Post on 08-Feb-2016
description
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2012 2013
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2012
2013.
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2013,
iii
i
iii
xi
xxxi
1
1. 3 1.1 3 1.2 9 1.2.1 9
1.2.2 15
1.2.3 19
1.2.4 22
1.2.5 24
1.2.6 29
1.2.7 37
1.2.8 46
1.3 48 1.4 & . 51 1.5 54
2. 57 2.1 57 2.2 58 2.2.1 58
2.2.1.1 () 62
2.2.1.2 () 64
2.2.1.3 65
iv
2.2.1.4 66
2.2.2 & 67
2.2.3 & 71
2.3 73 2.3.1 73
2.3.2 76
2.4 & 79 2.5 81 2.6 82 2.6.1 82
2.6.1.1 82
2.6.1.2 85
2.6.2 - 88
2.6.3 90
2.6.3.1 90
2.6.3.2 93
2.7 & 100 2.7.1 100
2.7.2 100
2.7.3 101
2.7.5 102
2.7.6 102
3. 105 3.1 105 3.2 105 3.2.1 106
3.2.2 123
3.2.3 134
3.2.4 146
3.2.5 150
3.2.6 155
v
3.3 159 3.3.1 159
3.3.2 172
3.3.3 174
3.3.4 176
3.3.5 178
3.4 179 3.4.1 .. 179
3.4.2 .. 183
4. 185 4.1 185
4.2 185 4.2.1 185
4.2.1.1 FRP Ghazi et al. (1994) 186
4.2.1.2 FRP Triantafillou (1998) 189
4.2.1.3 FRP Khalifa et al. (1998) 192
4.2.1.4 FRP Triantafillou & Antonopoulos (2000) 195
4.2.1.5 FRP Monti & Liotta (2007) 196
4.2.1.6 FRP Chaallal et al. (2002) 202
4.2.1.7 TRM Triantafillou & Papanicolaou (2006) 205
4.2.1.8 TRM Si Larbi et al. (2010) 208
4.2.2 211
4.2.2.1 Fdration Internationale du Bton (fib) 211
4.2.2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) 212
4.2.2.3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) 214
4.2.2.4 Eurocode 8 Part 3 (EN19983) 215
4.2.2.5 (..) 217
4.3 219 4.3.1 219
4.3.1.1 FRP Anil (2006) 219
4.3.1.2 FRP Tanarslan et al. (2008) 222
vi
4.3.2 224
4.3.2.1 FRP Sato et al. (1997a) 224
4.3.2.2 FRP Sato et al. (1997b) 225
4.3.2.3 TRM Brckner et al. (2008) 227
4.3.3 229
4.3.3.1 FRP Khalifa et al. (1999) & halifa & Nanni (2000) 229
4.3.3.2 FRP Modifi et al. (2012) 233
4.3.4 235
4.3.4.1 FRP Kobayashi et al. (2001) 235
4.3.4.2 FRP Jino et al. (2001) 237
4.3.4.3 FRP Karantzikis et al. (2005) 239
4.4 240
241
5. 243 5.1 243
5.2 244 5.3 245 5.3.1 245
5.3.2 249
5.4 243 5.4.1 252
5.4.2 258
5.4.3 262
5.4.3.1 262
5.4.3.2 263
5.5 265 5.5.1 265
5.5.2 270
5.5.3 270
vii
5.5.3.1 271
5.5.3.2 273
5.5.3.3 277
5.5.3.4 278
5.5.3.4 279
5.6 280 5.6.1 280
5.6.2 284
5.6.2.1 284
5.6.2.2 (TRM) 285
5.6.2.3 (FRP) 291
5.6.3 293
5.6.3.1 293
5.6.3.2 294
5.6.3.3 294
5.7 300 5.7.1 300
5.7.2 304
5.7.3 305
5.7.3.1 . 305
5.7.3.2 . 306
5.7.3.3 . 307
5.7.3.4 . 308
