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Σελίδες
Νομικός
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
, .
1. (combinational) 2. (sequential) . 2. (sequential) .
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
.
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
F x,y z .
x,y,z, ( ) F x,y,z.
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
( ), 0 1.
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
, .
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
( ) , .
, , .
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
4-2.
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
, ,
3 9 1 7 5 2 9 2 7 43 9 1 7 5 2 9 2 7 4
.
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
3 9 1 7 5 2 9 2 7 4
, .
3 9 1 7 5 2 9 2 7 4
3 9 1 7 5 2 9 2 7 4
, .
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
: 1. (synchronous), , . (clock pulse), 4-3.
01
4
- 4.1. 4.1.1
(asynchronous),
( ),
. , flip-flops , .
4
- 4.1. 4.1.2
, , ( bit). 1..3.2. , : 1..3.2. , :
0+0= 00+1= 11+0= 11+1= 01
, bit,
bits , ( ) bit ( 1) (carry).carry
4
- 4.1. 4.1.2
bit , bits , .
101 101+ 101
1+1= 01
0
0+0= 0
01
1+1= 01
01
4
- 4.1. 4.1.2
bits (half adder).
To
bits ( ) (full -adder).
To () .
4
- 4.1. 4.1.3
, ( ) ( ).
x
y+
S
C
( ). , 4-1. x y S (Sum ) C (carry-).
x y
0 00 11 01 1
C
0001
S
0110
4
- 4.1. 4.1.3
x
y+
S
C
, 0, 1. bit S.
x y
0 00 11 01 1
bit S. Boole :
C
0001
S
0110
S =x y+x y
C =x y
4
- 4.1. 4.1.3
x
y+
S
C
, 4-4. . AND OR.
x y
0 00 11 01 1
C
0001
S
0110
S =x y+x y
C =x y
x
y
y
x
S = xy + x y
y
x C= x y
x
y
4
- 4.1. 4.1.4
()( ) bit,
x
yz
SC
. ( x,y,z) (S C).
4
- 4.1. 4.1.4
4-2
x
yz
SC
x y
0 0
z
00 0 10 1 00 1 11 0 01 0 11 1 01 1 1
C
00010111
S
01101001
S 1,
1. C 1,
1.
4
- 4.1. 4.1.4
x
yz
SC
Boole - .
S = x y z+x y z +x y z +x y zx y
0 0
z
00 0 10 1 00 1 11 0 01 0 11 1 01 1 1
C
00010111
S
01101001
C = x y z+x y z +x y z +x y z
4
- 4.1. 4.1.4
x
yz
SC
, - 4-5.
S = x y z+x y z +x y z +x y zx y
0 0
z
00 0 10 1 00 1 11 0 01 0 11 1 01 1 1
C
00010111
S
01101001
C = x y z+x y z +x y z +x y z
S
C
xyz
xyz
xyz
xyz
xyz
xyz
xyz
4
- 4.1. 4.1.5 Flip-flops
To flip-flop
,
(0 1) '
.
4
- 4.1.
S Q
RS FLIP FLOP R S Q(n+1) : S=0 R=0, (Q(n+1)) , Q(n).
4.1.5 Flip-flops
R Q
, Q(n). S=0 R=1, Q(n+1)=0. S=1 R=0, Q(n+1)=1. S=1 R=1, . .
R S Qn+10 00 1 11 0 01 1 x
Qn tn tn+1Qn Qn+1
4
- 4.1. 4.1.5 Flip-flops
flip-flops
.
S Q
.
flip-flop NOR : R Q
S R Q1 0 10 0 10 1 00 0 01 1 0
Q00110
S=1 , R=0
S=0 , R=1
4-3.
4
- 4.1.
, flip-flop, Q Q ( Q) a S (set, ) R (reset, ).
4.1.5 Flip-flops
S Q
S (set, ) R (reset, ). flip-flop RS flip-flop SR latch.
R Q
S R Q1 0 10 0 10 1 00 0 01 1 0
Q00110
S=1 , R=0
S=0 , R=1
To flip-flop , . Q=1 ( Q=0) , flip-flop (set). Q=0 ( Q=1) (clear).
SET
CLEAR
4
- 4.1.
RS flip-flop
.
4.1.5 Flip-flops
S Q
R Q
S R Q1 0 10 0 10 1 00 0 01 1 0
Q00110
S=1 , R=0
S=0 , R=1
SET
CLEAR
(asynchronous),
( ),
.
4
- 4.1.
flip-flops . flip-flops D,T JK D flip-flop flip-flop ,
4.1.5 Flip-flops .
ck . flip-flop ,
ck
D Q
Q
4-7 D flip- flop Qn D
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
ck
T Q
Q
4-8T flip- flop Qn T
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
4
- 4.1.
D FLIP-FLOP D .
4.1.5 Flip-flops T flip-flop T=0, flip-flop . T=1, flip-flop , .
ck
D Q
Q
4-7 D flip- flop Qn D
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
ck
T Q
Q
4-8T flip- flop Qn T
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
4
- 4.1.
