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The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Nick Hastings
Workshop on Next generation Nucleon decay and Neutrino detectors
2007
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Outline
Introduction
The Current Situation
T2K Physics Goals
T2K Experiment Overview
Tokai Site
Neutrino Beam
Components
Analysis
T2K Physics Prospects
νµ disappearance: θ23 and ∆m223
νe appearance: θ13
Summary
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Introduction The Current Situation
Neutrino oscillations observed• Neutrino disappearance - oscillations confirmed• Neutrinos have non-zero mass
Atmo’s & Long-baseline
νµ disappearance
|∆m223| = (2.2–2.6)× 10−3 eV2
sin2
2θ23 > 0.9
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
)23θ(22sin
)4
/c2| (
eV322
m∆|
MINOS Best Fit MINOS 68% C.L.MINOS 90% C.L.
SuperK 90% C.L.SuperK (L/E) 90% C.L.K2K 90% C.L.
MINOS Preliminary
KamLAND & Solarνe disappearance
θ 2tan
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
)2
(eV
2m
∆KamLAND+Solar fluxes
95% C.L.
99% C.L.
99.73% C.L.
global best fit-5
10×4
-510×6
-510×8
-410×1
-410×1.2
∆m212 = 8× 10−5 eV2
sin2
2θ12 = 0.86
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Introduction The Current Situation
The Parameters
Flavourνeνµντ
=1 0 00 c23 s23
0 −s23 c23
︸ ︷︷ ︸Atmo’s & Long BL
Unknown︷ ︸︸ ︷ c13 0 s13e−iδ0 1 0−s13eiδ 0 c13
c12 s12 0−s12 c12 00 0 1
︸ ︷︷ ︸KamLAND & Solar
Massν1ν2ν3
where sij ≡ sin θij , cij ≡ cos θij• Is sin2 2θ23 maximal?• θ13 known to be small• Reactor ν̄e disappearance experiments sin
22θ13 < 0.19
• No information on δ
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Introduction T2K Physics Goals
T2K goals
Initial Goals
• Refine νµ disappearance:
P(νµ → νµ) ' 1− cos4 θ13 sin2 2θ23 sin2 Φ23≡ 1− sin2 2θµτ sin2 Φ23
• Measure νe appearance:
P(νµ → νe) ' sin2 θ23 sin2 2θ13 sin2 Φ23≡ sin2 2θµe sin2 Φ23
Where:
Φij ≡∆m2ij L
4E
=1.27(∆m2ij/eV
2)(L/km)
E/GeV
Future Goals
• Refine νe appearance• IF νµ → νe is sufficiently large:
• look for CPV with ν̄µ beam
ACP =P(νµ → νe)− P(ν̄µ → ν̄e)P(νµ → νe) + P(ν̄µ → ν̄e)
=∆m212
4E
sin 2θ12sin θ13
sin δ
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Experiment Overview
T2K
• Next generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment• Initial Phase - (0.75 MW- Super–K) ∼ K2K ×100• Possible Secondary Phase: CPV - (4 MW- Hyper–K)∼ Initial Phase ×100
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Experiment Overview Tokai Site
Tokai site
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Experiment Overview Neutrino Beam
Off-Axis Neutrino Beam
Target & HornsSuper-K
Near DetectorsDecay Volume νµπ
p
π(mπ,pπ)
µ(mµ,pµ)
ν(Eν)θOA
Eν =m2π −m2µ
2(Eπ − pπ cos θOA)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
θOA = 0.0°
θOA = 2.0°
θOA = 2.5°
θOA = 3.0°
pπ (GeV/c)
Eν
(GeV
)
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
1.4.ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
15
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Neutrino Beam
Beamline
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
1.4.ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
15
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Neutrino Beam
Proton Beamline
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
SC Magnet doublet
• 3.3× 1014 Protons/pulse• 0.75 MW• 30 GeV• Bunch structure:
4.2 us
58 ns 598 ns
• Repetition rate: 3.64 s• Superconducting magnets
in bending section
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Proton Beamline - Monitors
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Intensity (CT)
• 4 monitors
Position Monitor
(ESM)
• 20 monitors• Better than
1 mm resolution
Profile Monitor
(SSEM)
• 19 monitors• Insert for beam
