Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl-wd.ñl m%pKav;ajhg 1883 ;rï wE;g Èfjk È...

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úYajúoHd,fha foaYmd,k úoHdj ms<sn| f.!rj Wmdêhla yd mYapd;a Wmdêhla o we;' iduh yd .egqï

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k§ka jkakshisxyï ckjd¾.sl wOHhkh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r flakaøfha jevigyka ks,Odßkshl jk w;r"

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1


ye¢kaùu

wd.u jQ l,S foajOd¾ñl w¾:ksrEmKh" wd.ñl Ndú;dj yd mßmd,kh u; mokïj"

tlÕ fkdùu yd úúO;ajh wkqj yev .eiqKq iudc-foaYmd,ksl f.dvkexùuls'

fulS fjkialï j,g iuyr úg iduldó iyÔjkfhka hq;=j mej;sh yels kuq;a"

fndfyda úg .egqïj,g uÕ mdok" wd.ñl wNHka;r .eg¿j,g fya;= fõ' l,dm"

cd;Ska yd m%cdjka wkqj fjkia jkakdΩ jQ w¾:ksrEmK" Ndú;djka iy mßmd,kh

iys; nyq;ajhlska ieliqKq bia,dï oyu o bka fkdfjkia h' Y%S ,xldfõ iq¿;r

uqia,sï m%cdj" we;af;kau bia,dï oyfuys fjkia w¾:ksrEmK" jákdlï yd

Ndú;djka je<| .kakd úúO ksldhkag ì£ we;s kuq;A" ^nyq;r m%cdjka úiska&

wd.ñlj iudk lKavdhula f,i nyq,j ie,fla' tfy;a' uqia,sï m%cdfjys fuu

nyq;ajh yd tys wNHka;r foaYmd,kh ms<sn| j we;s fkd±kSu" tu m%cdjg tfrysj

mqoa.,hska úiska ork w.;s.dó woyiaj,g fnfyúka odhl úh yelsh'

uE;ld,fha §" Y%S ,xldfõ iuyr uqia,sï lKavdhï w;r .egqï we;s ùug" fjkialï

fya;= ù we;s w;r" th uyck .egqï yd iuyr úg urKhkag mjd uÕmdod ;sfí'

;jÿrg;a cqínd" yscdí" ksldí" /jq,a iy by< hk m,a,s ixLHdj úiska fmkajkq

,nk uqia,sï lKavdhï w;r fjkialï zrÕ ±laùuZ u.ska uqia,sï ck.yKfha

by< hdu ms<sn| udhdjla ks¾udKh fldg we;s w;r" th uqia,sï m%cdfõ wruqKq yd

tys zhgm;a lrk iq¿Z ixialD;sh flfrys nyq;rfha ìh yd ielh tla fldg we;'

fulS ;ks mqoa., w.;s.dó woyia" wfkla w;g fndÿ n, fiakd jeks wka;.dó

cd;sljd§ lKavdhï úiska uqia,sï m%cdjg tfrysj ffjrh yd m%pKav;ajh weúiaiSu

i|yd fhdod .kq ,en ;sfí'

ft;sydislj" isxy, yd fou< hk m%cdjka foflkau uqia,sïjreka m%pKav;ajhg

uqyqK § ;sfí' uqia,sï úfrdaë m%pKav;ajhka 1900 .Kka olajd ÿr Èfjk w;r"

uqia,sïjrekaf.a jHdmdßl Yla;sh flfrys jQ fn!oaO j¾. - cd;sjd§ ìh úiska

wjq¿jk ,ÿj" 1915 § uq,au l<flda,dy,h jd¾;d fjhs ^International Crisis Group 2007¦ Nuhuman 2002&' 1976 § /lshd iy bvï ms<sn| j isxy,hska yd uqia,sïjreka

w;r we;s jQ .egqïj, m%;sM,hla f,i mq;a;,fï uqia,sïjreka lsysmfofkl= fj;

fjä ;nk ,§' 1990 § t,aààB h úiska W;=frka yd Bidk È.ska uqia,sïjreka

l=Íre f,i m,jd yßk ,§' 1999 §" fkdÉÑhd.u uqia,sï lvj,g m%ydrhla t,a,

jQ w;r ^;j;a l=vd isÿùï iu.&" 2001 § udjke,af,ys uqia,sïjrekag isxy,

flda,dy,lrejka úiska t,a, lrk ,o m%ydrhl m%;sM,hla f,i uqia,sï jeishka

2


fofofkl= ñh f.dia" jdyk iy foam<j,g w,dN ydks isÿ úh' 2006 §" w¨;a.u

uqia,sï lv mq¿iaid oukq ,eîh' jir 100lg fmr isÿ jQ 1915 flda,dy,h l=ßre f,i

h<s mK .kajñka" 2014 § kej; jrla w¨;a.u uqia,sïjreka fn!oaO wka;jd§kaf.a

b,lalhg yiq jQ w;r" tys m%;sM,hla f,i urK yd foam< ydks isÿ úh' fulS

ld, mrdihka w;r;=r" ;ekska ;ek fndfyda iq¿ mßudK .egqï mej;s w;r" tu

f;dr;=re ;ksj f,aLk.; lsrSu yd Bg m%fõYh we;s lsÍu wjYH fõ'

uqia,sïjrekag tfrys fndfyda m%pKavldÍ isÿùï msgqmi wksjd¾hh foaYmd,k

iyfhda.h iy wka;jd§ fn!oaO cd;sjd§kaf.a zj¾.-cd;sjd§ tÈßjdÈlïZ McGilvray 2011& mej;sh o" isxy, yd fou< m%cdjkaf.a nyq;rh uqia,sï m%cdjg tfrys w.;s.dó

yd jerÈ u;hka ms<s.kakd w;r" fuh uqia,sïjreka ms<sn| ffjÍ m%ldY" jerÈ

fpdaokd yd zñ:HdjkaZ myiqfjka me;sr hdug;a zi;HZ f,i ms<s.kq ,eîug;a odhl

fjhs' we;af;kau" 1915 flda,dy,h mjd uqia,sïjreka ms<sn| j we;s fldg" Tm oud"

rg mqrd m%pdrh lrk ,o yd ñksiqka myiqfjka úYajdi l< ñ:Hdjka iy lgl;d

fya;= fldg f.k we;s jQjls ^Kannangara 1984&'

