Index

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 835

Index

A5α-androst-16-en-3-one 731α-tocopherol – See: α-TTPα-TTP 237, 244, 404

– content of mature milk 408– in milk of adolescent mothers 242– secretion 242– supplementation 241

AA 222, 323, 573, 574ABC 154, 157

– transporter protein expression 158acetylcholine 342acetylcholinesterase 470acid dissociation constant of drugs 695acini 17, 25, 173acrolein-lysine 602acuity 789adipocytes 22, 27, 158, 392adipokines 390, 391adiponectin 391, 594

– and BMI 395– breast milk levels 396– receptors 391– serum concentration 394

adipophilin – See: ADPHADMA 612ADPH 46AFB1 818aflatoxins 818

– in human milk 818– levels in breast milk 821

aflatoxins B1 – See: AFB1aflatoxins M1 – See: AFM1AFM1 823

– as a biomarker for aflatoxins 825ageing processes, deceleration 139Akt 172ALA 571albumin 257alfa linolenic acid – See: ALAallergen 73

– administration through breast milk 455– avoidance 73

– cat ~ 452– house dust mite ~ 452– transfer of ~ through breast milk 428

allergy 69, 425– cow’s milk 420– effect of probiotics 427– food 104, 454– peanuts 75, 454– wheat 451

allograft rejection 453alpha-tocopherol transfer protein – See: α-TTP

alveolar milk 149alveoli 168Alzheimer’s patients 139Amebiasis 523anaemia 366

– maternal ~ 365analgesia, infant sensitivity 697analgesics 204, 694anaphylaxis 68anemia of prematurity 357angiogenesis 439, 441anoikis 172antenatal betamethasone treatment 188antibodies 60, 152, 230, 465

– secretory 63antigen 252

– airborn 452– concentration in breast milk 450– transfer 451

anti-inflammatory– markers 426– mechanism 139

antioxidant 243, 329, 406, 486, 604– effect 412– total capacity in colostrum 607– total capacity in human milk 606

antiretroviral– drugs 680, 684– strategies, infant formula 683

APE 589apelin – See: APE

836 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

Index

apical– membrane 43– plasma 46– plasma membrane 46, 153

apoptosis 27appetite 120, 196, 497

– control 397– effect of ghrelin 588– self-regulatory mechanisms 123

arachidonic acid – See: AAaroma

– of breast milk 739– profile analyses 733

artificial feeding 195asphyxia 220asthma 70, 427, 428asymmetric dimethylarginine – See: ADMAatopic symptoms 422atopy 426ATP-binding cassette – See: ABCautoimmune diseases 138

Bβ-lactoglobulin 450bacterial-epithelial crosstalk 108bacterial translocation 109banked pasteurized human milk 667basolateral early endosome – See: BEEBBB 696BBM 746B-cell 64BEE 46beneficial effects 102betaine 340, 346BH2 503BH4 503

– deficiency 505– effect of milk pasteurization 510– in colostrum 508– oral supplementation 509

bifidogenic– bacteria 108, 139, 309, 487, 517, 521– effect 108

bile salt 328– stimulated lipase – See: BSSL

bioactive components 122bioactive peptides 252bioactive sterol 324biological functions 255biomarkers 187biopterin

– in breast milk 507– in infant formula 507– plasma levels of ~ 505– synthesis by mammary gland 507

birth weight, very low 189blood-brain barrier – See: BBBblood-breast milk barrier – See: BBMBMI 127

– high maternal ~ 187body mass index – See: BMIbombesin 591bone mineral density 577bottle feeding of breast milk, negative

effects 122bovine colostrum 136brain

– development 526– maturation 225

branching of ducts 21breastfeeding

– definition 121– factors regulating 537– maternal intention 720

breast milk intake 639breast pump

– design 120– efficiency 198

breast shield 202breath profile 735BSSL 469

– genotype 472– molecular mass of ~ 471

Ccaesarean delivery 186, 221

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 837

Index

– and delayed lactogenesis 619– stress from ~ 222

calcium binding protein B – See: S100Bcaloric content 93candidiasis 228carbohydrate concentration in preterm

milk 91carcinogenesis 595cardiac arrhythmia 560cardiac disease 412cardiovascular disease 161, 323casein 170, 186, 253