6. 311 6.1 311 6.2 311 6.2.1 Control 2 312
6.3 (TRM) 316 6.3.1 L_1L_NA 316
6.3.2 L_2L_NA 320
6.3.3 L_3L_NA 324
viii
6.3.4 L_2L_A(10) 328
6.3.5 L_2L_A(15) 332
6.3.6 L_2L_A(15)* 336
6.3.7 H_1L_NA 340
6.3.8 H_2L_NA 344
6.3.9 H _1L_A(15) 348
6.3.10 H _2L_A(10) 352
6.3.11 H _2L_A(15)a 356
6.3.12 H _2L_A(15)b 360
6.4 IO (FRP) 364 6.4.1 L_2L_A(15) 364
6.4.2 H_2L_A(15) 368
7. 369 7.1 369 7.2 370 7.3 372 7.4 373 7.5 375
8. 379 8.1 379 8.2 379 8.3 U 381 8.3.1 382
8.3.1.1 382
8.3.1.2 385
8.3.2 388
8.4 U 388 8.4.1 389
8.4.1.1 389
ix
8.4.1.2 392
8.4.1.3 395
8.4.1.4 398
8.4.1.5 401
8.4.2 404
9. 405 9.1 405 9.2 406 9.3 408
411 419
x
xi
.
1.1 ,) 1440 .. . ) (. ) . ) .
4
1.2 (cartonnage) . 5 1.3 : ,
13 , radomes .
7
1.4 ) Teijin 437 kg . ) . ) Porsche Panamera.
11
1.5 ) 14,000 superyacht Strand Craft 122 Ned Ship Group. ) superyacht Q5 Quintessential YD66 Yachting Developments .
12
1.6 ) . ) Airbus A350 XWB 52% ( ). ) .
14
1.7 ,) . ) - B/Al . ,) / P100/6061 A1 Hubble, , .
18
1.8 ) Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 2699 , , . ) Vickers Wellington , , .
19
1.9 ) Kevlar Body Armor Level IIIA NIJ Certified. ) BRV-O General JLTV Humvee.
21
1.10 : ) 2.0 pen CuttingEdgeCarbon. ) Ringl Fine. ) stiletto Lamborghini ( 75,000). ) Logic3 Ferrari. ) Juventus Hublot. ) Racer Tag Heurer ( 8,500$). ) Aston Martin ( 35,000). ) ssurs Flex-Foot Cheetah Nike. ) Corcel . ) - Aeron Tozier.
23
1.11 ,) . ) , PVC .
25
xii
1.12 ) FRP Jiangsu Jiuding New Material Co. ) fiberglass Beijing Composite Materials Co.
26
1.13 ,) RWTH Aachen & Mall GmbH. ) . 27
1.14 ) Durapact, Germany Fydro BV, Netherlands. ) (FRP) .
28
1.15 ) 5 ( fiberglass fiberglass ) Aqua Stop. ) . ) McArthur Group & Task Green.
29
1.16 ,,) Heydar Aliev Center . ,) Aachen . ,,) Terminal Tower .
31
1.17 ,) Sheraton . ,) Yas Island 1 Burt Hill Abu Dhabi. 32
1.18 ,,) Sendai Asao Tokolo Atelier Hitoshi Abe, (FRP). ,) Arnhen Fydro, IAM (TRM).
33
1.19 ) Alphabeton AG Bron . ) FRP . , : ) Sidra Hospital , . ) Emirates Palace 7*, .
34
1.20 ) (Stuctural Insulation Panel: SIP) , . ) . ,,) .
35
1.21 ) (Stuctural Insulation Panel: SIP) , . ) Clarian Saxony Medical Center , Metl-Span .
36
1.22 ) - Urban Edge. ) JetArt . ) Monroe Industries.
36
1.23 ) 3 , ( ) 400 . ) , 250 . ) 9 , 2.5m 1200 . ) .
38
xiii
1.24 ) . ) . ) . 39
1.25 ) . ) .( 40
1.26 ,) 60 Fredrikstad . ,) , .