4-7 4-8,
Qn flip-flop tn, Qn+1 tn+1, .
4.1.5 Flip-flops
tn tn+1Qn Qn+1
.
ck
D Q
Q
Qn D
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
4-7 D flip- flop
ck
T Q
Q
4-8T flip- flop Qn T
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
4
- 4.1.
To D (Delay) flip-flop , D, Q . To D flip-flop bit .
4.1.5 Flip-flops
To D flip-flop bit .
ck
D Q
Q
4-7 D flip- flop
Qn D
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
ck
T Q
Q
4-8T flip- flop Qn T
0 00 11 01 1
Qn+1
0101
4
- 4.1.
(counter) va
.
4.1.6
ck
. . n bits n flip-flops
0 2n-1. 2n-1 , 0.
4
- 4.1. 4.1.6
flip-flops
bits (Q0 , Q1 , Q2), 0 7 (7 = 23-1) 4-9.
ckT Q
Q
T Q
Q
T Q
QT Q
Q
Q2 Q1 Q0
1
(3 bit) 4-4,
0 (000) 7 (111). 7 (111) (000).
4
- 4.1. 4.1.6
flip-flops
bits (Q0 , Q1 , Q2), 0 7 (7 = 23-1) 4-9.
ckT Q
Q
T Q
Q
T Q
QT Q
Q
Q2 Q1 Q0
1
(3 bit) 4-4,
0 (000) 7 (111). 7 (111) (000).
4
- 4.2.
(Integrated Circuits, C).
,
chip.
4
- 4.2.
:
4
- 4.2.
,
transistors,
,
.
4
- 4.2.
, .
chip , , (pins), .
4
- 4.2.
, ,
. .
4
- 4.2.
,
transistors .
4
- 4.2.
, ).
, (Medium Scale Integration, MSI).
, (Large Scale Integration, LSI).
(Very Large Scale Integration, VLSI).
, (Ultra Large Scale Integration, ULS), 1 transistors .
4
- 4.2.
, . , , , .
4
- 4.2.
,
. 5-6 250 1 11/2 . 100 , 5 .
4
- 4.2.
. 0 ( ) PC IBM 1984 , .
2-3 , .
4
- 4.3.
( 4 ), :
1. - (Central processing Unit, CPU). (Central processing Unit, CPU). , .
4
- 4.3.
( 4 ), :
2. ( ). 2. ( ).
, ,
.
4
- 4.3.
( 4 ), :
3. /. 3. /. .
, .
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
, (microprocessor) . :
C.P.U.
4
- 4.3.
1. ...(A.L.U). , . , .
xyz
SC
.
C.P.U.
ANDxy x y.
ORxy x y+
NOTx x
>
4
- 4.3.
2. . . , , . , (accumulator), . , (accumulator), .
C.P.U.
4
- 4.3.
3 . , () .
C.P.U.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
4 (data bus). .
4
- 4.3.
5 (address bus). .
4
- 4.3.
6 (control bus). .
4
- 4.3.
(instruction set)
.
C.P.U.
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
:1. ( bits).
8 64 bits .
4
- 4.3.
:2 ( bits).
16 64 bits .
4
- 4.3.
:3 ( bits).
8 64 bits .
C.P.U.
4
- 4.3.
:4 ( MHz).
. 800 MHz.
4
- 4.3.
(LSI ULSI),
.
4
- 4.3.
4-5 Intel, .
Data Address transistors
Data Bus
AddressBus
4004808080868088802868038680486PentiumPentium ProPentium IIPentium III
19711973197819791982198519891993199519981999
4816816323264646464
1216202024323232323232
2.3004.50029.00029.000134.000275.0001.200.0003.100.0005.500.0007.500.0009.500.000
4
- 4.3.
4004 1971 2.300 transistors (MSI),
Data Address
(!!!!!!) Pentium III 9,5 . transistors (ULSI). Intel 2011 1 . transistors chip.
transistors
Data Bus
AddressBus
4004808080868088802868038680486PentiumPentium ProPentium IIPentium III
19711973197819791982198519891993199519981999
4816816323264646464
1216202024323232323232
2.3004.50029.00029.000134.000275.0001.200.0003.100.0005.500.0007.500.0009.500.000
4
- 4.3.
transistors
Data Bus
AddressBus
4004 1971 4 12 2.3004004808080868088802868038680486PentiumPentium ProPentium IIPentium III
19711973197819791982198519891993199519981999
4816816323264646464
1216202024323232323232
2.3004.50029.00029.000134.000275.0001.200.0003.100.0005.500.0007.500.0009.500.000
4-5. Intel
4
- 4.3.
4
- 4.3.
. (, , , , , )
, , ( ) . , , , , , .
4
-
() , . . (- ), flip-flop ( RS) (flip-flop D ). , . , , ,
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