tuning
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Target Station
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
• He vessel (reduce NOx &Tritium creation)
• Highly radio active (10 Sv/h)• Remote handling required for
maintenance
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1.4.ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
15
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Target Station
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
• Under construction
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1.4.ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Horns
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
• Three horns• Prototypes made for each type• Tested to 320 kA• Target located in 1st horn
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1.4.ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Target
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
• Isotropic Graphite (IG-430)• Encapsulated in Titanium alloy
tube
• L = 90 cm, φ=26 mm• Energy Deposit: 20 kW
• Helium cooled• ∆Tpulse = 200 ◦C
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1.4.ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Decay Volume
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
• 94 m• Helium filled• Water cooled
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Beamdump & Muon Monitors
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Beamdump
• Beamdump• Graphite blocks• ∼ 3 m× 3 m× 5 m• Al pipes for water cooling• tmax ' 500 ◦C(Graphite),
90 ◦C(Al) @ 3 MW
• Muon Monitors• planes of semiconductors and
ionisation chambers
• placed behind beam dump• profile centre precision: 3 cm
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1.4.ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Near Detectors at 280 m
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
INGRID (On-Axis)
• Iron-scintillator stacks• 10 m× 10 m coverage• Monitor νµ beam
• Profile• Direction
• σθ = 0.18 mrad• Shift resolution corresponds to
1 mm at target
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図1.6:
ニュートリノ実験施設の概要
T2K Experiment Overview Components
Near Detectors at 280 m
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
ND280 (Off-Axis)
• Meas. ν-flux in direction of SK• Both νµ and νe• Tracker for CC-QE kinem. (Eν )
• Cross sections of ν interaction• CC-nQE vs CC-QE: for Eν
recon.
• NC-π0 production (fake νe)
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T2K Experiment Overview Components
Far Detector - Super-Kamiokande
• φ× h = 39 m× 41 m• 11146(inner)+1885(outer) PMTs• Fiducial volume 22.5 kt
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Experiment Overview Analysis
Eν Reconstruction
P(νµ → νµ) = 1− sin2 2θµτ sin2(
1.27∆m2L
Eν
)Signal
θνµ + n→ µ+ p
p
µ−
νµ
(Eµ,pµ)Charged Current Quasi-Elastic (CC-QE)
E recν =mnEµ −m2µ/2
mn − Eµ + pµ cos θ
Fit cone to PMT hits to
reconstruct Eν :
• Utilise energy and timinginfo. from PMTs
For a 1 GeV µ achieve
• σ(Eν/Eν) ' 3%• Flight direction 3%• Vertex position 30 cm
νµ CC cross sections
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Experiment Overview Analysis
Backgrounds
CC-nQEµ−
νµp
πs
νµ + n→ µ+ p+πsθ
(Eµ,pµ)
• Incorrect E recν determination
Neutral Current (NC)
νµ
νµp
νµ + n→ νµ + p+πθ
π
• π0 can look like electron• Hampers νµ → νe search
• Intrinsic νe content in beam• Muon/Electron separation
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Experiment Overview Analysis
Extracting Results• νe appear.: Excess of # e− over expected bkgd• νµ disappear.: Deficit # µ− & dist. of Eν .
Event rate prediction:NND =φNDσND
NSK =φSKσSK Posc
• σSK ,ND studied with ND
• Treat Fluxes as ratio: RN/F =φSKφND
• Need to understand hadron production...