42
1.27 ) 3x12m ( ). ) 10x8m fiberglass. ) .
43
1.28 , , : ) ). ) . , , .
45
1.29 ) . ) . 45
1.30 ) . ) .
47
1.31 ,) , , . ,) .
50
1.32 ) . ,) .. . ) .
52
1.33 ) . ) (>40%) .
53
1.34 () : ) ) .
55
2.1 ) . ) - Nomex . ) .
58
2.2 ) . ) . 59
2.3 : ,) . ,) , fiberglass .
60
xiv
2.4 . 61
2.5 . 63 2.6 ,
( ). 64
2.7 - ) . ) Zaikan Group.
67
2.8 ) , . ) . ) . ) - Taparan. ) (fiberglass) DD Fiberglass.
68
2.9 ) , AR-glass, 125 /m 50 /m. ) , AR-glass, .
69
2.10 ) (yarn). ) (yarn). 70
2.11 ) . ) . ) . 71
2.12 , . 72 2.13 ) . )
. ) .(28) ) .
73
2.14 ACE. 74 2.15 )
. ) . 78
2.16 ) ( ) . ) , .
80
2.17 ) FRP OSI. ) FRP , .
81
2.18 ) , . ) , . . 82
2.19 ) Fibrolux GmbH: [1] , [2] , [3],[4] , [5] , [6] . ,,) : , ASU.
84
2.20 : [A] , [B] , [C] , [D] , [G] /
85
xv
(ii & iii), [] , [J] , [K] .
2.21 ) . ) . 86
2.22 ) / . ) .
87
2.23 . 88 2.24 Fraunhofer : )
, ( 4 ). ) . ) U , .
89
2.25 : ) . ) . 91
2.26 : ) . ) - . : ) . ) .
92
2.27 ) . ) . 94
2.28 . 95
2.29 ) . ) , fiberglass. .
96
2.30 ) . ) CCBM. 97
2.31 ) RIM. ) RIM.
98
2.32 ) . ) . 99
3.1 ) .(95) ) 1999 Adapazari.
107
3.2 . 108
3.3 ) 2010. ) 1958,
109
xvi
.
3.4 ) , . ) Nigata-ken Chuetsu 2004. ) Imperial Valley 1979, .
110
3.5 ) . ) . ) .
112
3.6 ) . 112
3.7 ) . ) . 113
3.8 ) . ) . ) .
114
3.9 - Kahn 1980 : ) . ) . ) . ) .
115
3.10 ,) FRP ( . ) .
116
3.11 : : ,) . ) fiberglass. ,) .
117
3.12 ,) . , , . 118
3.13 ) . ) .. (). ) .
120
3.14 ) . ) . ) / .
122
3.15 ( 0.25x0.50 m) : ) . ) ( ( 0.12mm) ( 0.6m) .
123
3.16 . 124
xvii
3.17 ) , , . ,) .
125
3.18 ) . ,) . 126
3.19 ) .(111) ) Bolu 1999. ) .
127
3.20 ) . ,) . 128
3.21 ,) . ) . 129
3.22 : ) . ) . 130
3.23 ) : [a] [b] [c] [d] . ) , , , .
131
3.24 . 132
3.25 . 133 3.26 ) . )
. 133
3.27 ) : [a] [b] [c] . ) : [a] [b] , . ,) .
135
3.28 . , , (G1) (G2).
136
3.29 ) . ) . 137
3.30 ) . ) . ) . ) .
138
3.31 ) .. , 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. .(117) ) ( ) ..
139
3.32 .. 140
xviii
3.33 ) , 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. . ) : [] , [] .
142
3.34 : ) . ) . 143
3.35 . 144 3.36 ) . ) . )
. 145
3.37 ) . ) : .
146
3.38 ) : [] . [] . ) . ) .