– secretion 43CD4+ T-cell counts 677, 681CDP 338, 495celiac disease 101, 451, 454cell adhesion 175cell signaling 152cell types in human milk 464cellular metabolism 373CER 46chemokine 60, 465chit 220, 227chitotriosidase – See: chitCHL 751chlordane – See: CHLchloride 94chlorpromazine 541cholera 227cholesterol 323

– blood serum level 149– hepatic 149– requirement 152– transport 152

cholesteryl esters 151choline

– adequate intake 337, 342, 343– in breastmilk for preterm infants 343– supplementation 341– transporter in mammary epithelium 346

chondroitin sulfate – See: CSchromatography-olfactometry

– with babies 730

chylomicrons 404circadian variations in fat content 93cisternae 43citric acid cycle 643CLD 45CMP 495coconut milk 641cod liver oil 411coeliac disease 75coenzyme Q10 – See: CoQ10Coleus amboinicus 636collection methods 93colon 306colostral phase 89colostrum 25, 65, 86, 92

– antioxidant capacity 607– bovine 136– DDT concentration 807– fatty acids 221– hexachlorobenzene 804– hyperimmune 141, 231– innate immune system 140– lindane 804– ochratoxin A 823– tetrahydrobiopterin 508– TGF-β 420, 423– vitamin E 408

common endosome recycling – See: CERcomplementary feeding 75congenital anomalies 195congestion 204copper 48CoQ10 608cow’s milk allergy 420creamatocrit 202, 204cretinism 380Crohn’s disease 442Cryptosporidium 141CS 481

– in milk from a cancer affected breast 487

CYP 697– in fetal liver 697

838 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

Index

cytidine diphosphate – See: CDPcytidine monophosphate – See: CMPcytochrome P450 – See: CYPcytokine 69, 70, 138, 140, 230, 419, 421, 427,

449, 465cytoplasmic lipid droplet – See: CLD

DDA inhibitor 557DC 466DC-SIGN 467, 469, 522

– blocking properties of breast milk 473– pathogen binding 472

DC-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-intergrin – See: DC-SIGN

DDT 749– estimated daily intake 808– half-life in human milk 803– health effects 800– in colostrum 807

dehydration 210demand, infant ~ for milk 196dendritic cell – See: DCdermatan sulfate – See: DSdevalent metal transporter-1 – See: DMT1DHA 321, 571

– in grey matter 573– in red blood cells 573– in retina 573

diabetes 577diabetes mellitus 390diabetic mothers 573diarrhea 141, 227, 522dicofol 750dietary

– antigens 428– habit index 762– reference intakes – See: DRI

dIgA 47dihydrobiopterin – See: BH2dimer immunoglobulin A – See: dIgAdioxin 752, 761, 779

– accumulation in food chain 779

– and dietary habits 768– and infant body measurements 794– congener patterns 781– daily intake by breastfed infants 771– dietary intake 785– effect on adrenal steroids 792– effects on fetus and infant 762– endocrine disruption 793– exposure of Vietnamese nursing

mothers 780– genotoxicity 790– geographical information study 782– in commercial baby food 770– in milk from multiparae 781– in milk from primiparae 781– levels in breast milk 780, 785– levels in food 780– past exposure 787– surface contour map 783

diseases in neonates 602disialyllacto-N-tetraose – See: DSLNTDMT1 364docosahexaenoic acid – See: DHAdomperidone 540, 556, 557

– after caesarean section 559– and breast milk composition 560– and preterm infants 559– contraindications 563– dose 558, 563– level in breast milk 562– side effects 561

donor milk 573dopamine 537

– antagonists 556DRI 407drug response 699drugs

– poor metabolizer phenotype 700– ultra-rapid metabolizer phenotype 700– urinary metabolic ratio 699

