5 bar, , . 2,9 bar, . , . , 1,5 bar .

    2.44

    101 117

  • 102 117

  • 2.7

    , 1,5 bar. , .

    . . 20,7 bar 17,2 bar. .

    , 30 35 bar. .

    . 1,4 bar ().

    103 117

  • . 30 bar, . ( ) , . 18 bar. . , . .

    . . , , . .

    2.3 Bar Voltage

    2 0.4

    10 1.6

    15 2.35

    20 3.1

    25 3.85

    104 117

  • 3. o

    , - . , , .. (CFCs, ) . . CFCs

    , , ( HCFCs), ( - HFCs). , , ( ) . , , . , / . .

    ( ), , , . ( .. , 20 , , , ). , (, , , , , ) CFCs HCFCs HFCs.

    105 117

  • 106 117

    2037/2000 , :

    CFCs & HCFCs

    1/1/2001 CFCs CFCs HCFCs > 100 kW

    1/7/2002 HCFCs < 100 kW

    1/1/2004 HCFCs inverter 1/1/2010 HCFCs 1/1/2015 HCFCs

    . , CFCs, HCFCs . , HCFCs , , (HFCs). (, ) , 30/5/2002 31/5/2002. HFCs

    . 1990 , 37.500 1998 129.000 2012. , F-gases (HFCs, PFCs SF6, ) 15%

  • &

    2040 40% 2100. 3% 2050, 3-5% (3,3% 2000) 4% 2012 ( 2% 1995).

    (), . , .

    HFCs

    (

    100 )

    R134a (HFC-134a)

    R12 (CFC-12) 1.300

    &

    . R407c

    ( HFC-32, HFC- 125, HFC134a)

    R22 (HCFC-22) 1.653 1.653

    R410a ( HFC-32 & HFC-

    125)

    1.975

    R413a ( FC-218, HFC-

    134a, HC-600a)

    R12 (CFC-12) 1.760

    R12 (drop-in)

    R417a ( HFC-134a, HC-

    600a)

    R22 (HCFC-22) 1.950

    R22 (drop-in)

    Forane FX90 ( HFC-125, HFC-

    134a, E170)

    R22 (HCFC-22) 2.400

    R22 (drop-in)

    Isceon 39TC ( HFC-134a,

    R227ea)

    R12 (CFC-12) 1.940

    R12 (drop-in)

    107 117

  • (R600a) (R290), ,

  • &

    . , HFCs . R134a (R600a).

    HFCs 1%

    10% 10-25%

    30% 8-30%

    * .

    , HFCs. 2003 , , F-gases, HFCs 2012.

    CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, . ( .. ), (.. ) ( Stirling, , , , ). ,

    109 117

  • . , , (R717), (R744), (R718), (R729), .. ( ), . .

    . , CFCs. 1990, Greenpeace . (Greenfreeze), Greenpeace 1997 . ,

    . . . . , . , , . , . . .. 40-120

    110 117

  • &

    ( ), . , 300 15 . , , . , (split-unit), , 300 ( 2,4 KW 8.000 Btu), 340 ( 3,55 KW 12.000 Btu) 1.500 20 KW (70.000 Btu). . ,

    150 , , , . , ( ). ( ). , . , , . : (R600a) (R290)

    R12 , R290/R600a ( 50-50%).

    , , , (drop-in) R12, R22, R134a, .. R290/R600a .. R12 R134a, (R1270) R22, .. .

    111 117

  • ...

    CARE 10 R600a /

    ,

    R12, R134a

    CARE 30 R600a/R290

    / , - ,

    R12, R134a

    CARE 40 R290

    // , , ,

    R22, R404a, R407c, R507

    CARE 45 R1270 // ,

    , R22, R404a, R407c, R502

    CARE 50 R290/R170

    // , , ,

    R22, R404a, R407c, R507

    , (R744) . , , . , . , . , , ,

    112 117

  • &

    .. , , HFCs.

    HFCs

    , 90 CFC-12. R134a (HFC-134a). 800 R134a . , ( 400 R290 R290/R600a) . , , . Daimler Chrysler 2005. , .. Toyota, Ford, Renault, VW BMW. , HFCs 2012. ,

    , HFC-134a, R404a R507a R410a. CFCs 2010, 4.300 CFCs 17.000 HCFCs 25% . ,

    , . Thermoking, , 2001.

    113 117

  • 114 117

  • . . ( ), (CO2). ,

    , , . . , . , , , .

    115 117

  • 116 117

  • 117 117

    1) STEVEN DALY (2006), Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control

    Systems, Elsevier Ltd.

    2) WILLIAM WHITMAN, WILLIAM JOHNSON, JOHN TOMCZYK, EUGENE

    SILBERSTEIN (2009), Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Technology

    3) (2003), & , Greenpeace.

    4) SANDEN Compressor Service Guide, 2 .

    5) (1996),

    1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

    2. (Air-condition)2.1 2.2 2.3 () / 2.4 / 2.5 2.6 2.7

    3. o HFCs