wo jk úg" iudch ;=< mj;sk fndfyduhla w.;s.dñ woyia mek kÕskafka" by;ska

i|yka l< wd.ñl wkkH;d i,l=Kq uqia,sï m%cdj úiska jeä jYfhka Ndú; lsÍu

fya;=fjks' óg iïnkaOj u" by< hk uqia,sï m,a,s ixLHdj yd iyNd.S;ajh úiska

uqia,sïjre ish ixLHdj jeä lr .ekSu u.ska isxy, fn!oaO nyq;rh blaujd hdug

l=uka;%Kh lrkq we;ehs ìhla we;s lrkq ,nhs' Y%S ,xldfõ fuu by< hdu uqia,sï

jeishkaf.a ixLHdk ms<sn| udhdj bia,dï NS;sldj (Islamaphobia) ms<sn| f.da,Sh

wdia:dkhg iïnkaO jk w;ru" th Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka w;r bia,dï Ndú;dj

iïnkaOj z;shqKq wNHka;r .egqïZ f,i McGilvray ^2011& ksÍCIKh lrkafkys

m%;sM,hla o úh yelsh' uQ,slju wdrdì we÷u" kj m,a,s f.dvkexùu yd wNHka;r

foajOd¾ñl .egqï u; m%isoaêfha .eàu hk iajrEmj,ska" uqia,sï lKavdhï w;r

ixfla;Sh zbia,dïlrKhZ fyda ziajhx-neyer lsÍuZ u.ska zoDYHudkZ lrjkq

,nkafka fuu.ska jk w;r ^McGilvray" 2011&" Tjqkaf.a zkjZ zfmkS isàuZ ìhlska

yd ielhlska hq;=j olskq ,efí'

fuu jerÈ woyiaj,ska fndfyduhla uqia,sï m%cdjkaf.a fnfyúka fm!oa.,sl

iajNdjh fya;=fjka o" wfkla tajd Tjqkaf.a Ôjk ú,dihka m%ldY lrk mßphka

yd úYajdihka ms<sn| j we;s fkd±kSu ksid o yg .kafkah hk woyi fuu

wOHhkh u.ska ms<s.kS' tneúka" fuu wOHhkfha wruqK jkafka ^by;ska

i|yka l<& zoDYHudk njZ ú.%y lsÍu iy uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< we;a; jYfhkau isÿ

3


jkafka l=ula o hkak .fõIKh lsÍu;a h' bia,dï Ndú;dj iïnkaO .egqï úiska

yev.iajkq ,enQ ^È.= ld,Sk& bia,dóh m%fndaOh fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka

w;r zkjZ fmkS isàu yd lKavdhïjdoh we;s jkafka h hkak Wml,amkhhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï lKavdhïj, wNHka;r wd.ñl ÈYdk;ska ms<sn|j wOHhkhka

lsysmhla mj;ajkq ,en we;s w;r" ta ish,a,u mdfya uqia,sï iq¿;rh ia:dk.;

fldg we;af;a Y%S ,xldfõ jir 30l ckjd¾.sl .egqï ikao¾Nh ;=< yd Tjqkaf.a

fou< yd isxy, nyq;rhkag idfmaCIj h ^Spencer et al. 2015&' Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï

wkkH;djh" uQ,slju ft;sydisl iy udkj úoHd;aul oDIaáhlska hq;= fndfyda

wOHhkhkag o mdol ù ;sfí' Nuhuman ^2004& iy Shukri ^1986& jeks uqia,sï

Ydia;%hska o" Mohan ^1987& iy Samaraweera ^1986& jeks bkaÈhdkq yd foaYSh

Ydia;%hska o" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a b;sydih msgm;a lrñka iy fuu m%cdfõ

wkkH;djh tys úYd, iudc-foaYmd,k wfkldg idfmaCIj úpdrh lrñka" uyd

mßudK úYaf,aIKhka isÿ fldg ;sfí' miq.sh oYl fol ;siafia Dennis McGilvray yd Bart Klem hk udkj úoHdhska úiska" úfYaIfhkau kef.kysr ;ks uqia,sï

m%cdjka yd Tjqkaf.a ióm;u wfkld-fou< ckhd iu. Tjqkag we;s iïnkaOh

fukau" ckjd¾.sl .egqu uqia,sï wkkH;djh flfrys n,md we;af;a flfiao

hkak ms<sn|j CIqø úYaf,aIKhkag ueÈy;a ù isá;s' fld<U m%;sixialrKjd§

uqia,sï ldka;d lKavdhïj, mßphka Haniffa ^2013& úiska wOHhkh fldg we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a b;sydih yd wkkH;djh ms<sn| j idrj;a yd ishqï

wjfndaOhla fuu idys;H fldgi u.ska imhkq ,nk w;r" ^Spencer et al. " Bart Klem yd Dennis McGilvray f.a kef.kysr udkj úoHd;aul wOHhkhka yereKq

úg& uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< iïnkaO;d ms<sn|j ,sheù we;af;a iq¿ m%udKhls'

uqia,sï wkkH;djh iy fou< yd isxy, nyq;;rfha wkkH;djka w;r wka;¾

hemSfï iajNdjh ms<s.kakd w;ru" mYapd;a-.egqï Y%S ,xldfõ W;=re yd kef.kysr

fou< jeishka yd isxy, nyq;rh jkdyS ;jÿrg;a uqia,sï m%cdfõ tlu zwfkldZ

fkdjkafkah hk ;¾lh fuu wOHhkh ;=<ska bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' 1950 .Kkaj,

isg uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< úúO lKavdhï iy Wm lKavdhï ìys ùu by< hdu uqia,sï

m%cdj ì£ hdug fya;= jQ w;r" uqia,sïjre ;udf.au zwfkldZ njg m;a jQy' fï jk

f;lau ckjd¾.sl .egqu ms<sn| .eg¿ úiska fuh jika fldg oukq ,eîh'

tfyhska fuu m;%sldj" uqia,sï m%cdfõ lKavdhï w;r iïnkaO;dj, .;slhka

ms<sn|j iy tlS fn§ï yd ine÷Kq m%Yak ms<sn|j ishqï rduqjla bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd

we;=<dka;h úuid ne,Sug wruqKq lrhs' uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< olakg ,efnk fjkia

4


lKavdhï" tajd biau;= ùfï moku" Tjqka w;r .;slhka iy .egqï biau;= lrk

iy$fyda tlai;a nj m%lg lrjk idOlhka fuu wOHhkh ;=< Ñ;%Kh flf¾'