DS 481DSLNT 526ductal

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 839

Index

– anatomy 196– lumen 18– morphogenesis 21– tree 20

duct dilation 196

EECM 22, 28, 170EFA 570

– deficiency 576EFABP 395EGF 611eicosanoids 41eicosapentaenoic acid – See: EPAeicosatrienoic acid 575electrolyte 94ELISA 257, 602embryogenesis 17emulsifiers 323endocrine disrupters 799endocytic vesicles 47endocytosis 48, 103endoplasmic reticulum 41endotoxins 324energy density 93engorgement 120enterocytes 357, 440enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay – See: ELISA

EPA 574epidermal fatty acid-binding protein – See: EFABP

epidermal growth factor – See: EGFepigenetic mechanisms 577epigenetics 107episiotomy 702epithelial

– ligands 227– para-cellular permeability 452– tissue 441

epithelial cells 17, 40, 106, 524– adhesion 167

EPO 103– digestion by infants 356– in formula feeding 357– level in human milk 355

ER 21erythropoetin – See: EPOerythropoiesis 356essential fatty acids – See: EFAestimated daily intake – See: EDIestrogenic effects 626estrogen receptor – See: ERevolution of breast milk 220exclusive breastfeeding 75, 121

– and HIV transmission 679exocytosis 347exososomes 452expression 188, 197

– methods 189– milk volume after ~ 198– milk volume after ~ for preterm

infants 188– psychosocial factors 121

extracellular matrix – See: ECM

FFA 93, 318, 641

– distribution on TAG 320– in cellular membranes 576– in colostrum 221– long-chain saturated 318

FABPs 392– deficiency 393

FAK 171fat 569

– absorbtion by infants 470– digestion 320, 328– diurnal variation of content 571

FatiGO/Babelomics platform 252fatty acid binding proteins – See: FABPsfatty acids – See: FAFcRn 67, 452feeding behaviours 122fennel 626

840 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

Index

fentanyl 705fenugreek 548, 556, 625, 638

– adverse effects 625ferroportin-1 – See: FPN1FGF 20fibroblast growth factor – See: FGFfibroblasts 23fibronectin 172fish, reduced intake by mothers 571flame retardants 752fluorinated compounds 754focal adhesion complex 171focal adhesion kinase – See: FAKfood allergy 104, 454food aroma 731, 739food intake regulation 393foods to promote milk production 647foremilk 123formula-fed babies 307formula feeding 119, 430

– choline content 344– lipid droplet size 327– nucleotide supplemented 495

FPN1 364fractionation 253freezing 131frequency of breastfeedings 196fucosylation of HMOs 296fucosyl-oligosaccharides 227

GGAG 91, 479

– in human and bovine milk 483– in milk fat globule membrane 483– in term and preterm milk 484

Gal 517galactagogue 209, 537, 617

– decision parameters for use 618– herbal 547– herbal, in Thailand 649– herbal, most popular 623– tobangun 636

galactose – See: Gal

galega 548GALT 60gangliosides 527gastric proteolysis reduction in

newborns 424gastrointestinal

– enzymes 302– microbiota 302– microflora 307– mucus layer 306– system, maturation 591– tract, maturation 103, 493

gavage fed infants 203gene expression 375, 577gene ontology – See: GO

– analysis 40genetic deficiencies 344gestational age 92ghrelin 587

– effect on food intake 588glandular tissue 196glandular units 38glucidic components 479glucosaminoglycan – See: GAGglutathione peroxidase – See: GPXglycans 139glycoproteins 527glycosidases 472glycosyltransferases 44GO 254goat’s rue 626goiter 381Golgi

– complex 41– system 44

GPX 604growth factors 137, 219, 585

– for ductal elongation 22growth hormone 104, 545growth velocity standards 129GTP 503guanosine triphosphate – See: GTPgut-associated lymphoid tissue – See: GALT

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 841

Index

gut closure 103gut flora 142, 231

HHA 480haematoencephalic barrier 393haemoglobin 363HAMLET 71hands on pumping – See: HOPHCB 751