147
3.39 ),),) . ) . 148
3.40 ) . ) . 149 3.41 ) . )
Ebead & Marzouk (2002). 150
3.42 ) Adapazali, 08/1999.(118) ) Bolu Duzce 11/1999.
151
3.43 .. 152 3.44 ) : ,
, , . ) ..
153
3.45 ) : , , , . ) .
154
3.46 ) , . ) , . 155
3.47 ) . ) . 156
3.48 ,) . ) . 157
3.49 ) , . ) , .
158
3.50 160
xix
.
3.51 . 160 3.52 ) . )
. 161
3.53 ,) . 162
3.54 . 162
3.55 , ( ) . 163
3.56 & . 164 3.57
( , , , ).
165
3.58 : ) , . ) .
167
3.59 : ) :[] , [] , [] , [] , [] , [] . ) , , , . ) . ) .
169
3.60 : ) . ) . ) .
170
3.61 ) . ) . 171
3.62 ) . ,) 2 . 171
3.63 , . 172
3.64 : ) , , , , . ) . ) . ) . ) .
173
3.65 , , . 174 3.66 ,) ) .
.
175
xx
3.67 ) ) . 175
3.68 ) ) . 176 3.69 : ,) , )
, ) . 177
3.70 : ) . ) . ) . 178
3.71 : ) . ) .
182
4.1 . 186 4.2 : ) C(ontrol), ) W(ings) ) S(trips) )
J(acket). , , P .
187
4.3 ) ( ) (C) (J). J, . ) Vp S W.
188
4.4 ) , FRP, , . ) .
190
4.5 ) fe , rEr Triantafillou (1998). ) R , rEr Khalifa et al. (1998).
194
4.6 , ( kN) Monti & Liotta (2007), 4 (Control, S(ide Bonding), U(-wrapping) & W(rapping)).
197
4.7 3 . (S, U W). 198
4.8 . 200 4.9 : , , ,
CFRP. 203
4.10 ) : (a) , (b) , (c) . ) ; (a) , (b).
206
4.11 ) . ) . 207
4.12 8 . 208 4.13 :
, CFRP, , .
210
xxi
4.14 . 213 4.15 ) : (a) , (b) , )
. 220
4.16 ) - , ) 3, ) 4, ) 5.
221
4.17 ) C-FRP: , 2 4, , 3 5, , 6 7, ) : , 3 6, , 5, , 7. , .
222
4.18 ) C-FRP, U, ) C-FRP, L. .
223
4.19 ) ., ) - -.
224
4.20 , , . 225
4.21 ) , ( cm), , , ) , , , . , .
227
4.22 - . 228 4.23 ) , U-anchor, ,
() (), ) : , U, , / , , / , ) , ) : , U-anchors FRP, , U-anchors FRP.
230
4.24 ) , ) . 231
4.25 ) , ) 1 U, , ) 1 U , , ) .
232
4.26 ) (SFBA), ) (DAMA), ) (ERBA), ) (EFLA).
233
4.27 ) , ) . 236
4.28 . 237
xxii
4.29 , . 238
4.30 : ) , ) , ) .
239
5.1 ) . ) .
247
5.2 ) mm. ) ( ) mm. 259
5.3 ) . ) . 260
5.4 : ) . ) . ) . ) . ) . ) 16. ) 16. ) 16.
261
5.5 ) . . ) , .
263
5.6 ) . , . ) , .
264
5.7 28 , . 268
5.8 (B500C). 270
5.9 ) Tyfo TC, ) B Tyfo TC. 277
5.10 ) , ) . 278
5.11 . 279 5.12 ) . ) ,
. 281
5.13 . . 282
xxiii
5.14 ) . ) . 283
5.15 ) . ) / Google SketchUp. 283
5.16 ) . ) . 285
5.17 ) . ) . ) . 286
5.18 ) . ,) . ) . 287
5.19 ) . ,) . ) .
288
5.20 ) . ) . ) . ,) .
289
5.21 ) . ) . ) . ) .
