(Metal-doped and Water-based) Scintillator Technology
Minfang YehNeutrino and Nuclear Chemistry
FroST, FNAL, 03/18-20/2016
Overview Scintillator Physics
Water-based Liquid Scintillator
Metal-doped Liquid Scintillator
Ongoing and future scintillator R&D’s
Summary
03/19/2016 M. Yeh, FroST 2
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Mea
n A
bsor
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on L
engt
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Photon/MeV
Cerenkov (e.g. Super-K, SNO)
water-like WbLS• Cerenkov./Scint.
detection
Oil-like WbLS• Metal-loaded LS
Water-based Liquid Scintillator
Scintillator (e.g. SNO+, Daya Bay)
Scintillator ApplicationsProton decay 0νββ Solar neutrinos (w 7Li loading)Geo-neutrinosSupernova neutrinosDiffuse SN background neutrinos long baseline neutrino physics (w accelerator neutrino source)Sterile neutrinos (w neutrino source)Ion-beam therapy imagingTOF-PETSome details in arXiv:1409.5864
Cherenkov vs Scintillation
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KamLAND
Daya Bay
SNO+
NoVA Borexino
Scintillator is an excellent detection medium for neutrinos in MeV range Tune scintillator cocktails to meet the needs of various physics
Main Neutrino Interactions in Scintillator
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zsolvent WLS
fast and slow components
Scintillation Mechanism
• Scintillator Stokes shift, timing structure, and C/H density determine the detector responses
wiki
Stokes shift
fast
slow
Ranucci et al.
Birk’s
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Scintillator ComponentsC. Buck and M. Yeh, Submitted to J. Phys. G (2016)
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Liquid Scintillators
1-phenyl-1-xylyl-ethane (PXE)1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (PC)
Di-isopropylnaphthalene (DIN)
Cyclohexylbenzene (PCH)
Linear alkylbenzene (LAB)
C. Buck and M. Yeh, Submitted to J. Phys. G (2016)
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Primary and Secondary Wave-Length-Shifter
C. Buck and M. Yeh, Submitted to J. Phys. G (2016)
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Examples of (some) Scintillator Cocktails
C. Buck and M. Yeh, Submitted to J. Phys. G (2016)
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Daya Bay (0.1 wt.%) Gd-LS produced in Oct. 2010 (monitored at BNL)
Oct 2015
Pulse Shape Discrimination
DayaBay
JSNS2
n
n
• PSD to distinguish different particle interactions; i.e. proton recoils from electron-like events
• Select IBD events from cosmogenic fast neutrons and ambient-related gammas; particularly important for near-surface detectors
• LAB-based scintillator doesn’t have good n- separation; DIN or other “pseudo” toluene scintillators pose better PSD
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Cherenkov/Scintillation Separation
electrons
neutrons
LSND rejects neutrons by a factor of 100 at ¼ Cherenkov & ¾ Scintillation light (NIM A388, 149, 1997).
Cherenkov is <5% of scintillation
Separation of Cherenkov from scintillation allows directional cut for particle ID
• Fast photosensors/electronics (LAPPD)• Ratio of scintillation light in Cherenkov• Slow scintillation decay time• Adequate scintillation yield
Prompt Cherenkov peak
Long scintillation tail
Z. Wang’s talk
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A 50-m WbLS SK-like detector (100ph/MeV)• Tk+= 90MeV • 20% coverage with 25% QE photocathode• Deep underground >3000 m.w.e.• Fast decay at 12ns
Water-based Liquid Scintillator
• A novel scintillation liquid ranging from ~pure water to ~pure organic
• Motivated by physics below EChev and scintillation separation in WCD
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• Adjustable scintillation light yield from 1 to 15% LS added to waterfor physics of interest
• Long attenuation length (LS~20m, water ~100m, (1%)WbLS~30m)
• Particle identification/reconstruction:
• Directional (Cerenkov) and isotropic (Scintillation) light
• Timing of prompt Cerenkov and scintillation light
• Energy measurement via calorimetry (scint.) and Cerenkov threshold
• Low-cost: (1%) WbLS using LAB (linear alkylbenzene) derivatives as LS ~ $(30+H2O)/ton
• Environmentally and chemically friendly
• Enables dissolution of lipophobic but hydrophilic metals
Cherenkov• <400nm overlaps with scintillator
energy-transfers will be converted to scintillation isotropic light.