;jÿrg;a" uqia,sï m%cdj ms<sn|j hym;a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd fuu m;%sldj

u.ska uqia,sï fkdjkakkag wduka;%Kh lrk w;r u" wNHka;r fukau wka;¾-

m%cd ixjdohla ìys lsÍug iy uqia,sï mßmd,k wdh;kj, m%;sm;a;s ±kqï §fï

m;%sldjla f,i l%shd lrkq we;ehs o n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' ld,h yd iïm;a iSñ;

ùu ksid fuu m;%sldj uqia,sïjreka CIqø wdldrfhka ú.%y lsÍug iSud ú we;s nj

o i|yka l< hq;=h' Y%S ,xldj ;=< uqia,sï hk jpkh uqia,sï" uef,a" fndard iy

fuukajreka ye¢kaùu i|yd uqia,sï fkdjkakka úiska iduQyslj Ndú; flf¾'

fuu m;%sldj" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdj CIqø wdldrfhka jgyd .kakd w;r" tys

fndfyda fldgia mÍCId lsÍug yd wOHhkh lsÍug wruqKq lrhs'

wNHka;r- wd.ñl .egqï Y%S ,xldjg fyda f,dalhg w¨;a hula fkdjk nj

wjOdrKh lsÍug o m¾fhaIlfhda woyia lr;s' Y%S ,xldfõ l%sia;shdks m%cdj"

;udf.au foaYmd,kh yd wNHka;r m%;súreoaO;d iys; úúO ksldhkag fn§ f.dia

;sfí' óg iudkj u" fn§ fkd.sh o" fn!oaO yd yskaÿ m%cdjka ish jkaokdudk

yd jkaokd Nla;Skag wkqj l,dmShj fjkia fõ ^Obeyesekera 1990&' tfyhska"

uqia,sï wNHka;r iïnkaO;d ms<sn| wmf.a Wkkaÿj" wNHka;r wd;;Ska iys;

tlu lKavdhu uqia,sï m%cdj f,i yqfol,d fldg ±laùula f,i wjfndaO lr

fkd.; hq;=h' fuu l,dmh ms<sn| Wkkaÿj we;s lrk ,oafoa cd;Hka;rj mj;sk

bia,dïNS;sldj úiska ;jÿrg;a W;aikak lrkq ,enQ" wka;jd§ lKavdhï úiska

foaYmd,k wjYH;d i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .kq ,enQ fuu wd;;Ska úisks'

kHdhd;aul rduqj

uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< wNHka;r lKavdhï iïnkaO;d wOHhkh lsÍfï § fuu m;%sldj

ziudc jHdmdr kHdfhysZ ^Social Movement Theory) oDIaá fldaKfhka Y%S ,xldfõ

úúO bia,dï lKavdhïj,g m%fõY fjhs¦ tkï" iEu lKavdhulau ^iudc$;ks

mqoa.,& fjkila b,lal lr .ksñka lrkq ,nk jHdmdrhla f,i ie,lSuhs'

iudc jHdmdrhla w¾: olajkq ,nkafka z;d¾lsl wruqKlaZ u.ska fmd<Ujkq ,enq

^Bayat 2005& iy jHqyd;aulj zkdhl;ajh" mßmd,k jHqyh" iyNd.S;ajh i|yd

jk fm<Uùï yd iïm;a iy iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk ud¾.Z hkdÈh

ilia jQ ^Davis et al. 2005& tajd f,i h' iudc$foaYmd,k fjkila ks¾udKh

lsÍu i|yd wd.ï il%sh lrjkakd jQ jHdmdrhla iy ksYaÑ; wd.ñl m%cdjla ;=<

5


fjkila we;s lsÍug yd woykakka jeä lr .ekSug wfmaCId lrk l%shdldÍ;ajhka

w;r yeu úgu fjkila yqjd olajkq ,efí¦ ñka m<uqjekak iudc jHdmdrhka

f,i o" fojekak wd.ñl jHdmdr f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí ^Williams 2003&' fuu

wOHhkh ;=< § idlÉPd flfrk wkaoug Y%S ,xldfõ iuyr ixúOdk wd.ñl-

iudc jHdmdr úh yels jqj o" fndfyda bia,dóh ixúOdk ks¾udKh lrkafka

wd.ñl l%shdldÍ;ajhka h' tfia jqj;a" fmdÿfõ .;a l< iudc yd wd.ñl jHdmdr

—l,la ;siafia iïnkaëlrKh lrk ,o yd wLKav l%shdldrlï isÿ ùu i|yd

[;ud u] ixúOdkh úh hq;=h¦ fmd<Ujk iq¿ oDIaájd§ m%ldYk we;=¿j [Tjqka] l%shdldÍ;aj ixialD;shla ks¾udKh l< hq;=h¦ tfukau" [···] mj;sk wjia:dj,ska

m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu we;=¿j iudc mßirh id¾:lj f.dvkexúh hq;=h˜^Williams 2003" ms'316&' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a" iudc jHdmdrhkays biau;= ùu" j¾Okh

yd Ndú;dj wOHhkh lsÍfï §" lKavdhï il%sh lsÍu flfrys n,mdk il%sh

lsÍfï jHqyhka" foaYmd,k wjia:d yd rduq.; lsÍfï l%shdj,Ska wOHhkh lsÍu

w;HjYH fõ ^McAdam and Scott 2005 ys Wmqgk ,o McAdam, McCarthy and Zald 1996&' McAdam, McCarthy and Zald ^1996& i|yka lrk wkaoug¦

—il%sh lsÍfï jHqyhka jQ l,S —mj;akd wúêu;a fukau úêu;a& ixúOdkh

ùfï wdldrhka˜ jk w;r —iudc cd,hka keue;s iduQysl f.dvkexùfï

fldgiaj,ska iukaú; ueo-;,fha lKavdhï" ixúOdk yd wúêu;a

cd,hka˜ Bg wh;a fõ' foaYmd,k wjia:d u`.ska wjOdrKh lrkq ,nkafka

—foaYmd,k wjia:djkaf.a jHqyhka iy wdh;k.; foaYmd,khka fj;ska

jHdmdrh uqyqK fok iSudjka w;r iïnkaOh fukau" mj;akd l%uhkag

wNsfhda. lsÍug yd m%;sixialrKh lsÍug ìysjk iudc l%shdldÍ;ajhka˜

h' rduq.; lsÍfï l%shdj,sh hkq wjia:d yd l%shdj w;rg ueÈy;a jk w¾:

ksrEmKh lsÍu wh;a ùu yd iudc f.dvkexùu hs' ixfla;Sh uQ,sldx.