290
5.22 ) . ) . ) . ) . 292
5.23 ) . ) . ) . 293
5.24 ) . ) . ) . 294
5.25 ) () . ) ( mm). 295
5.26 ( ). 296
5.27 ) . ) . 297
5.28 ) . ) . ) , .
298
5.29 ) , . ) 299
5.30 , . 300
5.31 : , . , .
301
xxiv
5.32 . 302 5.33 ) (LVDT). )
. ) .
304
5.34 : L_2L_A(15)* 5 mm, 2mm. 305
5.35 ) RMU . ) . 306
5.36 ) . ) . 307
5.37 ) . ) . ) . 308
5.38 . 309
6.1 ) . ) /. 312
6.2 ) . ) . ) .
313
6.3 , Control 2. 313
6.4 , Control 2. 314 6.5 : ,)
, ) . 315
6.6 ) . ) /. 316
6.7 ) . ) . 317
6.8 , L_1L_NA. 317
6.9 , L_1L_NA. 318 6.10 , : ,)
, ) . 319
6.11 ) . ) /. 320
6.12 ) . ) . ) . 321
6.13 , L_2L_NA. 321
6.14 , L_2L_NA. 322 6.15 (), .
, , : ) 323
xxv
, ) .
6.16 ) . ) /. 324
6.17 ) . ) . ) . 325
6.18 , L_3L_NA. 325
6.19 , L_3L_NA. 326 6.20 (), .
, , : ) , ) .
327
6.21 ) . ) /. 328
6.22 ) . ) . ) .
329
6.23 , L_2L_A(10). 329
6.24 , L_2L_A(10). 330 6.25 (), .
, , : ) , ) .
331
6.26 ) . ) /. 332
6.27 ) . ) . ) .
333
6.28 , L_2L_A(15). 333
6.29 , L_2L_A(15). 334 6.30 , : ,)
, ) . 335
6.31 ) . ) /. 336
6.32 ) . ) . ) .
337
6.33 , L_2L_A(15)*. 337
6.34 , L_2L_A(15)*. 338 6.35 , : )
, ) . 339
xxvi
6.36 ) . ) /. 340
6.37 ) . ) . ) .
341
6.38 , _1L_NA. 341
6.39 , _1L_NA. 342 6.40 , : )
, ,) . 343
6.41 ) . ) /. 344
6.42 ) . ) . ) . 345
6.43 , _2L_NA. 345
6.44 , _2L_NA. 346 6.45 , : )
, ) , ) .
347
6.46 ) . ) /. 348
6.47 ) . ) . ) .
349
6.48 , _1L_A(15). 349
6.49 , _1L_A(15). 350 6.50 , : )
, ) . 351
6.51 ) . ) /. 352
6.52 ) . ) . ) .
353
6.53 , H_2L_A(10). 353
6.54 , H_2L_A(10). 354 6.55 , : ,)
, ) . 355
6.56 ) . ) /. 356
6.57 ) . ) . )
357
xxvii
.
6.58 , _2L_A(15)a. 357
6.59 , _2L_A(15)a. 358 6.60 (), .
, , : ) , ) .
359
6.61 ) . ) /. 360
6.62 ) . ) . ) .
361
6.63 , _2L_A(15)b. 361
6.64 , _2L_A(15)b. 362
6.65 , : ,) , ) . 363
6.66 ) . ) /. 364
6.67 ) . ) . ) .
365
6.68 , FRP_L_2L_A(15). 365
6.69 , FRP_L_2L_A(15). 366
6.70 ,), . , , : ) , ) , ) , .
367
6.71 FRP / ( Google SketchUp) ) FRP_L_2L_A(15), ) FRP__2L_A(15).
368
7.1 14 . 370
7.2 : ) (L) , ) (H) .
371
xxviii
8.1 ) . ) , FRP, , .
380
8.2 . , . (L) (H) .
383
8.3 . . , . (L) (H) .
383
8.4 , . 384
8.5 . , . (1 ) (2 ) .
