Plastic cases for driving license(cases) πλαστικές θήκες για άδεια οδήγησης αυτοκινήτου
Κλιματισμός Αυτοκινήτου Και Συστήματα Ελέγχου
Transcript of Κλιματισμός Αυτοκινήτου Και Συστήματα Ελέγχου
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1. .............................................................. 9 1.1 ................................................. 9 1.2 .......................................................... 17 1.3 ..................................................................... 49 1.4 ........................................................................ 51 1.5 .................................................................. 53 1.6 ........................................................................ 55
2. (Air-condition).............................................................. 572.1 ........................................................................................................ 572.2 .................................................................................................... 792.3 () / ............................................................... 832.4 / .................................................. 872.5 ......................................................................................................... 972.6 .................................................................... 992.7 ................................................................................. 103
3. ........................................ 105.......................................................................................................... 115 ............................................................................................................. 117
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1.
1.1
, . . . , , , . . . . , , , . ! , . , , .
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Chrysler Imperial 1953
AIRTEMP (: Wikipedia)
. . , . , . , . . . , , . . 1939 Packard
, . , , , . . Packard : . ( ) .
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1940-1941 , . Cadillac ( ), . . 1954-1955 Nash-Kelvinator . , , .
, , . . . , . , , , . , . , , , , .
Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided
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Engineering (CAE) Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). CAD . . () . , .. STL (). (CAM). CAD . CAD CAE. Solidworks CAD Cosmos Works, (Finite Element Analysis FEA) (Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD). FEA , CFD ( ) . , (FEA) (CFD). , .
1.1 / CAD ( ) (: Visteon )
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1.2 CFD (: Visteon)
. . , , , . . , ( ) . . CFD
( ), . CFD . , , , . ,
, , , . .
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CFD .
1.3 (:Visteon)
. , CFD, . , . (), ( ).
. , . , , 158 (75 / ) 300 (141,6 / ) .
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1.4 (: Visteon )
1.5 (: Visteon )
1.6 (: Visteon )
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(heating ventilation air conditioning: HVAC) . 1 2 2 3. , . , . , , CAD. HVAC ( ). , . (CFD) ,
, . 10-15%.
1.7 HVAC (: Visteon )
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1.2
. , , . , () . . . . . . , . .
H , . . ( ). . ,
, .
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. , , .
1.8 (: Toyota)
1.9
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, ( ) . ( ) .
( 1.9), , ( 1.8). , . () ( ) ( ) . .
.
, . . , :
1. . 2. .
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( 1.10). ( 1.11) , . , . , . . , , . , , .
1.10 (: Toyota)
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1.11 (: Ford)
(damper), . , , . , ( 1.12). , . , . , . , , . .
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1.12 (: Toyota)
. :
1. . 2. ( ).
. , , . , , . ,
-
, . :
(+) : (-) :
1.13 (: Toyota)
1. , .
2. , ( ) .
, . , ( 1.13).
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1.14 (a) (b) Ford Fiesta
1.14a . (2). , (1). , , . ( 1.15) . , , . , , . , . , ( 1.15).
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1.15 (a) . (b) Ford Fiesta (:Ford)
, . (, ). , . . 1.8 () .
1.16a
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. . . . . ( ) ( 1.17). . , , . , . CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), , . .
1.16b
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:
Turbo
Sirocco
1.17
, ( 1.14a b). . . , . , , .
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/ ( ) , . . , . . .
. .
: 1. / , . 2.
. 3. 2000 ,
. 4. .
. , (H2O2) (OH). . .
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. .
1.18 , (: Toyota)
(Air Quality Sensor AQS) HVAC. , AQS HVAC .
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. . , . , .
(a)
1.19 (a) , . (b) (: Peugeot)
. / . , , . , ( ). . . : . , , .
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. , , / . . , .
1.20
1.21 , , . ( ). ,
() &
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. :
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
1.21
1.22
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. , .. . ( 1.22),
. , . . .
1.23
( 1.23) . . . 1.24 ,
. .
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, , .
1.24
1.25
7 C. , .
( 1.25).
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. ' , , - . , , .
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13 ) ( A/C)
1.26
1.26 . , . A/C , 2 6 C (35 42 F). , . () , (). , , , .
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: , .
, : , , . , . , () .
()
, . , :
. , .
. 1/4 1/2
. 1 6
, .
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A / C . ,
.
1.27 (: Toyota)
( 1.27), ( ) .
. .
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1) 2) 3)
1.28 (: Ford)
( 1.28) . , . . (1). , ( ) . . , . () ( ). , . , ( 1.26). - . , , .