jHqyd;aul udmlhka iy Tjqkaf.a ;;a;ajh iduQyslj w¾: ksrEmKh lrk

iudc l%shdldßlhska w;rg ueÈy;a jkafka flfiao hkak;a" m%;sl¾u yd

fhdað; l%shd ms<sfj< fhdojkafka flfia o hkak;a ms<sn| j th wjOdkh

fhduq lrhs˜ ^ms' 16&'

iudc jHdmdrhka hkq ld,jljdkqjla Tiafia" ft;sydisl ixisoaêhla f,i

wOHhkh l< hq;= l%shdj,shla h hkak by;ska fhdackd flf¾ Bayat 2005" ms' 897&'

fuys§ iudc jHdmdrhka tajdfha ft;sydisl$foaYmd,ksl ikao¾Nh ;=< ia:dk.;

lsÍu w;HjYH h' tfyhska" Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dóh jHdmdrhka ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla"

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï wkkH;djfha .uka uÕ ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuka f;drj isÿ l<

6


fkdyels h' Y%S ,xldfõ fojk iq¿;r m%cdj f,i" uqia,sïjrekag iudc-foaYmd,ksl

jqjukdjkag wkqj ft;sydislj fjkia ù we;s wkkH;djhla ,eî ;sfí' fï

w¾:fhka .;a úg" wkkH;djh myiqfjka fjkia jk iq¿ yd iïnkaO;d iys;

jk w;r" ckjd¾.sl iúdKsl;ajh" wd.ñl oDIaájdoh" NdIdj" l=,h" mx;sh"

wd¾Ólh" foaYmd,kh yd l,dmh wd§ úúO idOlhka jgd N%uKh fjhs' uqia,sï

wkkH;djh úIfhys" fulS idOl b;sydifha úúO ld, j,§ úúO m%udKj,ska

n,md we;' flfiajqj;a" uyd- wdh;ksl uÜgfï § iy CIqø Wm- lKavdhï ;,fha

§ —ksYaÑ; m%N+ka úiska uqia,sï wkkH;djh ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk" mßj¾;kh lrkq

,nk w;r ^tu l%shdj,shg& ckjd¾.sl j¾.SlrKhka wNHka;rfhys yd tajd w;r

;rÕ jÈk m%N+ mka;sh yd kdhl;aj lKavdhï w;r" wksjd¾h ;rÕldÍ;ajhla

fukau" foaYmd,k n,h" wd¾Ól m%;s,dN yd iudc ;;a;ajh i|yd jk wksjd¾h

;rÕldÍ;ajhla we;=<;a fõ˜ ^Nuhuman 2007 ys Wmqgk ,o Brass 1991" ms'4&'

m%dfoaYSh ;,fha iduQysl w;a±lSïj, wka;¾fþokh u.ska f.dvkxjkq ,nk CIqø-

wkkH;d .;slhka de Munk 1998& wd§ jYfhka" uqia,sï Wm lKavdhï iy wdh;k

wOHkh lsÍu u`.ska fuu m;%sldj ksrdjrKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka tlS

±lauj,a h' flfiajqj;a" ishqï ;;a;ajhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd" m%N+ kdhlhska

yd ixúOdk úiska yev.iajkq ,enQ Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a uyd wkkH;djh

fláfhka wOHhkh lsÍu w;HjYH fõ ^de Munk 1998" ms'111&'

tf,i uyd iy CIqø ;,hka tlsfkl ms<sn|j wjfndaOh imhk nj is;ays ;nd

.ksñka" my; ±lafjk m¾fhaIK m%Yak wOHhkh lsÍug t<öug fmr" Y%S ,xldfõ

uqia,sï wkkH;dj yd lKavdhï ks¾udKh ùu ms<sn| úYd, ft;sydisl l%shdj,sh

.ek flá úfõpkd;aul ye¢kaùula iu`.ska fuu m;%sldj wdrïN flf¾¦

1' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk úúO bia,dóh lKavdhï fudkjd o@ Tjqkaf.a ieleiau yd

Tjqka tlsfkld iu. l%shd lrk wdldrh fln÷ o@ ^il%sh lsÍfï jHqyhka&

2' Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka wfkl=;a m%cdjkaf.ka ;udj fjkia fldg ±laùug

wdrïN lr we;af;a wehs@ ^foaYmd,k wjia:d&

^w& uqia,sus m%Pdj w;r lKavdhïjdoh wd.usl Nla;sh mrsKduh jsfus

,CIKhla o @ fuu mrsKdufha fmarK jQfha fudkjdo @

^wd& uqia,sï m%cdj w;r lKavdhïjdohg n,mdk foaYmd,ksl fyda wd¾Ól

idOl fudkjd o@

7


^we& ú.,s;jdohg lsishï ndysr$ wNHka;r n,fõ. odhl jkafka o@

^wE& lKavdhï w;r .egqïj,g n,mdk idOl ljf¾ o@

3' úúO uqia,sï lKavdhï" ish lKavdhu i|yd wjYH iqcd;Ndjh w¾:

olajkafka$;d¾lsllrKh lrkafka flfia o@ Tjqka wod< lr .kakd úIh

;;a;ajhka fudkjd o@ ^rduq.; lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh&

jmißh yd l%ufõoh

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekag ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï myla we;=<;a h - Y%S ,dxlsl uqia,sï"

fjr<nv$bkaÈhdkq uqia,sï" uef,a" fndard iy fuuka jYfhks ^Nuhuman 2007" ms'

17&' flfiajqj;a" fuu wOHhkh i|yd flakaø jkafka uqia,sï m%cdjg wh;a jk

fuu iïm%odhsl ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï fkdj" mYapd;a-ksoyi ;=< biau;= jQ kj

wd.ñl lKavdhï h'

Y%S ,xldfõ úúO bia,dóh lKavdhï yd wdh;k w;r wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajfha

