Volos, 2012

Charalampidou S.

Combined transport for long and short distances, the case of Regional Unity of Kavala

UNIVERSITY OF THESSALYDEPARTEMENT OF PLANNING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Ν. Καβάλας

Outline of presentation

1. The development of combined transport

2. The European Policy for combined transport

3. The combined transport in Greece

4. Investigation of the operational level of combined transport in

the Regional Unity of Kavala

5. Conclusions

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Categories of combined transport

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TRANSPORT (1/2)

Multimodal transport

Intermodal transport

Combined transport

Organization of combined transport

Initial transfer:By road or by sea

UploadingMain transfer:By rail or by inland waterway

Final transfer:By road

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TRANSPORT (2/2)

Advantages Reduction of the transportation’s

total cost Reliability & safety Eco-friendlier transportation Improvement of the capacity of

railways, maritime transport, inland waterways for short distances

Reduction of the management time and freight control at all levels

Services just-in-time & door-to-door

Competitive prices

Disadvantagesx Trips become longer increasing the delaysx Management processes are more complexx Absence of a single network connectionx Dissimilar technical features of the transport modes

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THE EUROPEAN POLICY FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT (1/2)

What was the need for the development of combined transport?

1957-Treaty

of Rome

1992-Treaty of

Maastricht, 1rst White

Paper

1998-Framework for future

development of transport policy

2001-2nd White Paper

(combined

transport)

2011 3rd White Paper

The main problem: excessive & unequal growth of road

transport air pollution, traffic accidents, decrease of fuel

stocks 5/23

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Sustainable transport networks,

environmental protection

Efficient transport system

between Member States

Safety

Competitive, efficient means

of transportTerritorial cohesion, economic

growth, unified European

transport area

Objectives of the EU policy for transport

THE EUROPEAN POLICY FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT (2/2)

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THE COMBINED TRANSPORT IN GREECE

Combined transport in the corridor: Greece - Italy - Western Europe

Dominance of road transport (Road transport is 90% of passenger and freight transport)

Sporadic rail development according to demand

Air transportation is very important in Greek economy

Greek ships represent 40% of the capacity of the EU fleet and 20% of the world.

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INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (1/13)

General characteristics of the Regional Unity of Kavala

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Road transport- Private motor vehicles & public transport

152 buses, 160-190 cargoes 353 TAXI

Maritime transport

- Passenger transport: port of Kavala, port of Keramoti & Prinos in Thasos- Freight transport: port of kavala “Philip II”, port of Nea Peramos &

Keramoti

Air transport- Passenger & freight transport: airport of Kavala “Great Alexander” = is very low

Rail transport- Kavala has no railway connection with the rail network- Passenger & freight transportation is served from the nearest stations

(Drama, Stavroupoli, Toxotes)

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (2/13)

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Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for

transport, Xij: perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s characteristics)

Factors of the L.T.S

- Frequency of service

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (3/13)

buses

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Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for

transport, Xij: perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s characteristics)

Factors of the L.T.S

- Frequency of servicebusesShips

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (4/13)

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Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for

transport, Xij: perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s characteristics)

Factors of the L.T.S

- Frequency of servicebusesShipsAirplanes

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (5/13)

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Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures

-Waiting time due to the discontinuity of transportation There is no complementarity & synchronization of services between buses, ships, airplanes

-Transit time at a terminal

15min. buses, 1- 2h. airplanes, 30min. ships

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (6/13)

-Ticket cost

Buses Ships

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Indicators for testing the adequacy of existing infrastructures Indicators of the project CLOSER (Connecting Long and Short-

distance networks for Efficient tRansport)

- Organizational & institutional formFair & equal access Bad access to the airport (only by TAXI) & lack of concern for disabled peopleInvolved authorities Disagreements between taxi drivers & bus operators

- Number of transported passengers & cargoesYear 2010

Passengers Cargoes1.707.910 1.499.662

Passengers Cargoes296.194 453

Maritime transport

Air transport (national and international flights)

Year 2001 9.858 road passenger transport

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (7/13)

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- Attributes of terminal

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (8/13)

Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short

Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway

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- Attributes of terminal

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (9/13)

Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short

Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway

Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private car toward public transport

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- Attributes of terminal

Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short

Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway

Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private car toward public transport

Ratio of access to a terminal by car toward public transport

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (10/13)

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- Attributes of terminal

Clarity of information for the way of transition at each terminal Direct & full information (not always through internet)

INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (11/13)

Distances of cities & points of special interest from terminals short

Distances & travel times between terminals & the nearest highway

Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private car toward public transport

Ratio of access to a terminal by car toward public transport

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- Level of costumer service information for all modes of transport while the percentage of transport with loss or damage is low to zero

The main deficiency: lack of communication between the operators non-synchronization of routes between different

modes of transport

Obstacles in the development of combined transport

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INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (12/13)

• Questionnaire for passengers (sample 150 persons)

They are not concerned about the existence and promotion of combined transport

They are satisfied with the transportation services provided HOWEVER they suggest improvements

• Questionnaire for companies (the 15 largest import-export companies)

100% use private vehicles for the transportation of their products 53% are satisfied with the complementarity of modes of transport They consider the connection of the city to the railway,

necessary

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INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (13/13)

CONCLUSIONS

• Combined transport first developed in EUGrowth of road transportEnvironmental degradation

• Greece adopted the European guidelines

Regional Unity of Kavala Safety Relatively frequent service Proximity between

terminals & motorways

vs

x Schedules are not synchronizedx Terminals are not organized & there is no use of telematicsx Deficiencies in the airport of Kavalax Lack of cooperation between the responsible authoritiesx Citizens are not concerned about combined transport

NEED FOR MEASURES21/23

REFERENCES

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Sabrakos, Ε., 2005. Notes of Combined Transport, Piraeus: Department of maritime studies (in Greek).

Rassas, Ν., 2005. Community policy for Combined Transport and actions of Greece regarding this direction, Diploma thesis, Piraeus: Department of Industrial Management and Technology (in Greek).

Mitsiopoulos, Α., 2006. The application of combined transport in bulk cargoes, Diploma thesis, Piraeus: Master Program in Shipping (in Greek).

Iliopoulos, Κ., 2009. Logistic Centers promoting combined transport, Porto Heli: Conference of Greek association consulting firms (in Greek).

ECMT, 1995. European Transport Trends and Infrastructure Needs, France: OECD Publications Service.

White Paper of E.E, 2001. European transport policy for 2010 Brussels: European Commission.

White Paper of E.E, 2011. Roadmap to a Single European Area – Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System Brussels: European Commission.

Council Directive 92/106/EEC 07/12/1992 Establishment of common rules for certain types of combined cargo transport between the Member States (in Greek).

Lalenis, Κ., 2000. Transport Infrastructure in Kavala, TERRA CZM, European Program TERRA (in Greek).

Responsible authority for buses (KTEL).

The prefecture of kavala.

Kavala port authority.

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