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, . .
:
1. , .
2. , .
3. , . ,
.
1.29
/ ( 1.29). , .
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. , , . . .
HVAC
, . , .
1.30 HVAC
HVAC
, . . , , .
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1.31 HVAC
HVAC
. : , . HVAC, . (MPV: Multi Passenger Vehicles) - .
1.32 HVAC
:
1. . 2.
, . 3. (MPV). 4. .
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:
1. . 2. ,
.
3. .
, / ( ). , ( ) . ( ). .
. . :
, (1), . 1.33 1.34 . , .
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, 0,8 . , .
(PTC: positive temperature coefficient). . , , . , . . 20 . . ( ) , (ohm) . , , . , . . , . . , .
165 C.
1) 2) 3)
1.33 (: Ford)
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1) 2) 3)
1.34
(: Ford)
(
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80 C, . , . .
1) 2) 3)
1.35a Diesel (: Ford)
1) 2) 3) diesel 4) 5) 6)
1.36a (: Ford)
1.36b Diesel
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(, ) . - , , . 1.36c (B) () , . , (3), (2) . () (7). , . (1) . , . , , . . , .. .
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) . 6) (ECU) 7) ) ) C) D) E)
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(6) . , HVAC (, ). , : 1. ( 90) 2. 3. (125 C) 4. 5. , ,
.
. .
, . Volvo, 40%. , C30 Electric ( E85).
. C30 Electric, , , . . C30 Electric 150 km. 80 km.
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Volvo C30 Electric ,
-33C
Volvo C30 Electric ,
-33C
; . . ( ). 10C 50%. , , .
; . . ( ). 10C 50%. , , .
1.37 . (: V.W.)
A / C,
, , . A/C .
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1.3
. (ECU), , .. , , , . ECU ( ) . , ECU , . , .
: 9C. 5 . 4C (
). 40C 105C.
( ..). ,
.
ECU.
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, , A/C /C. A/C (ECU) , A/C, , . ( ) ( 1.38).
1.38 (: Rover)
A/C
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1.4
( 1.39). .
1.39 (: Toyota)
2 bar 16 bar, , 0 80 C. ( 57 C). . .
. , , 80 C 57 C, ,
: :
-
-
-
-
R-134a
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. ( ) . , ,
, / . . ( ) ( ) . . / . ( ) ( ) . , .
. , .
. : O
, .
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1.5
( 1.40). 2 bar 16 bar, , 0 80 C. , 57 C. . .
. , , 80 C 57 . , .
.
. () , ( ). . /
, ( - ). . ( ) ( ) () .
(: O , , .)
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A/C 7.
. . C. D.
1.40 (: Ford)
1. 2. 3. / 4. A/C
5. 6. 7. A/C 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
. & D. & . & . C. & F.
1.41 (: Ford)
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1.6
( 1.41 1.42)
. 1.41 . , ( ).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1.42
(: Ford)
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2. (Air-condition)
2.1
. . , , , . (). . 80% . , .
(. 1.38). , . ( ) ( ). / , . ,
. 2 bar 22 bar. 0 C 110 C. , 1,2 bar 3 bar,
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, 28 bar 125C . 22,5 bar 57C,
57C. , .
2.1
2.2 &
-
()
, . . . . 10 cm3 , , . , ( ), , ( ) . . , .
: 1. (swash plate). 2. (Rotary Vane) (Turbocompressors) 3. (Screw Type):
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2.3 (: Toyota)
()
(. 2.3) . "V". , . ( ) . .
2.4 (: Toyota)
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(. 2.4). . : . , , . . ( ) .
1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) . . C.
2.5 (swash plate) (: Ford)
(swash plate*)
(4)
( 2.5) .
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. , . . , .
* , swash plate , ( 2.6): swash plate
. . swash plate ( + )
( ). , ( ). , ( ) , . .
2.6 Swash plate (: Wikipedia)
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1. 2. 3. 4. . .
2.7 (: Ford)
swash plate (3 2.5) . swash plate . swash plate . , . , . swash plate , . (5
2.5). , .
: swash plate.
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(a) (b)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
. . , C.
2.8 (a) (b) (: Ford)
swash plate, , ( 2.8a 2.8b):
-
. . . (
) ( ).
C. .
To (). P swash plate .
, . , :
, . , ( C 2.8a). , , . (6) () (C). .
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, ( C 2.8b), . , . , () . () . , , . swash plate , , . , ,
swash plate . , 5% , .
F F
FF
F F
2.8
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, F, (F). , . F, 0 ( ), . , .