.;slhka y÷kd .ekSu i|yd jk wruqKq idCId;a lr .ekSug" fuu m¾fhaIKh

úiska 2014 § uqia,sï m%cdfõ ksfhdað;hska iu. wïmdr" .d,a, iy fld<U hk

m%foaYj,§ ikao¾Nh is;shï.; lsÍfï jevuq¿ ;=kla mj;ajk ,§' tfukau"

wïmdr" uvl,mqj" mq;a;,u iy fld<U hk m%foaYj, úúO bia,dóh lKavdhïj,

mßmd,k yd wd.ñl kdhlhska iu. lKavdhï idlÉPd myla o" w¾O- jHqy.;

iïuqL idlÉPd m¾fhaIK m%Yak ;=fkys uÕ fmkaùfuka& 14la o mj;ajk ,§' fulS

m%foaY f;dard .ekSug fya;= jQ lreK kï úfYaIfhkau ldka;kal=ä ^uvl,mqj&

yd wlalfrhsm;a;= ^wïmdr& we;=¿j kef.kysr m<df;a uqia,sïjrekaf.a jeä ck

.K;ajhla olakg ,eîu iy ish¿ lKavdhïj, md,k wdh;k fld<U msysgd

;sîuhs' ;jÿrg;a miq.sh jir ;=< kef.kysr m<df;a ðydâjd§ l%shdldÍ;ajhla

ks¾udKh lrk ,±hs hkqfjka uqia,sï m%cdj ;=<ska yd msg;ska kef.k fpdaokdj

fidhd ne,Sug wmg wjYH úh' iïuqL idlÉPd u.ska" tka;,hs ys iqúfYaIS

lKavdhula isák mq;a;,u fj; wmj fhduq lrjk ,§' ld,h yd iïm;a iSñ;

ùu ksid ;j;a keÕS tk lKavdhula jk ó.uqfõ wyuÈhd lKavdhu yd iïuqL

idlÉPdjla meje;aùug wmg fkdyels úh' fuu wOHhkh u.ska wdjrKh lrk

,o m%foaY kï uvl,mqfõ trdjq¾" TÜgudjä yd ldka;kal=ä" wïmdf¾ wâv,ÉfÉk

iy ihskaoureÿ" mq;a;,fï tka;,hs yd fkdfrdÉfpdaf,a iy fld<U k.rhhs'

8


fuu m%foaY mßmQ¾K fkdjk kuq;a" uqia,sïjreka wêlj fjfik m%foaYj, mj;akd

oDIaájdohka tu.ska ksfhdackh fõ' fld<U iy wïmdr uqia,sï Ydia;%hska yd m%cd

kdhlhska iu. idlÉPd lsÍfuka miq m%;spdrlhska y÷kd .kakd ,§'

o;a; úYaf,aIKh wdrïN lsÍug fmr" tys jdia;úl;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd

wmf.a úIhSh wdia:dkhka yd m¾fhaIK mCImd;S;ajhka wju lsÍfï l%shdj,sh

m%ldY lr isàu w;HjYH nj wmg yefÕa' m<uqfjkau" m¾fhaIK fuj,u ilia

lrkq ,enqfõ —wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;aj l%shdj,sh yryd ñksiqka iudc w¾: ks¾udKh"

tlÕ ùu yd fjkia lsÍu lrkq ,efí˜ h ^Leavy 2014 ys Wmqgk ,o Sandstrom 2006" ms' 86& hk wjfndaOh wkqj nj i|yka l< hq;=h' fuu m;%sldj ;=< iïuqL

idlÉPdjg n÷ka jQjka ish wkkH;djka f.dv kexjQfha —flfiao˜ hkak idlÉPd

fkdlrk fyhska" m%;spdrj, talSh nj yd úYajikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd

m%Yak h<s ieliSu yd kej; kej; weiSu isÿ lrk ,§' ;jÿrg;a ;ks mqoa.,hl=g

zwe;af;kauZ lKavdhula ksfhdackh l< fkdyelsh hk iSudj o ms<s.kq ,eîh'

m¾fhaIlhska yd m%;spdrlhska hk fomsßiu úiska iduQyslj w¾:h ksIamdokh lrk

nj fukau" bia,dï Nla;slhska yd uqia,sïjreka ms<sn|j m¾fhaIlhska ;=< fmr isg

mj;sk mCImd;S;ajhka yd m¾fhaIlhska ms<sn|j m%;spdrlhska ;=< mj;sk oDIaáh o

wkqj woyia ks¾udKh jkafkah hkak o wms ±k isáfhuq' tlS mCImd;S;ajhka uÕ

yeÍu i|yd" m%;spdrlhska yd l;dnfya ksr; ùu" okakd y÷kk wh yryd iïuqL

idlÉPdj,g m%fõY ùu yd m¾fhaIK ud;Dldj u.ska uqia,sï m%cdjg we;s úh yels

ydks ms<sn|j jk ielh ÿre lsÍu wd§ l%ufõo yryd" iïuqL idlÉPdj,g n÷ka

jQjka iu`. úYajdih f.dv kÕd .kq ,eîh' wm o wNHka;ßlhl= ^uqia,sï& yd

msgia;rhl= ^fou<$lf;da,sl& ùu u.ska yd wNHka;r yd msgia;r oDIaàka ;yjqre

l< yels ùu jdis iy.; ;;a;ajhla úh' o;a; tla/ia lsÍfï yd úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï

ld, jljdkqj ^2013 uehs - 2015 ud¾;=& ;=< isÿ jQ fndfyda ikao¾N.; fjkialï"

úfYaIfhkau 2014 cqks ui w¨;a.u flda,dy, iy 2015 ckjdß rch fjkia ùu"

uqia,sï m%;spdrlhskaf.a wdia:dkhka yd Tjqka ;udj ksfhdackh l< wkaou flfrys

n,mdkakg we;ehs hk wjfndaOh iys;j o;a; úYaf,aIKh lrkq ,eîh'

o;a; tla/ia lsÍu w;r;=r§ wmf.a wdl,am fjkia jQ w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ úúO

bia,dóh lKavdhï ms<sn| j ,enQ kj wjfndaOh u.ska" fuu m;%sldfõ uq,ska

Ndú; lrk ,o$;ju;a Ndú; lrk we;eï NdIdjla m%Yak lsÍug wmg uÕ mEÿ nj

i|yka lsÍug o wms leue;af;uq' Ndú; fldg we;s iuyr fhÿï uqia,sï m%cdjg

tfrys mCImd;S;ajhka úh yels fyhska tajd meyeÈ,s lsÍu wjYH nj wmg wjfndaO

úh' ngysr f.dvkexùula jk jkakï bia,dï NS;sld ikao¾Nh ;=<" zwka;.dóZ

9


iy z/äl,aZ jeks jpk Ndú; jkafka uqia,sïjreka ;%ia;jdohg keUqre ùu yeÕùu

i|yd h' Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdj úiska zwka;.dóZ ^fou< niska ;súrjka;ï& hk