– health effects 801– in colostrum 804

HCH 751, 804– estimated daily intake 808– health effects 800

HCMV 659– cumulative transmission 665– diagnostic methods 665– incidence of infection 663– prevention of infection 659– risk in premature infants 660– sequelae of infection 660– symptoms of infection 659, 660

HCMV-IgG positive mothers 667HDL 155, 238hearing loss 659hemolytic anaemia 239Hep 481

– fast moving 483heparin – See: Hephepatic growth factor – See: HGFhepcidin 363herbal products 209, 620

– biochemicals in ~ 622– purity and potency of ~ 622– safety of ~ 621

herpes 659Herpes simplex 486heterodimers 155hexachlorobenzene – See: HCBhexachlorocyclohexane – See: HCHHGF 611high density lipoprotein – See: HDL

hindmilk 92, 123HIV 63, 69, 103, 136, 229, 522

– concentration in human milk 464– infant immune response 679– infant prophylaxis 682– intra-partum infection 464– intra-utero infection of ~ 464– maternal prophylaxis 682– mother to child transmission 357, 463– prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa 675– reduced infant mortality by

breastfeeding 683– risk of transmission via

breastfeeding 677– trans-infection 468– transmission via breastfeeding 675– vral load in breast milk 677

HLA 70, 453HMO 104, 517

– absorbtion in intestine 519– antiadhesive antimicrobial effects 521– concentration in human milk 519– fermentation 521– fucosylated 296, 299– gastrointestinal metabolization 305– in baby feces 296, 302– in infant formula 528– in the course of lactation 300– metabolization by preterm infants 307– modulation of immune responses 524– sialylated 296

homogenization 329HOP 189hormonal regulation 170human cytomegalovirus – See: HCMVhuman immunodeficiency virus – See: HIVhuman leukocyte antigen – See: HLAhuman milk oligosaccharides – See: HMOShumoral balance 634hyaluronic acid – See: HAhydrocodone 7048-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine – See: (8-)

OHdG

842 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

Index

hyperimmune colostrum 231hyperimmunisation 142hyperlactation 210hyperphenylalaninemia 505, 509hypothyroidism 555

IIgA 66, 421, 452, 641

– bovine milk derived 141– mucosal secretion 429

IGAB 121IgA pump 63IGF 220IgG 455

– maternal 65Ig polymers 62immature gastrointestinal tract 430immune

– cells 26– components 137– factors 219– fortresses 64– mediated disorders 74– receptors 69– response 104– skewing 463– system 256

immunity factors 136immunoglobulin 88, 141, 231, 426immunoglobulin A – See: IgAimmunoglobulin G – See: IgGimmunoglobulin polymers – See: Ig polymersimmunological factors 439

– in preterm milk 89immunological response 419immunomodulating agents 89immunomodulatory components 678indigenous bacteria, colonisation 105infant gut growth 496inflammatory bowel disease 102inflammatory cells 429insecticides 750insulin 453, 454, 591

insulin-dependent mothers 186insulin growth factor – See: IGFintegrin function 171Interagency Group for Action on

Breastfeeding – See: IGABinterferon-alpha 140intermittent suckling cycle 201intestinal

– barrier 101, 488– epithelial cells 524– flora of breastfed infants 310– mucosa 358, 441, 442

iodine– deficiency 375– insufficiency 380– organification 374– requirement 380– supplementation 380

iron 48– concentration in breast milk 364– deficiency 365– functions 363– impact of defeciency 363– maternal ~ status 366– storage in infants 365– supplementation during breastfeeding

366irritable bowel disease 442isoosmolarity 44

Kkeratan sulfate – See: KSKS 481

LLA 572lactation

– counseling 619, 623– dynamics of leptin and AFABP 395– initiation following preterm delivery

187– promotion in Thailand 647, 650– stages 158

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 843

Index

lactobiota 528lacto-engineering 203lactoferricin 138lactoferrin 39, 605lactogenesis 23, 39

– delayed 619– failure 558– stage II 226– stage II, biological markers 198– stimulating hormones 643

lactogenic differentiation 172, 175lacto-N-biose – See: LNBlacto-N-tetraose – See: LNTlactose 91, 295latch technique 207LCPUFA 93, 569, 573, 642