, , . . , F F. F ( ) 0 ( ). () . ,
. ,
(swash plate) . . .
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X. bar . bar . . C.
2.10 swash plate (: Peugeot)
. , . :
1. . 2. .
2.11 2.12
(:Toyota) (:Toyota)
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. , . , . , .
. .
2.13 (:Toyota)
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( ).
( 2.14) , . .
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1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
2.14
( 2.15) , . . . , . .
1. 2.
2.15 () (:Ford)
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A. . . . ( ) .
B. . .
C. , .
. , .
. . . , . () . , . , . 10 , , , , .
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2.1
Proto.F653DC Brushless (cc) 20,1 (rpm) 12.000 (kW) 6,5 (V) 345 / HFC134a / SE 10 (mm) 120 (mm) 194 (kg) 6.0
, , . . , . 3,5 - 4,0 MPa.
( 2.17), . ( 150 C), .
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2.16 ( 140 150 C)
2.17 (:Toyota)
. (4) ( 2.18 & 2.19). , .
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(5) . , ( ) .
1. 2. () 3. 4.
5.
2.18 (:Ford)
2.19
(:Toyota)
( 2.20). F G . R P &
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F R
G P
2.20 (:Toyota)
() , . . . , . .
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. swash plate (Pulse Width Modulated PWM), (Electronic Climate Control ECC). . . , .
:
.
. .
1. swash plate 2. 3. 4. 5. PWM swash plate 6. 7.
2.21 swash plate (: Opel)
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()
. . . R12 R134a , , .
( ): . . .
-
2.2
. . , . .
. , , ( ) , .
. , . () .
2.22
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2.23 (:Toyota)
2.24 (:Toyota)
R12, R134a. ( ), .
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. , . ,
( 2.26) ( 2.27). () (-) . , . . / .
( 2.28), / () . , . . .
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.
1) (80 oC), 2) , 3) (57 oC) ( )
2.26 2.27 (: Ford)
/
()
2.28 (: Toyota)
, . . , .
-
2.3 () /
( 2.29)
, :
1. , .
2. , .
3. .
4. . 5. .
2.29 (: Toyota)
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. , , . . , , , . R134a,
.
, . 100-110 C , .
2.30 (: Toyota) (
)
. . , ,
-
. .
2.31 ( ) (: Toyota)
, :
1. .
2. , .
3. , .
4. .
5. .
6. / .
& . (3) (4). , . (4), . U (6). (3% )
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. , .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. U 6. 7. 8.
2.32 (: Toyota)
: . R134a R12 .
() :
3 . . .
. : / ()
. , (UV).
-
2.4 / ,
. :
.
. .
, . . . , .
. . 10 C . , , .
:
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. . .
( 2.33) : . . .
: 1.
(Pe). 2. ( )
(Ps). 3. , ,
(Pf).
2.33 (: Toyota)
-
/
. (Pf) ( Pe Ps). ,
. , ( ) . , (Ps) (Pe). . . . Pf , Ps Pe , .
. . . V
, .
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.
, . , .
( 2.34) , . .
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 6. , 7. 8. 9. 10.
2.34 (: Ford)
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/
(1). (8). . / . . (7). (7). . , . (7) . , , . . , . , . , , . .
( )
( 2.35) . , ,
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. .
. ( 1,5 2,9 bar ). , , . , .
, . , , . . . , (3%), .
1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. ( )
2.35 (: Ford)
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/
(1,19 mm - 1,70 mm) (. 2.2).
2.2
/ 1,70 mm 1,57 mm 1,45 mm 1,35 mm 1,19 mm
( 2.35) , ( ). , , , , . , , . ,
. . . . , .
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. . (). . . .
, ( , ). .
1. 2. 3. 4. 1,6 mm (.. - )
5. 1,3 mm (.. )
6. 1,1 mm ( ) 7. 1,4 mm 8.
2.36 (: Ford)
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/
2.37 , .
2.38
, .
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2.39 (: Toyota)
2.40
-
2.5
. , . , .
( 2.39) , . . , . ( ) ( ).
. , . , . , , . .
, / .
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, , , . , .
2.41 (: Toyota)
-
2.6
( 2.41 2.42) ( ). . (2 bar), . 0 C, . ,
. . , . , .
, .
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( )
. NTC (negative temperature coefficient = ), . , . (0 C) 1 C, . 2,5 C, , , .
1. 2.
2.43 (: Ford)
( ) , ( ) . 1C,
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. , 2,5C.
