ElectronicsI-Introduc0on

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Chapter1

Electronicsvs.Microelectronics•  DiscreteCircuitsvs.IntegratedCircuits

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•  Limitthecomponentcounttoachieveasmallboardarea

•  Availableresistorsareintherange1Ω-10MΩ

•  Availablecapacitorsareinrange1pF-10mF

•  Allresistorsarewithin1-10%oftheirnominalvalue

•  Theu0lityofdiscretetransistorsislimited.Usuallypreferopampsoverdiscretetransistors.Some0meuseBJTsifopampscan’tdothejob.UseMOSFETprimarilyasswitches

•  Avoidusingresistorsandinductors,useasmanyMOSFETtransistorsasneededtorealizethebestcircuitimplementa0on

•  Availablecapacitorsareinrange1fF-100pF

•  Thecri0calparametersintransistorscanbemadetomatchwithin1%,butvarybymorethan30%fordifferentfabrica0onruns

•  Capacitorsofsimilarsizecanmatchtowithin0.1%,butvarybymorethan10%fordifferentfabrica0onruns

Source:B.Murmann,Stanford

CircuitsareEverywhere

talarico@gonzaga.edu 3Source:B.Murmann,Stanford

Inthebeginningwas…

talarico@gonzaga.edu 4Source:B.Murmann,Stanford

Moore’sLaw

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In1965,GordonMoore’spredictedexponen0algrowthinthenumberoftransistorperintegratedcircuits

…andthepredic0onwasright

talarico@gonzaga.edu 6•  Noothertechnologyhasgrownsofastsolong

Transistorshavebecome:•  smaller•  faster•  consumelesspower•  cheaperto

manufacture

source:wikipedia

TransistorsCost

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Everybodycanaffordalotoftransistors

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SocialImpact

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Applica0onsdrivingthemarket

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IoTTrend:moreconnectedthingsthanpeople

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StateoftheArtSemiconductorFab

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Source:B.Murmann,Stanford

45nmCMOSTechnology(Intel)

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source:SteveCowdenTheOregonianJuly2007

StateoftheArtMicroprocessor

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HearingAidwithWirelessReceiver

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AnalogandDigitalSignals

•  Analog=signalsthatoccursinnaturearecon0nuousin0meandcon0nuousinamplitude

•  Digital(abstrac0on)=signalcantakeonlyafinitenumberofvaluesandcanchangesonlyatfixedpointsin0me

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AnalogandDigitalSignals

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Thedigitalsignal(red)isthesampledandroundedrepresenta0onofthegreyanalogsignal

S/H QAnalogWorld

DigitalWorld

Source:wikipedia

Analog&vs.Digital

•  AnalogCircuitsAdvantages– Requirefewerdevices– Bekertodealwithlowsignalamplitudes– Bekertodealwithhighfrequencies

•  DigitalCircuitsAdvantages– Bekerimmunitytonoise– More“adaptable”(e.g.microprocessors)– Designcanbedoneatmoreabstractlevel– Bekereconomic(easiertoimplementasICs)

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MixedSignalSystem

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Digital Processing

A/D

D/A

Signal Conditioning

Signal Conditioning

Analog Media and

Transducers

Sensors, Actuators, Antennas, Storage Media, ...

Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuit

Source:B.Murmann,Stanford

signalcondi0oning=signalscaling(amplifica0onorakenua0on)andshining

ManagingComplexity:LevelsofAbstrac0on

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Analog Digital

S/H QAnalogWorld

DigitalWorld

Source:B.Murmann,Stanford

CommonAnalogBlocks

•  Powersupplies•  Amplifiers•  Filters•  Signalgenerators(oscillators)•  Wave-shapingcircuits•  Converters(ADCandDAC)

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Circuitdesignersmustbebroad

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Source:B.Murmann,Stanford

CourseTopics•  PhysicsofSemiconductors•  Diodemodelsandapplica0oncircuits•  BasicsofAmplifiers•  CircuitSimula0on•  Transistors(BJTsandMOSTs)•  BiasingofTransistors•  SinglestageAmplifiers(atomsofanalogdesign)•  Mul0stageAmplifiers•  CurrentSourcesandMirrors•  FrequencyResponseofAmplifiers•  Opampbasedfeedbackcircuits

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Prerequisites•  Lumpedvs.distributedcircuits•  Kirchhoff’sRules•  Independentanddependentsources•  Superposi0onprinciple•  TheveninandNortonequivalents•  Cons0tu0veequa0onsofR,LandC•  Sinusoidsandcomplexexponen0als•  LTIsystemsandtheirproper0es•  FouriertransformandLaplacetransform•  Frequencyand0me-domainresponseofLTIsystems•  Firstandsecondorderlinearcircuits(transientandsteady

stateresponse)

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