– and brain development 574– and cognitive performance 575

LDL 150, 238leaky gut in newborn infants 424lectins 525leptin 393, 593

– in cord blood 394– receptors in human intestine 395– resistance 393

leukocytes 68, 106, 525Lewis sugars 472limonene 735lindane 751, 800

– in colostrum 804lingual frenulum 207linoleic acid – See: LAlipid

– bodies 347– composition 92– content 150– oxidation during storage 329– peroxidation 406– solubility of vitamins 238, 243– transfer 160

LNB 302LNT 296lobe 17

lobulo-alveolus 167long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids – See: LCPUFA

low density lipoprotein – See: LDLlow milk supply 555lumen formation 175luminal cells 168luminal space 43lung development 429Lyme disease 486lymphatic pathologies 229lymphocytes 70, 224, 464, 496, 524

Mmacrominerals 95macrophages 23, 28, 69, 507, 525malaria 228MALT 64mammary bud 18mammary epithelial cell – See: MECmammary epithelium 345mammary gland 167

– infection 425mammospheres 173mastitis 50, 208, 528

– and HIV transmission 678maternal behaviour 720maternal diet 222, 403maternal HLA non-inherited antigens – See: NIMA

MDV 189mean daily volume – See: MDVMEC 158, 172meconium 219membrane biogenesis 338meperidine 704mesenchymal tissue 18mesenchyme 20mesenteric lymph nodes 74metabolic functions 140metabolic syndrome 389, 391methadone 705

844 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

Index

methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus – See: MRSA

methylation 342metoclopramide 538, 556MFG 45, 154, 324, 342

– digestion in breast milk 328– particle size 325– secretion 161– surface charge 327

MFGM 46, 156, 256, 324microbiome 72micropremies 87milk

– adequacy 188– banking 328– composition variaton among species 40– ejection reflex 199, 202– fortifiers 85– intake 152– secretion markers 185– sharing 203– stasis 27, 199– volume 185

milk fat globule – See: MFG– membrane – See: MFGM

mitogenic activity 220molecular functions 255monosaccharides 517Montgomery glands 729MOR 701morphine 703

– metabolism 701mother to child transmission – See: MTCTmotilin 590, 591

– levels in human milk 590Mouse models 19MRSA 208MTCT 676mucin glycoproteins 307mucosae 60, 72mucosal

– barrier 467– immune system 419

– immunity 60– leakiness 68– microbiota 68

multiparous women 243multivitamins 411

– supplementation of ~ 241mu-opioid 1 receptor – See: MORmuscular development 373mycotoxins 815

– dietary exposure 817– lactational transfer 824– metabolites 824– teratogenic effects 815– tolerable daily intake 815

myoglobin 363

NNa+/I- symporter – See: NISnaloxone 704NALT 60NAS 705nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue – See: NALT

NBD 154NEC 102, 109, 138, 231, 357, 526

– BH4 protection against ~ 508necrotizing enterocolitis – See: NECneonatal abstinence syndrome – See: NASneonatal Fc receptor – See: FcRnnervous system development 257NES1 592nesfatin 1 – See: NES1neural tube defect 341neurodevelopment 85, 373neuroleptic drugs 542neurological cretinism 373neurologic sequelae 665neuromodulator 586neurotransmitter 340, 504nevirapine, hepatotoxicity 682nicotine 721Niemann-Pick type C – See: NPCNIMA 453

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 845

Index

nipple– blisters 207– candidiasis 207– dermatitis 208

NIS 374, 376– expression 377

nitrate 611nitric oxide synthase – See: NOSnitrite 611nitrous oxide – See: NONO 610NOS 504NPC 156nucleosides concentration in human

milk 495nucleotide 493

– binding domain – See: NBD– concentration in human milk 495– endogenous supply 494

nutrient levels 403nutritional

– composition 365– deficienciy 240– programming 389– variations in composition 123

nutrition of puerperal women 241

OOBE 588

– levels in human milk 588obese children 122obese mothers 572obesity 120, 390, 576, 596obestatin – See: OBEochratoxin A – See: OTAOCP 799