386
8.6 . . , . (1 ) (2 ) .
386
8.7 , . 387
8.8 . , . 390
8.9 . . , . 390
8.10 , . 391
8.11 . , , . ( / 10cm) ( / 15cm ) .
393
8.12 . . , . ( / 10cm ) ( / 15cm ) .
393
8.13 , . 394
8.14 . , , . (L) (H) .
396
8.15 . . , . (L) (H) .
396
8.16 , . 397
xxix
8.17 . , .
399
8.18 . . , .
399
8.19 , . 400
8.20 ( ) . , .
402
8.21 . ( ) . , .
402
8.22 , . 403
xxx
xxxi
.
1.1 U . 35
2.1 . 61
2.2 . 63
2.3 () . 75 2.4 ,
. 75
4.1 . 212
4.2 . 234
5.1 . 247
5.2 . 248 5.3
, . 251
5.4 , , ( ). , .
254
5.5 . 258 5.6 ,
( ), .
265
5.7 ( kN) , .
266
5.8 . 267 5.9 ,
, .
269
5.10 (L) 272
xxxii
.
5.11 () . 272
5.12 . 274 5.13 ( -
, FRP )
275
5.14 . 276
5.15 . 276
5.16 . 278
5.17 . 279
6.1 . 318
6.2 . 322
6.3 . 326
6.4 . 330
6.5 . 334
6.6 . 338
6.7 . 342
6.8 . 346
6.9 . 350
6.10 . 354
6.11 . 358
6.12 . 362
6.13 . 366
7.1 14 . 372 7.2 ,
. 375
7.3 . 376
7.4 , . 378
xxxiii
8.1 . 382
8.2 . 385
8.3 . 389
8.4 . 392
8.5 . 395
8.6 . 398
8.7 . 401
xxxiv
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. [26]
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89
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,
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: ) , ( 4 ).(28) ) .(28) ) U , .(28)
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. [45]
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.
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.
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.
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. .
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.
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. [45]
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91
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chopper gun
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.
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93
2.6.3.2
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,
. [46]
,
( ,
):
Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) Light Resin Transfer Molding (RTM-lite) Vacuum Infusion Processing (VIP) Closed Cavity Bag Molding (CCBM) Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) Compression Molding Process (CMP)
.
,
.
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,
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94
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.
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, (200 10 000 ).
,
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95
Light Resin Transfer Molding RTM
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.
2 psi, .
,
,
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.(89)
Vacuum Infusion Processing.
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, .
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,
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,
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96
, ,
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200 5000 .
,
.
. [48]
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VIP RTM-lite.
,
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)
.
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97
. , ( VIP ),
(
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.
.
,
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98
Reaction Injection Molding
DCPD .
, ,
.
Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding
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RIM Structural Reaction Injection Molding (SRIM),
.
.
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, . [51]
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.
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.
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. 200 10 000
100 000
. [51], [52]
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RIM.(91) ) RIM.(92)
2
99
H Compression Molding Process,
SMC (Bulk Molding Compound) MBC (Sheet Molding
Compound) .
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101
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,
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102
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)
100 C. ,
,
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103
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105
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107
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10, 300 mm,
,
90,
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109
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3
111
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, .
.
,
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)
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) .[56]
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112
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113
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,
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3
115
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(min 10),
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),
. ,
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300mm
,
.
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3.9 -
Kahn 1980 : ) . ) . ) . ) .(106)
116
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,
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117
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119
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3
121
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, :
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), (1 4 1 5 ) ,
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.
,
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,
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123
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1984,
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,
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125
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),
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5
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127
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129
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131
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132
3.24 .(106), (113)
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133
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135
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136
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.[57]
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, (G1) (G2).(102)
3
137
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.
1-1.5mm, 240 400 MPa.
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, .
,
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,
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), , ( )
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138
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() .
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139
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140
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3
141
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45.
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143
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144
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145
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146
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3
147
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149
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.
,