• emits at >400nm will propagate unabsorbed (directionality).
WbLS Principals
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WbLS Properties
1%WbLS ~109 op/MeV
L.J. Bignell et al 2015 JINST 10 P12009
NSRL
L. Bignell’s talk
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Reactor
Solar
Others
Metal-doped LSfor Neutrino Physics and Other Applications
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Early Development of M-doped LS
• LENS plays a key roleIndium loaded scintillator for low energy solar neutrino spectroscopy, L. N. Pfeiffer, A. P. Mills, R. S. Raghavan and E. Chandross, Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 63 (1978).
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C. Buck and M. Yeh, Submitted to J. Phys. G (2016)
Metal-loading Techniques Organometallic complexes (multi-step)
• Require a complexing ligand• Solvent extraction or solid dissolution• Not effective for hydrophilic elements
Direct mixing (one-step)• Quantum dots• Water-based LS mixing• Scattering dominates the optical
transparency
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Organometallic Complex Carboxylic acid
• Metal-carboxylates either dissolved or extracted in scintillator (up to 10 wt.% tested)
• From C2 to C9 as early development by LENS (In-LS and Yb-LS)• C6 for Gd-doped PC; C9 for Gd-doped LAB• Palo Verde, Daya Bay, RENO
-diketone (BDK)• Metal--ketoester complex soluble in scintillator (~10 wt.% tested)• Early development also in the context of LENS• 2,4-pentanedione (Hacac) and 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylheptane-3,5-
dione (Hthd)• Double-Chooz, Nucifer
A new approach using Te-diol complex is under development by SNO+ (very promising)
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Quantum Dots Method of metal-doped LS by suspension Property depends the size of dots (nanometer) Absorption and reemission can be tuned for a
respective application (allowing Chev/Scin separation) Most dot cores are binary alloy, i.e. CdSe, CdTe, ZnS Scattering domination and stability concern in
aggregation
T. Wongjirad’s talk
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Lead-doped scintillator calorimeter • Solar neutrino• Total-absorption radiation detector
(Medical)
Tellurium-doped scintillator detector • Double-beta decay isotope (130Te, 34%
abundance)• Future ton-scale 0ββ
Lithium-doped scintillator detector • Solar neutrino (7Li, 92.5% abundance)• Reactor antineutrino (6Li, 7.6% abundance)
A metal loading technology using water-base Liquid Scintillator principal• feasible for ~most metallic ions
(particularly hydrophilic elements)
• less-selective isotope loadingRequire extensive purification for radiopurity
WbLS Loadings
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DayaBay/RENO/DC (0.1 wt.%), LZ (0.1 wt.%), medical imaging (10 wt.%), etc.
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0.3% Te Diol in LS3% Te Diol in LS3%Te Pseudo-PRS in LS6%Te Pseudo-PRS in LS0.3%Te Pseudo-PRS in LS
Channels
A/U
• A beautiful organotelluric diol complex that is very soluble in scintillator (e.g. Te~17 wt.% in LAB)
• Optical transparency doesn’t change with increasing loading
• Diol is a quencher, which needs mitigation at higher loading; but Te 0.5 wt.% is ok
• Te-diol-WbLS for >10 wt.%?