jpkh Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka ;%ia;jdoh yeÕùug fkdj" iïu;jd§ fkdjk fyda

wd.ñl mßphka iDcqj$wkuHj wkq.ukhg$m%p,s; lsÍug keUqrejla iys; úúO

wd.ñl lKavdhï ye¢kaùu i|yd h' óg iudkj u" fuu m;%sldj ;=< z/äl,aZ

hk jpkh Ndú; lr we;af;a m%;sixialrKh i|yd ±ä Wkkaÿjla iys;" iuyr

úg m%vKavldÍ;ajhg mjd uÕ mEÈh yels yeÕSïj,ska l=¿ .ekajQ ;;a;ajhla woyia

lsÍug h' zlKavdhïjdohZ hk jpkh o .egqula mokï lr .ksñka lKavdhï

ks¾udKh lsÍu woyia lrk kuq;a" wmf.a Ndú;dfõ ikao¾Nh ;=< tu.ska

.egqï we;s ùfï yelshdjla iys; iduldó fn§ï o woyia flf¾' ;jÿrg;a" wm

l%sia;shdks ^hQfrda flakaøSh& zksldhZ hk jpkh Ndú; fkdl< w;r" ta fjkqjg

bia,dï oyfï tla ksYaÑ; w¾: ksrEmKhla úYajdi lrk yd m%pdrh lrk mqoa.,

iuQyhla i|yd jk zlKavdhuZ hk jpkh Ndú; lf<uq' wfkla w;g wdh;kh

hkafkka yeÕfjkafka" tlaflda Y%S ,xldfõ by<ska we;s bia,dóh md,k ;ka;%hla

fyda ke;akï" wd.u m%pdrh lsÍug wu;rj fjk;a ld¾hhkays fhfok bia,dóh

ixúOdkhla fõ' uq,§ fuu m;%sldj ;=< lKavdhï hk jpkh fmdÿfõ ish¨

wd.ñl lKavdhï ye¢kaùu i|yd fhÿK o" miqj bia,dóh jHdmdrh yd bia,dóh

lKavdhï w;r LKavkhla ks¾udKh lrkq ,efí' fuu m;%sldfõ miq fldgil

fuh ú.%y fldg we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï wkkH;djh‐ ft;sydisl ±laula

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï wkkH;djh jQ l,S nyq uqyqK;a iys; jk w;r" ld,h;a

iu. iudc" foaYmd,ksl yd ft;sydisl ikao¾Nh yd wka;¾ l%shd lrñka ^h<s&

f.dvkexù ;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka ckjd¾.sl wd.ñl m%cdjla jk w;r"

Tjqka ish ckjd¾.sl wkkH;djhg Tífnka wd.ñl wkkH;djh biau;= lsÍu o"

hï ld,j,§ wjYH jQ ksYaÑ; fN!;sl" iudc yd foaYmd,ksl m%;s,dN wkqj tys

úreoaO wkkH;djh o m%ldY lsÍu o f;dard f.k we;ehs hkak m¾fhaIlhskaf.A

ksÍlaIKh hs' fjk;a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a" Tjqkaf.a úIhSh;ajh fndfyda zrduq.;

lsÍfï l%shdj,SkagZ n÷ka ù we;s w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka ish wkkH;djh

w¾: ksrEmKh fldg tu ld,fha iudc-wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,ksl iajNdjhg

wdfrdamKh lr ;sfí'

10


ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ fjr<nv uqia,sïjreka fuka" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka o ueofmrÈ.

yd .sksfldK È. wdishdj w;r bka§h id.rh ;rKh l<" wrdì iy m¾ishdkq

uqyqÿ hd;%sl fjf<kaokaf.ka mej; tk ñY% cd;shls ^McGilvray 2011&' Y%S ,xldfõ

bia,dï oyfï jHdma;sh wdrì fj<|dfï m%;sM,hla jk w;r" §¾> ld,Skj /£

isàfï fya;=fjka uqia,sï fjf<kafoda foaYSh mjq,aj,ska újdy isÿlr f.k fuu

rfgys mÈxÑ ùu ksid we;s jQjls ^Shukri 1986&' tfyhska Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka

fï rfgys msgia;rhska fkdjkafka" Tjqkag wfkl=;a m%cdjka iu. f,a d;s in|;d

mj;sk ksid h' 09 iy 10 jk ishjiaj, Tjqka fjkia fldg ±lajQ iy Tjqkaf.a

wkkH;djh yev.eia jQ ,CIK jQfha wrdì NdIdj yd bia,dï oyuhs' 13 jk

Y;j¾Ih ;=< uqia,sïjreka fj<|du úIfhys jvd;a n,mEï iy.; fjñka Èjhsfka

úúO jrdhka yryd ish fj<|du mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r" tu.ska Tjqkaf.a fjr<nv

mÈxÑùï yev .eiqKs' miqld,Skj" isxy, rcjrekaf.a úfoaY fj<| WmfoaYlhska

f,i uqia,sïjre b;d n,mEï iy.; N+ñldjla rÕ ±lajQy'

13 jk yd 15 jk ishjiaj, § wrdì f,dalh" u,nd¾ jeks ol=Kq bka§h fjr<

;Srhkays fjf<kaoka iu. Yla;su;a iïnkaO;d f.dvkÕd .;af;ah' bkaÈhdj iu.

jQ fuu uqyqÿ .uka l%shdldrlï ol=Kq bka§h uqia,sïjrekaf.a fj<|du by< kexjQjd

muKla fkdj" Y%S ,xldfõ kj mÈxÑùï i|yd o uÕ mE§h' Bg fya;= jQfha f,dalh

iu. jHdmdßl ueÈy;aùï i|yd Y%S ,xldj i;= jQ Wmdhud¾.sl ia:dkh flfrys

ol=Kq bka§h uqia,sïjreka leue;a;la ±laùuhs' ol=Kq bka§h fjf<kaokaf.a fuu

mÈxÑ ùï iy ta iu. isÿ jQ bkaÈhdj iu. jQ fj<|dfï jHdma;sh o" ol=Kq bka§h

uqia,sïjreka yd fj<|dï lsÍu u; ±äj hemqKq Y%S ,dxlsl uqia,sïjrekaf.a ixialD;sh

yd wkkH;djh flfrys n,mEfõ h ^Shukri 1986&' fulS wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajh

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a wkkH;djh wrdìjrekaf.a isg bkaÿ wrdì olajd

mßj¾;kh lrñka" Bg kj ÈYdk;shla tla lf<ah' uqia,sïjreka w;r wrdì fou<

biau;= ùu u.ska" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a NdIduh wkkH;djh ;=< o fuh

ms<sìUq flßKs ^Shukri 1986&'

uqia,sïjrekaf.a wkkH;djfhys ;j;a mßj¾;khla mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais hg;a úð;

iuh ;=< isÿ úh' tys§ fjr<nv l,dmhkays isg rfÜ kef.kysr olajd ixl%uKh

ùug n, lsÍu fya;=fjka Tjqka fndfyda fjkia fldg ie<lSïj,g o" jHdmdßl

taldêldrh wysñ ùug o Tjqyq uqyqK ÿkay' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" uqia,sïjrekag

wrdìh iu. ;snQ in|;d uq¿ukskau wysñ jQ w;r" ixialD;sl yd wd.ñl iïnkaO;d

i|yd ol=Kq bkaÈhdj u; hemSug isÿ úh' fuh kj wdldrhl wd.ula yd NdIdjla

bÈßhg f.k wd w;r" Y%S ,xldj ;=< bka§h iq*s oDIaájdoh$ iq*sjdoh m%p,s; ùug ±äj odhl úh ^Samaraweera 1986( Shukri 1986&

11


wfkla w;g" ì%;dkH md,kh uqia,sïjrekag mCImd;S jQ w;r" uqia,sï fj<|

l%shdldrlï ì%;dkH hg;a úð; fj<|dug o iyh jQ neúka" Tjqkaf.a fj<| lghq;=j,

yd wd.ñl l%shdldrlïj, fh§ug ksoyi ,nd fok ,§' fuf,i jHdmdßl fCIa;%h

;=< isxy,hskag jvd uqia,sïjrekag m%;s,dN ysñ jQ w;r" ì%;dkHhkaf.a fnod md,kh

lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh o fuhg fya;= úh' fuh 1915 uqia,sï úfrdaê flda,dy,j,g uÕ

mEÿ w;r" isxy, fn!oaO cd;sljdohg úfrdaOh mE ì%;dkHhska úiska úkaÈ;hska jQ

uqia,sïjrekaf.a me;a; f.k" jerÈlrejka fukau wysxil isú,a jeishka o lDDr

f,i >d;kh lrñka flda,dy, md,kh lrk ,§ ^Samaraweera 1986&'

ì%;dkH md,k iuh jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a mÈxÑùfï ú,dih fyd¢ka

;yjqrej mej;=Ks ^Samaraweera 1986&' flfiajqj;a" uqia,sï m%cdjg fn!oaOhska

fyda yska¥ka fuka wd.ñl fyda foaYmd,k kdhlhl= fkdùh' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ

uqia,sïjreka w;r mqkreojd§ jHdmdrhla we;s ùug fya;= úh' kdhlhl= fkdue;s

ùu ;=<" uqia,sïjrekaf.a kdhlhd f,i" wrdìjrhl= ùu fya;=fjkau fm!reI

.=Kdx. iys; Bðma;=fõ wrdì mdId" fuu wvqj mqrjñka m;alr .kq ,eîh' Èjhsfkys

Tyqf.a ld,h ;=< 1883-1901& uqia,sïjreka w;r Tyq uq,a;ek .;a l%shdldßlfhla úh

^Samaraweera 1986&' fuu ld,h ;=<" uqia,sïjreka wfkl=;a m%cdjkays idudðlhska

fuka wOHdmkh fkdyeoEre fyhska" mqkreojd§ jHdmdrfha uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduq

jQfha Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a wOHdmkh flfrys h' l%sia;shdks ñIkdß wOHdmk

l%uh bia,dï wd.ug zmsgia;rZ1 hhs jQ iel iys; wd.ñl úYajdih fya;=fjka"

wfkl=;a ckjd¾.sl lKavdhïj,g m%;súreoaO f,i fï jk f;lau uqia,sïjreka

wOHdmkhg wdl¾YKSh fkdjQy' Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u uqia,sï wëCIljrhd jQ isoaê

f,ífí" wrdì mdIdf.a mqkreo jHdmdrhg iïnkaO úh' fulS uqia,sï wOHdmk

jHdmdrh wrdì mdi,aj, ^uoarid& bx.%Sis NdId wOHdmkh iy uqia,sï ldka;d mdi,a

ia:dmkh lsÍu wdrïN lf<ah' wOHdmkh yereKq fldg" fuu jHdmdrh úiska

isf,daka fudfyduÈhka ^bx.%Sis& yd uqia,sï khsika ^fou<& jeks uqia,sïjreka i|yd

jk mqj;am;a o wdrïN lrk ,§'

wOHdmkh yd ckudOHfõoh úiska uqia,sïjreka w;r foaYmd,kh iy wkkH;djh

ms<sn| j ±kqu by< kexùh' isoaê f,ífí iy Tyqf. iylre whs' t,a' tï' wíÿ,a

wiSia úiska cuhs;=,a bia,ñhd kï jQ Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u bia,dóh ixúOdkh ìys

l< úg fuh idCId;a úh' fuu ixúOdkfha uQ,sl wruqK jQfha' fjkia uqia,sï

1 zmsgia;rZ hk jpkh m%;spdrlhska úiska uqia,sï fkdjk hula fyda whl= ye¢kaùu i|yd nyq,j

Ndú; lrk ,§' fou< zwkakshkaZ hk jpkh o Ndú; l< kuq;a" bx.%Sis jpkh jeämqr Ndú; lrk

,§' fuu jpkdfha úúO wre;a yd Ndú; lrk ,o ikao¾Nhka jeäÿr wOHhkhg iqÿiq fõ'