– and maternal age 805– effect on duration of lactation 804– health effects 799– in the human body 802– monitoring programs 805– sources 801– transfer to breast milk 802

odorant– biotransformation 737– in vivo metabolism 736– resorption 737

odour– acceptance 733– compounds 727– effect of maternal det 732– exogenous sources 735– of human milk 727– physiological effects 740– potential sources 740– profile 727– reduced consumer perception 733– retardation effects 735– threshold 732– transfer from dietary sources 734– transmission 736– triggers 732

oestrogen 21, 649O-glycosylation 4708-OHdG 602olfactometric analyses 730oligosaccharides 71, 91, 220

– blood group specific fecal ~ 304– Lewis-type profile 307– Secretor-type profile 307

OMM 198ontogenesis 226opioids 693

– depression of central nervous system 705

– glucuronidation 698– half-life 696– neonatal apnea 702– neonatal ~ toxicity 702– transfer to breast milk 695

oral tolerance 59, 73, 419, 420, 424, 428organochlorine pesticides – See: OCPOTA 821

– detoxication 825– exposure of babies 826– in colostrum 823

846 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

Index

– infant internal exposure 826– levels in breast milk 822– level variations during lactation 824

OVA 451ovalbumine – See: OVAovarian hormones 21overeating of bottle fed breast milk 124ovomucoid 451own mother's milk – See: OMMoxidative stress 105, 237, 239, 406

– biomarkers 602, 605– in infant gastrointestinal tract 606

Oxt 26, 168, 197, 345, 379, 544, 556– levels in human milk 587

oxycodone 703oxysterol 324oxytocin 638 – See: Oxt

PPACAP 589palmitic acid 569paracellular fluid transport 45paracytosis 519parenchymal tissue 68particularly interesting Cys-His-rich protein

– See: PINCHpasteurization 666pathogens 521

– adhesion to intestinal cells 483pattern recognition receptors – See: PRRPBDE 747, 752PCB 747, 751PCDD 763PCDF 763peanut allergens 451peanut allergy 75, 454PEMT 338

– in premenopausal women 339peptide hormones 585peptides 585

– effects 596perfluorinated compounds – See: PFCperiodontitis 138

persistent organic pollutants – See: POPspesticide exposure 801PFC 754PG 479, 482P-glycoprotein – See: P-gpP-gp 697phagocytes 27phenylketonuria – See: PKUpheromone 732

– rabbit mammary ~ 730phosphatidylethanolamine

N-methyltransferase – See: PEMTphosphocholine 346phospholipid 157, 343

– transport 155pigmentary retinopathy 239PINCH 171pinocytosis 364pituitary adenylate cyclase activating

polypeptide – See: PACAPPKU 505placental barrier 241, 406placodes 19plasma

– cells 67– membrane 155– membrane proteins 156

pleiotropic effects 761polarity defects 171polybrominated diphenyl ether – See: PBDEpolychlorinated biphenyl – See: PCBpolychlorinated dibenzofuran – See: PCDFpolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin – See: PCDD

polypeptide 253polypeptide composition 251polysaccharides, immune response 65poly unsaturated fatty acids – See: PUFApooled milk samples 403POPs 745, 748

– estimated daily intake 807– levels in East Asian breast milk 748

porosomes 43

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 847

Index

postnatal feeding protocol 310prebiotics 104, 108, 521preeclampsia 238, 506preeclamptic patients 440prematurity 90prematurity-associated emotional stress 88preterm babies 538PRL 26, 170, 185, 210, 220, 257, 379, 537,

557, 594probiotic effect on allergy 427probiotics 108, 426progesterone 24, 26, 39, 185prolactin 618, 638, 639 – See: PRLproliferation of mammary cells 642proteins

– antimicrobial activity 465– concentration 86– in human milk 465

proteoglycan – See: PGproteome 70proteomics 251ProteoMiner treatment 253PRR 467pterins 503PUFA 72, 105, 222, 318, 426

