Post on 16-Jun-2020
Mea
n ab
solu
te e
rror
, Co
dept
h, m
δC
hara
cter
istic
"aq
uife
r" d
epth
,
m
Recharge rate, m/year0.5 1 1.5 2
160
180
200
220
240
mean annual recharge [m/year]
2
4
6
8
10
b
10 20 30
0
200
400
600
800
1000
amodeldata
6.5
Temperature, Co
δ = 190 mu = 1 m/yearr
mean absolute error = 0.88 Co
- - -
- -
-
Mt. Adams
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲
▲▲
▲▲
▲▲
Washington
Oregon
Nevada
California
Idah
o
British ColumbiaMt. Garibaldi
Mt. Baker
Glacier Peak
Mt. Ranier
Mt. Jefferson
Mt. Hood
Mt. St. Helens
Three SistersNewberry
Crater Lake
Mt. McLoughlin
Mt. Shasta
Medicine Lake
Lassen Peak
Cinder Cone
▲
▲▲
Mt. Thielson
Paci
fic
Oce
an
Blue Mountains
High Lava Plains
ThreeSisters
Mt. Jefferson
(from Ingebritsen et al., 1992, 1993)
a b -122 -121
45
44
b
(from Blackwell et al., 1990)
a
(from Ingebritsen et al., 1989)
a b
Deep flow
CascadesW E
hot
cold springwith heat discharge
cold springno heat
dischargecold springwith heatdischarge
fault
spring
HighShallow
flow ButteWesternCascades
close to 1D recharge area
aquifer with cold water
horizontal gw flow or conductive regime
close to 1D discharge area
1 2
3 4
Dep
th, m
Dep
th, m
Dep
th, m
Dep
th, m
70°C/km 50°C/km
100°C/km 25°C/km
160°C/km
Temperature, CoTemperature, Co
Temperature, CoTemperature, Co
transient geothermseveral quifers with well-mixed water
dept
h, m
dept
h, m 120°C/km
240 mW/m2
40°C/km80 mW/m 2
-
linear, due to horizontalgroundwater flow or purely conductive heat flow
convective heattransfer in a 1D recharge area
aquifer transferscold water from higherrecharge elevation
T
z
4T
z
1 T
z
2 3 T
z
basal heat flow
low k
spring
1 2
3
4
heatdischarge
coldspring
small flux
Cascades
convective heattransfer in a 1D discharge area
small flux
high k
°C °C
43.6
43.8
44
44.2
44.4
44.6
44.8
45
45.2
45.4
43.6
43.8
44
44.2
44.4
44.6
44.8
45
45.2
45.444.3
44.4
44.5
44.6
44.7
44.8
44.9
45
−122.2 −122 −121.8
a b
44.3
44.4
44.5
44.6
44.7
44.8
44.9
45
−20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
d
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Elevation, m
surface gradT
−122.5 −122 −121.5 −121
−60−40−20020406080100120
c
∂ T
∂ z, C/kmo
×
×
×
××
××
× geothermal w
arming
0
10.0
2.0
14.0
12.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
× climate stationsdeep groundwater flowshallow groundwater flow
MEAN RECHARGE elevation (m)
Tem
pera
ture
Co
LO
MHSP
Deep flowShallow flow
Heat
BCDC
CR
QR
δ C 13
DIC
_
_
_
_
_
_ _ _ _
atmospheric equilibrationdead carbon addition
MH
DIC equilibrated with atmospheric
CO
-20 -15 -10 -5 0
C
(pm
c)14
120
100
80
40
60
20
0
DIC equilibratedwith soil CO 2
2
LO
SP
CR
BC
QR
DC
Minnehahasoda spring
120
100
80
40
60
20
0
_
_
_
_
_
Deep flowShallow flow
CO2 magmatic CO 2
magmatic C, mantle He, geothermal warmingNO magmatic C, NO mantle He, NO geothermal warming
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 x 104−6000
−5000
−4000
−3000
−2000
−1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
distance from Mt. Hood [m]
no-flow
earthquake
Mt. Hood
boundary
Distamce from Mt. Hood, m
Ele
vatio
n, m
Mt. Hood
−122−121.9
−121.8−121.7
−121.6−121.5
45.2
45.3
45.4
45.50
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Longitude
Latitude
Ele
vatio
n, m
a b
Temperature, Co10203040506070
123
500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500
0
200
400
600
800
1000
12000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Distance from Mt. Hood, m
Dep
th, m
1 2 3
a
1500200025003000 1 2 3
Ele
vatio
n, m
Tem
pera
ture
, Co
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
3
2
1
Temperature, Co
Dep
th, m
bδ = 250 m
K = 10 m/sSx -6
1500200025003000
Ele
vatio
n, m
1 2 3
Dep
th, m
Distance from Mt. Hood, m500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500
200
400
600
800
1000
12000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Mag
nitu
de o
f ve
loci
ty,
m/y
ear
Martin O. Saar and Michael Manga
Coupled Heat and Groundwater Transfer
University of Oregon
in the Oregon Cascades
martin@newberry.uoregon.edu
AGU, Fall 2000