-0.010.010.030.050.070.09
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Abs
Wavelength (nm)
0.3% Te in LS_ops 2_03-08-16
3% Te in LS_ops 2_03-08-16Te-diol
Metal Effect
• G. Consolati, D. Franco, S. Hans, C. Jollet, A. Meregaglia, S. Perasso, A. Tonazzo, and M. Yeh, PRC 88, 065502 (2013)
• S. Perasso,a,1 G. Consolati,b D. Franco,a C. Jollet,c A. Meregaglia,c A. Tonazzoa and M. Yeh, JINST, v9, March 2014
Doped metal affects the o-Ps fraction; but not its lifetime
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T2K ND-280
WbLS Near
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1. WbLS-based “phantom” would serve as a real-time quality assurance device• Intensity-modulated pencil proton beam therapy
(IMPT) in which a tumor can be targeted for radiation while sparing the surrounding healthy tissue
• Requirements• Ability to withstand ~600Gy yearly facility dose• Understanding of light yield and collection to ~1-2%
• Industry Collaborator: Phenix Medical LLC • SBIR submitted
• Patent Incentive submittedd in 2015
2. 3-D Imaging TOF-PET• Radiation calorimetry • 10% Gd- or Pb-doped WbLS• University collaborator: U. Chicago• PCT Patent submission in 2016 F. Reines
Medical Applications
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1. LY reduced 1.74±0.55% and 1.31±0.59% for LS and 5%WbLS respectively after ~800Gy dose at NSRL
2. Implies ~0.1%LY reduction in one year of operation of a proton therapy QA device
Radiation hardness
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WATCHMAN-II (DNN)
“the U.S. to host a large water Cherenkov neutrino detector, as one of three additional high-priority activities, to complement the DUNE liquid argon detector…This approach would be an excellent example of global cooperation and planning” – P5 (Scenario C)
A large water Cherenkov detector (future)
THEIA
60m
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Scintillator R&D (future)
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Sharpen (XL) Purification Techniques Nitrogen purging
• Radon removal• Oxygen quenching
Distillation• Radioisotope removal• Colored impurities
Water extraction• radioisotope removal (e.g.
K in PPO) Sublimation
• M-BDK, PPO, etc.
Column purification• Colored organic removal• Metal removal
Nanofiltration• U/Th removal from metal-
feedstock (e.g. Gd-H2O)• WbLS?
Recrystallization• PPO, metal-feedstock (e.g.
TeOH6)
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Major techniques developed by Borexino, KamLAND, SNO+, JUNO, etc; (F. Calaprice talk)
UC Davis at BNL
UM/CSU/UF/KEK at BNL
• LBNL/UC Berkeley/UC Chicago: Developing facility for WbLS timing and light yield in a cosmic-muon imaging experiment using fast PMTs
• UC Irvine/LLNL: 100-L production for long-arm attenuation measurement
• UC Davis: 10L production for in situ (nanofiltration) circulation study: purification by differentiating molecular sizes (with BNL)
• CSU/TRIUMF: T2K-ND High light yield WbLS with 70% water target
• LBNL/UCB/UCD/LLNL: RAT-PAC software framework for simulation (GEANT4) & reconstruction
• Yale/NIST/LLNL: Li-doped LS• UM/CSU/BCC: PSD-enhanced Gd-doped LS• Temple U: calibration source Ac-doped LS• BNL: 1-ton scintillator prototype
Ongoing (Wb)LS R&D
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1000 liter WbLS demonstrator A right cylindrical vessel to
measure WbLS properties regarding to optical/light-yield. Cherenkov and scintillation separation, etc.
Test purification and circulation (if needed)
Installed vessel before completion of dark box
1000-liter WbLS prototype in dark box
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Filled with water from reverse osmosis purification system in Dec 2015
Simulated cosmic muon in water. Red points are absorbed & reflected photons
No black barrier
With black barrier
Addition of black Teflon optical barrier to minimize reflections
1000 liter WbLS demonstrator
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Ton-scale Scintillator Production Facility
A ton-scale-per-batch production capability at BNL (CY16) Mission of 22-ton radiopure 0.1%Gd-LS (veto) for LZ (FY17/18) Available for other scintillator production in FY19
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• Liquid scintillator continues to be a key detection medium in neutrino physics
• Metal-doped LS technique expands physics reaches and is rather mature with continuing improvement
• WbLS at ton-scale• 1%WbLS is well-understood in terms of
property and cost• Circulation technique is next step• A ton-scale scintillator production and
prototype facility• Increasing community R&D:
• US/JP for ANNIE/NuPRISM• NSF for JSNS2 for metal-doped LS• DNN for WATCHMAN• SBIR/TM for medical application
ONP-supported
Summary
A variety of scintillator applications in physics, nonproliferation, and medical imaging
03/19/2016
Supported by DOE-HEP-KA25/DOE-ONP-LE/LDRD
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