( )
0 C, , . , ( 2.46) , . , 1,5 bar, , . 2,9 bar, . , . , 1,5 bar .
2.44
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2.7
, 1,5 bar. , .
. . 20,7 bar 17,2 bar. .
, 30 35 bar. .
. 1,4 bar ().
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. 30 bar, . ( ) , . 18 bar. . , . .
. . , , . .
2.3 Bar Voltage
2 0.4
10 1.6
15 2.35
20 3.1
25 3.85
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3. o
, - . , , .. (CFCs, ) . . CFCs
, , ( HCFCs), ( - HFCs). , , ( ) . , , . , / . .
( ), , , . ( .. , 20 , , , ). , (, , , , , ) CFCs HCFCs HFCs.
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2037/2000 , :
CFCs & HCFCs
1/1/2001 CFCs CFCs HCFCs > 100 kW
1/7/2002 HCFCs < 100 kW
1/1/2004 HCFCs inverter 1/1/2010 HCFCs 1/1/2015 HCFCs
. , CFCs, HCFCs . , HCFCs , , (HFCs). (, ) , 30/5/2002 31/5/2002. HFCs
. 1990 , 37.500 1998 129.000 2012. , F-gases (HFCs, PFCs SF6, ) 15%
-
&
2040 40% 2100. 3% 2050, 3-5% (3,3% 2000) 4% 2012 ( 2% 1995).
(), . , .
HFCs
(
100 )
R134a (HFC-134a)
R12 (CFC-12) 1.300
&
. R407c
( HFC-32, HFC- 125, HFC134a)
R22 (HCFC-22) 1.653 1.653
R410a ( HFC-32 & HFC-
125)
1.975
R413a ( FC-218, HFC-
134a, HC-600a)
R12 (CFC-12) 1.760
R12 (drop-in)
R417a ( HFC-134a, HC-
600a)
R22 (HCFC-22) 1.950
R22 (drop-in)
Forane FX90 ( HFC-125, HFC-
134a, E170)
R22 (HCFC-22) 2.400
R22 (drop-in)
Isceon 39TC ( HFC-134a,
R227ea)
R12 (CFC-12) 1.940
R12 (drop-in)
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(R600a) (R290), ,
-
&
. , HFCs . R134a (R600a).
HFCs 1%
10% 10-25%
30% 8-30%
* .
, HFCs. 2003 , , F-gases, HFCs 2012.
CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, . ( .. ), (.. ) ( Stirling, , , , ). ,
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. , , (R717), (R744), (R718), (R729), .. ( ), . .
. , CFCs. 1990, Greenpeace . (Greenfreeze), Greenpeace 1997 . ,
. . . . , . , , . , . . .. 40-120
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&
( ), . , 300 15 . , , . , (split-unit), , 300 ( 2,4 KW 8.000 Btu), 340 ( 3,55 KW 12.000 Btu) 1.500 20 KW (70.000 Btu). . ,
150 , , , . , ( ). ( ). , . , , . : (R600a) (R290)
R12 , R290/R600a ( 50-50%).
, , , (drop-in) R12, R22, R134a, .. R290/R600a .. R12 R134a, (R1270) R22, .. .
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...
CARE 10 R600a /
,
R12, R134a
CARE 30 R600a/R290
/ , - ,
R12, R134a
CARE 40 R290
// , , ,
R22, R404a, R407c, R507
CARE 45 R1270 // ,
, R22, R404a, R407c, R502
CARE 50 R290/R170
// , , ,
R22, R404a, R407c, R507
, (R744) . , , . , . , . , , ,
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&
.. , , HFCs.
HFCs
, 90 CFC-12. R134a (HFC-134a). 800 R134a . , ( 400 R290 R290/R600a) . , , . Daimler Chrysler 2005. , .. Toyota, Ford, Renault, VW BMW. , HFCs 2012. ,
, HFC-134a, R404a R507a R410a. CFCs 2010, 4.300 CFCs 17.000 HCFCs 25% . ,
, . Thermoking, , 2001.
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. . ( ), (CO2). ,
, , . . , . , , , .
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1) STEVEN DALY (2006), Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control
Systems, Elsevier Ltd.
2) WILLIAM WHITMAN, WILLIAM JOHNSON, JOHN TOMCZYK, EUGENE
SILBERSTEIN (2009), Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Technology
3) (2003), & , Greenpeace.
4) SANDEN Compressor Service Guide, 2 .
5) (1996),
1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
2. (Air-condition)2.1 2.2 2.3 () / 2.4 / 2.5 2.6 2.7
3. o HFCs