STUDY OF MOLDS (FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS) AND YEASTS (SINGLE CELLS WHICH PRODUCE PROGENY BY BUDDING,

USUALLY)  EUKARYOTES, PRIMITIVE PLANTS, 5-10 μM

DIAMETER 30 MEGA BASE PAIR GENOMES; SEVERAL

CHROMOSOMES; 5,000 GENES

CELL WALL WITH CHITIN (N-ACETYL GLUCOSEAMINE POLYSACCHARIDE),

ABSORPTIVE NUTRITION, LACK CHLOROPHYLL, NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS FORM SPORES, NON-MOTILE, TOLERATE DRYNESS, HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE,

ACID AND ALKALINE ENVIRONMENTS SAPROPHYTES - DECAY DEAD CREATURES (&

PERMITRECYLCING) - RELEASE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES

WHICH DIGEST EXTERNAL FOOD

MYCOLOGY -1

MOLDS - LONG, BRANCHED FILAMENTS - HYPHAE

COENOCYTIC - NO PERPENDICULAR CROSS WALLS

SEPTATE - WITH CROSS WALLS WITH PORESGROW BY EXTENSION, BRANCHINGMYCELIUM - MASS OF HYPHAE - COLONYSPORES - DORMANT, CAN GERMINATE

  YEASTS -

UNICELLULAR, SINGLE NUCLEUS, BUD PROGENY(USUALLY)

  DIMORPHIC FUNGI - SOME WHICH CAUSE DISEASE -

YEAST FORM IN THE ANIMAL, FILAMENTOUS FORM ON

CULTURE MEDIA

2

REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL - MITOSIS FOLLOWED BY:TRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING TWO

EQUAL DAUGHTER CELLS BINARY FISSION

BUDDING FORMING MOTHER CELL AND NEW BUDTRANSVERSE CELL WALL FORMATION FORMING SPORES

WITHINA HYPHA OR AT THE END

SEXUAL – HOMOTHALLIC - SELF-FERTILIZING, COMPATIBLE

GAMETES ONTHE SAME MYCELIUM

HETEROTHALLIC - CROSSING BETWEEN DIFFERENT BUTCOMPATIBLE MYCELIA. HAPLOID GAMETES FUSE;

DIPLOIDGAMETES; MEIOSIS, HAPLOID SPORES

3

ZYGOMYCETESCOENOCYTIC - HAPLOID NUCLEI, HYPHA RHIZOIDS EXTEND DOWN INTO SUBSTRATE, ABSORB NUTRIENTSSTOLONS - ERECT HYPHAE, FORM SPORANGIA WITH BLACK

SPORANGIOSPORESE.G., COMMON BLACK BREAD MOLD: RHIZOPUS NIGRICANS

ASCOMYCETESSEPTATE HYPHAE, CONIDIOSPORES AT END OF CONIDIOPHOREASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS -

UBIQUITOUS - HOMES, ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ASTHMA, SINUSITIS,OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN ESPECIALLY IN HIV+ PEOPLE

ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS - AFLATOXINSPENICILLIUM NOTATUM - FIRST PENICILLINPENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTI – CHEESE SOFTENING/RIPENINGCLAVICEPS PURPUREA - ERGOT OF RYE – PLANT DISEASE

ERGOTISM IN PEOPLE - ERGOT TOXIN - CONTAINS LYSERGIC ACID-USED TO SYNTHESIZE LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE -LSD VASOCONSTRICTION - GANGRENE, AMPUTATIONS NEUROTRANSMISSION - SEVERE BURNING SENSATION;

HALLUCINATIONS, CONVULSIONS, DEATHCOMMON – EUROPE – MIDDLE AGES

4

5

BASIDIOMYCETES

MUSHROOMS - DIPLOID HYPHAE GROWING IN SOIL ASSEMBLE TO PUSH THROUGH SOIL;

FORM CAP UNDER WHICH BASIDIOSPORES DEVELOP

EDIBLE, BUT MUSHROOM POISONING

Rhizopus nigricans – Pin-head mold

GERMINATINGSPORE

SPORANGIA

HYPHA

RHIZOID

AERIALHYPHA

STOLON

ABSORBINGHYPHA

6

Rhizopus nigricans

SPORANGIOSPORES IN SACS (SPORANGIA)

SPORES

7

ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS – CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

8

Penicillium notatum

CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

9

Penicilliumroqueforti

CONIDIOSPORES AT ENDS OF CONIDIOPHORES

10

ROQUEFORT CHEESEBLUE-GREEN CONIDIOSPORES OF Penicillium roqueforti

11

LIFE OF A MUSHROOMNOT ASSIGNED

12

APPRECIATE !

 I. DERMATOPHYTES – FUNGI ON, IN, UNDER SKIN, HAIR, NAILS

A. SUPERFICIAL - ON OUTER SURFACES SKIN, HAIR, NAILS- TROPICS – SOAP AND WATER

B. CUTANEOUS - WITHIN SKIN, HAIR, NAILS- RINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON, OTHERS)- ATHLETE’S FOOT

C. SUBCUTANEOUS- INTRODUCED THROUGH SKIN

(PUNCTURE WOUNDS)- SPREAD ALONG LYMPH CHANNELS

MYCOSES - FUNGAL INFECTIONS

13

14

FIG 39.13 CUTANEOUS MYCOSISRINGWORM (TRICHOPHYTON)

p 1009

15

FIG 39.17 SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSISCHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS (BLACK MOLDS, PHIALOPHORA)

p 1010

II. SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS - INTERNAL 

A. HISTOPLASMOSIS - HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUMDIMORPHIC MILD RESPIRATORY INFECTION - HEALTHY PEOPLE RECOVER

WITHOUT KNOWING THEY HAD DISEASEENDEMIC - OHIO RIVER VALLEYSEVERE DISEASE IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

 

B. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS - COCCIDIODES IMMITISDESERT FEVER - 95% MILD RESPIRATORY

5% TB-LIKE FEW: DISSEMINATES TO BRAIN, BONES,

JOINTS, MENINGESDIMORPHIC

C. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS – CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANSRESPIRATORY TRACT > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMMENINGITIS - INFLAMMATION OF MENINGES

 

D. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA – PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII  PNEUMONIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

16

Pneumocystis carinii

17

14

Pneumocystis carinii PNEUMONIA

18

III. TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS –

AMPHOTERICIN B - DISRUPTS MEMBRANE FUNCTION, TOXIC FORPEOPLE

FLUCONAZOLE - PROPHYLACTIC IN AIDS PATIENTS INHIBITS STEROLSYNTHESIS, AND THEREFORE NORMAL MEMBRANE FUNCTION

IV. MYCOTOXINS -   ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS – AFLATOXINS

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V. CANDIDIASIS - THRUSH, MONILIASIS, WHITE PATCHES OF MOUTH,TONGUE, VAGINA

CANDIDA ALBICANS - NORMAL FLORA YEASTC. ALBICANS FLOURISHES:

IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEOPLE,IN NORMAL HEALTH FOLK WHEN THEIR BACTERIAL FLORA

IS DESTROYED - PROLONGED ANTIBIOTIC WHICHDESTROY PROKARYOTES

VAGINITIS - DIABETES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES,

ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCYDIAPER RASH

TREATMENT - TOPICALNYSTATIN - STREPTOMYCES ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES

MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM LEAKAGEMICONAZOLE - ANTIBIOTIC, DAMAGES MEMBRANE,

DISRUPTS STEROLS SYNTHESIS

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CANDIDA ALBICANS ORAL THRUSH

21