– health effects of ~ oxidation products 330

– peroxidation 329pump

– bulb ~ 200– cylinder ~ 200– trigger ~ 200– use 201

QQ-Tc prolongation 562

Rracial factors 227RAR 379rective oxygen species – See: ROSred blood cell production 355refrigerating 130

regulatory hormones – See: RHregullatory T – See: TregRES 593resistin – See: RESrespiratory infectious diseases 522response, infant ~ to milk odour 728retinoic acid receptor – See: RARretinoid 379retinoid-X-receptor – See: RXRretinopathy 603RH 390rickets 135ROS 601rotavirus diarrhea 141RRR 238ruminants 141RXR 379

SS100B 225S-adenosylmethionine – See: SAMSalmonella typhimurium 108SAM 340satiety

– response 124– signal 204

SC 63, 64scavenger receptors 346SCE 790SCFA 106secretory

– cells 160– component – See: SC– immunoglobulin A – See: sIgA– processes 169

selectins 525sensitization to food allergens 427sensory innervation 197sepsis 411, 664serological tests 298SGA 496short chain fatty acids – See: SCFASIDS 73

848 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

Index

sIgA 39, 62, 104, 203signal transducer and activator of

transcription – See: STAT5silymarin 547simean immunodeficiency – See: SIVsingle nucleotide polymorphism – See: SNPsister chromatid exchange – See: SCEsitosterolemia 155SIV 466skeletal myopathy 239skinfold thickness 129sleep inducers 497SM 106, 321, 342small for gestational age – See: SGAsmoking

– and duration of breastfeeding 713, 716– and infantile colic 719– and iodine in breast milk 718– and lipid concentration 718– and milk volume 718– financial incentives to quit 714– infant nicotine withdrawal 719– maternal postpartum ~ status 714– physiological mechanisms 717– psychosocial factors 720

SNAP 45sniffing sticks 731SNP 344SOD 604sodium 94, 210

– and HIV transmission 679soluble NSF-attachment protein – See: SNAPsoluble receptors 486somatic growth 496sotolon 625spermine 107sphingomyelin – See: SMspinocerebellar ataxia 239spinocerebellar degeneration 408STAT5 26, 171steroid hormones 377storage capacity of the breast 196Streptococcus pyogenes 486

stress 618– adaptation 223– during labor and delivery 186– pathogenesis 225

stroma 22, 38– remodelling 28

suckling 379sudden infant death syndome – See: SIDSsugar absorption test 101sulpiride 543superoxide dismutase – See: SODsystemic tolerance 108

TTAG 317TCDD 780TDI 755

– of perfluorinated compounds 755TDLU 17, 21TEB 21, 167TEQ 768teratogenic effects 237terminal ductal lobular unit – See: TDLUterminal end bud – See: TEBterpenoid substances 7372,3,7,8-tetra-clorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin – See: TCDD

tetrahydrobiopterin – See: BH4TGF-β 69, 455

– concentration in human milk and plasma 423

– deficient mice 420– in colostrum 420, 423– in milk from allergic mothers 423– in milk from cows 429– isoforms 422– latent ~ 420– ontogeny 425– receptor 423– receptor expression in intestine 427

T helper cells 467thioredoxin – See: TRXthymus 70

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 849

Index

thyrocytes 374thyroid hormone 373

– synthesis 374thyrotrophin-releasing hormone – See: TRHtight junction 49, 101, 169, 357tissue differentiation 442T-lymphocytes 449, 468TMD 154tocopherol supplementation 410tolerable daily intake – See: TDItolerogenic properties 455torbangun 633

– nutrient composition 638toxic equivalent – See: TEQtranscription factors 170transcytosis 25, 467, 519transferrin 363transferrin receptor 363transforming growth factor beta – See: TGF-βtransition milk 136transmembrane domain – See: TMDtransport form blood to breastmilk 746Treg 69, 428TRH 546triacylglycerols – See: TAGtriglycerides 41, 157, 569trophochemical sources 140trophozoites 523TRX 608