Compare: NobsSK to Npred
SK= NobsND RN/F
σSKσND
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
ν µ Φ
(10
6/c
m2/y
r)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 1 2 3 4 5
Eν (GeV)
(ΦS
KxL
SK
2)/
(ΦF
DxL
FD
2)
(b)
SHINE (NA49 upgraded to NA61)
• π±, K± & K 0 prod.• Protons on Carbon target• 30 GeV beam approved (seek 40 & 50 GeV)• Matched to T2K conditions• Understand hadron production: Use for RN/F
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Physics Prospects νµ disappearance: θ23 and ∆m223
νµ disappearance: θ23 and ∆m223
• 5 years (1021 POT/year)
Achieved sensitivity
δ(sin2 2θ23) ' 0.01δ(∆m223) < 10
−4 eV2
Systematic error req’mentsSource Size
Non-QE/QE Ratio < 5%Energy Scale < 2%Flux Normalisation < 10%Flux Width < 10%Flux Shape < 20%
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
T2K Physics Prospects νe appearance: θ13
νe appearance: θ13• 5 years (1021 POT/year)• Error on background estimation at 10%
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
10-3
10-2
10-1
1sin22θ13
Δm2 1
3 (e
V2 )
θ23 = π/4(sin22θ23 = 1.0)θ23 = 0.625(sin22θ23 = 0.9)θ23 = 0.946(sin22θ23 = 0.9)
Δm212 = 8.2x10-5 eV2
tan2θ12 = 0.4
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
10-3
10-2
10-1
1sin22θ13
CP
ph
ase
δ (d
egre
es)
θ23 = π/4(sin22θ23 = 1.0)θ23 = 0.625(sin22θ23 = 0.9)θ23 = 0.946(sin22θ23 = 0.9)
Δm213 = 2.5x10-3 eV2
Δm212 = 8.2x10-5 eV2
tan2θ12 = 0.4
sin2
2θ13 < 0.008 (90% C.L.)for: δ = 0, ∆m213 = 2.5× 10−3 eV2, sin
22θ23 = 1
• Factor 10 improvement on CHOOZ limits (for any δ)Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Summary
Summary
• New accelerator facility: Large number of protons on target• Off-axis beam: Narrow Eν distribution tuned to oscillation maximum• Extensive suite of beam monitors/near detectors• Well established far detector• Physics Prospects
• Search for νe appearance: order magnitude improvement on sin2 2θ13• Precision measurements: δ(sin2 2θ23) ' 0.01, δ(∆m223) < 10−4 eV2
• T2K facility at J-PARC well underway• Start Neutrino beam commissioning April 2009
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
Backup
Commissioning Plan
T2KK07: 3rd International Workshop on a Far Detector in Korea fT2KK07: 3rd International Workshop on a Far Detector in Korea for the Jor the J--PARC Neutrino Beam PARC Neutrino Beam ·· Sep 30,Sep 30,‘‘07 07 ·· Tokyo JapanTokyo Japan 77
Neutrino Facility Neutrino Facility at Jat J--PARCPARC
T.IshidaT.Ishida(IPNS, KEK)(IPNS, KEK)Commissioning PlanCommissioning Plan
30GeV30GeV6 bunches / h = 9 6 bunches / h = 9 (kicker rise time problem)(kicker rise time problem)Rep. period: 3.04s for Rep. period: 3.04s for FxFx (3.64s for (3.64s for SxSx))
DRY RUNDRY RUN
Install Fast Extraction
Devices
[CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION] [INSTALATION][INSTALATION] [COMMISSIONING][COMMISSIONING]
STAGE-1:Establish
Closed Orbit
PPS Rad. Protection
Install Slow Extraction
Devices
STAGE-2:Acceleration
(30GeV)
STAGE-3:Fast
Extraction
☼☼☼☼
☼☼
0.17s1.9 s
0.1s (0.7s for Sx)
0.87s
[Day[Day--one Operation Parameters]one Operation Parameters]
Asking FxHigh Intensity
Run
Nick Hastings University of Tokyo
The T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
IntroductionThe Current SituationT2K Physics Goals
T2K Experiment OverviewTokai SiteNeutrino BeamComponentsAnalysis
T2K Physics Prospects disappearance: 23 and m223e appearance: 13
SummaryBackup
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