Detector development and physics studies in high energy physics
experiments
Shashikant Dugad
Department of High Energy Physics Review,
3-9 Jan 2008
Motivation
• DAE-DST Vision meeting (7-8 April 2006)– Need for core detector development
Silicon Photomultiplier Water Cherenkov with WLS Readout
GRAPES Muon/HCAL
Imaging γ-ray TelescopeMACE(BARC)
ILC-HCAL
INO-ECAL
Space experiment?(ISRO)
Tracking Detector Muon detector for GRAPES
Calorimeter HCAL for GRAPES ECAL for INO?
Many Other applications Experimental nuclear physics Imaging
Photo Devices
Large gain (106)
Cost prohibitive for large scale requirement
Sensitive to magnetic field
Occupies large volume
Low gain (~100) solid state device
Cost not as high as PMT
In-sensitive to magnetic field
Occupies small volume
Small gain (~1000) solid state device
Cost as high as PMT
In-sensitive to magnetic field
Occupies small volume
PMT APD HPD
Silicon Photomultiplier Low cost, high gain, fast timing device
SiPM
• APD operated above breakdown voltage– Geiger response mode
• Essentially a logical device– converted to photon counting by having large array of
such diodes in small area
APD SiPM
Typical design• A micropixel of SiPM has a drift region at few micron epitaxy layer on low resistive P
substrate.
• PN junction in epitaxy layer provides a depletion region with high electric field where
Geiger mode discharge occurs with incoming photons.
• Electrical decoupling of the pixels provided by silicon resistive strips.
• Uniformity of the electric field within a pixel by n- guard rings or trench.
• All micropixels is connected by common Al strip to readout.
• Gain ~106 @ ~50 V working bias
• Low electronic noise
• -> Noise: Dark rate(~2 Mhz) is originated from thermally produced charge carriers
Electrical decoupling to readout the signal
Uniformity of the electric field
2
Drift region
1
N+
P+
Phos ~1017
Boron ~1015
Doping profileElectric field
Geiger region
106
102
104
0
E, (V
/cm
)
x (um)Electric field distribution in epitaxy
layer
Topology of SiPM
• Hye-Young Lee
MIP With SiPM in HO-CMS
SiPM development plan
• SiPM characterization facility– In progress at Ooty with help from HCAL-CMS collaboration
• Packaging and assembly of the device – In progress with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
• Device and Process Simulation, Fabrication– BEL, Banglore
– Semiconductor Complex Limited, Chandigarh
MSOAmplifierSiPM
Initial Setup for SiPM Study at Ooty
Characterization of CPTA-SiPM
Team
• BARCBARC– Chandratre etal.Chandratre etal.
• Expertise in device developmentExpertise in device development– Choudhary etal.Choudhary etal.
• Radiation testsRadiation tests
• ISROISRO– Discussions with Dr. Sreekumar in progressDiscussions with Dr. Sreekumar in progress
• TIFRTIFR– Sudeshna Banerjee, S.R. Dugad, S.K. Gupta, P.K. MohantySudeshna Banerjee, S.R. Dugad, S.K. Gupta, P.K. Mohanty– Jagadeesan, A. Jain, S. Karthikeyan, K. Manjunath ...Jagadeesan, A. Jain, S. Karthikeyan, K. Manjunath ...
Water Cherenkov (WC) Detectors
• This technique is in use in detection of muons, electrons etc.
(GRAPES Ooty, Kamioka, AUGER …)
• WC detector used at Ooty has good timing response but poor
uniformity with no directinality
• Plans to make WC detector with good uniformity, timing and
directionality– If we succeed then it can be used as an alternative to scintillators in
large air shower array for measuring electromagnetic component
– Muon detector with good angular resolution
– Hadron/Electromagnetic Calorimeter for GRAPES/INO
Design
• Rectangular tube filled with distilled water doped with popop
• Several WLS fibers anchored along the length which carries photons to photo device
• Dimension: 50x4.6x4.6 cm3 with 16 WLS fibers
Photoelectron yield of Water Cherenkov Detector
Timing Response
Summary• Plans
– Silicon Photomultiplier• Characterization laboratory for SiPM
• Develop packaging and assembly line
• Fabricate SiPM
– Water Cherenkov detector• Optimize the performance
• Make prototype tracking detector with PMT/SiPM readout
• Expose it to ~GeV electron beam at INDUS-Indore to validate its calorimetric performance
Performance of SiPM
• Danilov etal.
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