Uulcerative colitis 442undernourished populations 404

Vvacuum 201Vascular endothelial growth factor – See: VEGF

vasculogenesis 442vasopressin 587VEGF 439, 611very low density lipoprotein – See: VLDLvesicular compartment 47

VIS 595visfatin – See: VISvitamin A

– antagonic effect on vitamin E 243– supplementation of ~ 242

vitamin E 404, 608– and maternal age 242– and maternal diet 410– deficiency 407– functions 406– in colostrum 408– intake of lactating women 410– naturally occurring ~ isomer – See: RRR– recommended tocopherol/total lipid

ratio 408– requirement 406– safe intake 407

vitamins 95– antioxidant ~ 605– dietary supplements 409

VLDL 339, 664

Wweaning

– early ~ by smoking mothers 713weight gain 125, 588wheat allergy 451wheeze 420Wilson’s disease 49

Xxanthomas 155

YYin-Yang theory 637

Zzinc 49

Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk 851

About the editorsSherma Zibadi, MD, PhD, is currently a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. She received her MD degree from the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2001. Dr. Zibadi has recently completed her doctorate degree from the Department of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Arizona. Her main scholarly interest and experience involve the study of heart failure and its major risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and metabolic syndrome, finding ways to prevent the undesirable cardiac alternations and extent the healthy heart lifespan. Her current research focus lies in developing animal models of various forms of heart failure to study the potential mediators of cardiac remodeling process, which helps to identify new targets for treatment of heart failure. Dr. Zibadi’s research also extends into alternative medicine, exploring the preventive and therapeutic effects of natural dietary supplements on heart failure and its major risk factors in both basic animal and clinical studies, translating lab research finding into clinical practice. Dr. Zibadi is the author of several peer-reviewed publications in prestigious journals and books, and manuscripts submitted for publication or in preparation dealing with the underlying mechanisms of heart failure and complementary medicine as novel therapeutics against heart disease.

Ronald Ross Watson, PhD, attended the University of Idaho but graduated from Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, with a degree in chemistry in 1966. He earned his PhD in biochemistry from Michigan State University in 1971. His postdoctoral schooling in nutrition and microbiology was completed at the Harvard School of Public Health, where he gained 2 years of postdoctoral research experience in immunology and nutrition. From 1973 to 1974 Dr. Watson was assistant professor of immunology and performed research at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. He was assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at the Indiana University Medical School from 1974 to 1978 and associate professor at Purdue University in the Department of Food and Nutrition from 1978 to 1982. In 1982 Dr. Watson joined the faculty at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in the Department of Family and Community Medicine of the School of Medicine. He is currently professor of health promotion sciences in the Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health. Dr. Watson is a member of several national and international nutrition, immunology, cancer, and alcoholism research societies. Among his patents he has one on a dietary supplement; passion fruit peel extract, with more pending. He continues to do research in animals and in clinical trials on dietary supplements and health. For 30 years he was funded by the Wallace Research Foundation to study dietary supplements in health promotion. Dr. Watson has edited more than 100 books on nutrition, dietary supplements and over-the-counter agents, and drugs of abuse as scientific reference books. He has published more than 500 research and review articles.

852 Handbook of dietary and nutritional aspects of human breast milk

About the editors

Victor R. Preedy, BSc, PhD, DSc, FSB, FRCPath, FRSPH, FRSC, is a professor at King’s College London and also at King’s College Hospital. He is attached to both the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division and the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. He is also director of the Genomics Centre and a member of the School of Medicine. Professor Preedy graduated in 1974 with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. He gained his University of London PhD in 1981. In 1992, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists and in 1993 he gained his second doctoral degree, for his outstanding contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. Professor Preedy was elected as a Fellow to the Institute of Biology in 1995 and to the Royal College of Pathologists in 2000. Since then he has been elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (2004) and The Royal Institute of Public Health (2004). In 2009, professor Preedy became a Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health and in 2012 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. In his career professor Preedy has carried out research at the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA and Germany. He is a leading expert on the science of health. He has lectured nationally and internationally. To his credit, professor Preedy has published over 570 articles, which includes 165 peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, 90 reviews and over 50 books and volumes.