12


foaYmd,k yd iudc wkkH;djhla mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<sn| j uqia,sïjreka w;r

bia,dóh ±kqu m%pdrh lsÍuhs ^Nuhuman 2007 ys Wmqgk ,o Ameen&' flfiajqj;a"

uqia,sïjreka we;af;kau ol=Kq bka§h iïNjhla iys; bia,dï oyu je<|.;a

øúvhka h hk" fmdkakïn,ï rdukdokaf.a m%ldYfhka miqj h ^Mohan 1987¦ Samaraweera 1987&' whs' t,a' tï' wíÿ,a wiSia" fmdkakïn,ïf.a m%ldYh úfõpkh

lrñka" uqia,sï wkkH;djfha bia,dï oyug yd wdrdì f,dalhg we;s iïnkaOh

úia;r lf<ah' uqia,sïjreka NdIdjla f,i fou< l;d lrñka" iuyr fou<

ixialD;sl mßphka w;alr .;a kuq;a" wd.u hk mokñka Tjqka fjki jk nj Tyq

wjOdrKh lf<ah' fulS wd.ñl iSudjka y÷kd .ekSu ;u iqúfYaIS wkkH;djh

wdrCId lsÍug wd.u Tijd ;nk iq¿;r m%cdjkag wdfõKsl ,CIKhls ^Mohan 1987" ms'5&' fuh ta ld,fha uqia,sïjreka w;r mej;s uydoaùmsl wrdìjdoh ms<sn|

f.da,Sh l;dny u.ska wdNdIh ,o w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ muKla fkdj f,dj wfkla

fldgiaj,o biau;= jQjls' fuf,i" bia,dufhka f;dr uqia,sïjreka ke;ehs

hkqfjka" Y%S ,dxlsl uqia,sïjrekaf.a meje;afuys foaYSh fukau f.da,Sh wdia:dkh

i|yd" bia,dï oyu uQ,sl moku njg m;a ù ;sfí ^Nuhuman 2004&' fou< øúv

wkkH;djh u.ska ksfhdackh lrk ,o ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ uQ,sl n,mEug ,la ù"

Y%S ,dxlsl uqia,sïjrekag bia,dï oyu iu. mej;s iïnkaO;djfhys fjkila o

uydoaùmsl wrdìjdoh úiska i,l=Kq lrkq ,eîh' tys§ Y%S ,dxlsl uqia,sïjre" Y%S

,xldfõ bia,dóh mßphka h<s yev.iajd .ekSu i|yd ueo fmrÈ. wdo¾Yhg .;a

y' wo mjd olakg ,efnk iq*s-jydì .egqfï wdrïNh f,i o fuh ie,lsh yelsh'

uqia,sïjreka" bia,dï Odrdj Tiafia iajlSh wkkH;djh kùlrKh lsÍu yd mú;%

lr .ekSu" Tjqkaf.a wkkH;djh wdh;k.; lsÍfï wjYH;djh flfrys uÕ

mE§h' tys§" Tjqka uqia,sï fm!oa.,sl kS;sh wdh;k.; lrñka" uqia,sï újdy iy

Èlalido ms<sn|j .eg¿ úi£u i|yd ld;s Widú msysgqjd .kakd ,§' tfukau"

m,a,s iy mqKHdh;k mßmd,kh lsÍu i|yd rcfha wdh;khla o msysgqjk ,§'

;jÿrg;a" fojk iq¿;r fldgi f,i ish wd.ñl wkkH;djh mj;ajdf.k hdfï

jeo.;alu o uqia,sïjre wjfndaO lr .;ay' fuf,i" rduidka ksjdvqj we;=<;a

fjkia le,ekavrhla iys;" mdi,a yd .=re mqyqKq úoHd, jeks uqia,sïjreka i|yd

jk fjku wOHdmk wdh;k ia:dmkh lrk ,§ ^Nuhuman 2004&'

óg wu;rj" yqÿ fou< foaYmd,k mCI ;=< ksfhdackh ,nd .ekSug mgyeks f,i

uqia,sïjrekag o fjku foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla ,nd .ekSu wjYH jQfhah' fï ksid

uqia,sï foaYmd,khska" uqia,sï foaYmd,kh fou< foaYmd,kfhka fjka fldg

±laùug W;aidy l< w;r" isxy, foaYmd,k mCI iu. tlaj jev l<y' 1956 isxy,

13


muKla jQ NdId m%;sm;a;s jeks fou< úfrdaë flgqïm;aj,g iydh ±laùug ;rï

ÿrlg Tjqyq fou< foaYmd,kh m%;sfCIam l<y' uqia,sïjreka isxy,hskag mCImd;S

ùug odhl jQ ;j;a idOlhla jQfha" uqia,sïjrekaf.ka ;=fkka folla isxy,hska

nyq,j fjfik m%foaYj, Ôj;a ùuhs ^McGilvray 2011&' tfyhska" ft;sydisl

foaYmd,kh ;=< ish wjYH;djhka yd wkkH;djh wdrCId lsßu i|yd uqia,sï

foaYmd,kh yeu úgu fou< jeishkag jvd isxy, nyq;rh fj; ióm úh' NdIduh

jYfhka o" iuyr uqia,sï ;reK ;reKshkaf.a fukau uqia,sï wrdì úÿy,aj, o

b.ekaùfï udOHh f,i isxy, f;dard .kq ,eîh ^McGilvray 2011&'

wjidk jYfhka" ft;sydislj uyd ;,fha §" úúO ld,j, § uqia,sïjreka ish

foaYmd,k" ckjd¾.sl" ixialD;sl yd NdIduh wkkH;djhka fjkaj rduq.;

lrf.k we;s w;r" wd.ñl wkkH;djh ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a wjOdrKh m%Odk

jYfhkau taldldÍ úh' flfiajqj;a" CIqø ;,fha §" ld,h;a iu. uqia,sïjreka

ixialD;slj fyda NdIduh jYfhka tl yd iudk ù ke;' 1900 uq,a .Kkaj,

§" —uqia,sï m%cdj mx;sh" Ôjk ú,dih yd l,dmsh$foaYSh îuyr úg ckjd¾.sl

jYfhka o& fjkialï wkqj ì£ f.dia ;snqKs˜ ^Shukri 1986" ms' 367&' ;jÿrg;a"

Tjqkaf.a fmdÿ idOlh wd.u jqj;a" ish wi,ajeis m%cdjkaf.a mßphkays .eí ù we;s

wkaoug" wd.u tluq;= lsÍfï uQ,dY%hla f,i l%shd fldg ke;ehs Shukri ^1986& i|yka lrhs' fj<|dfuys ksr; jQ iq¿;r m%cdjla f,i" Tjqka flfrys wod< jkakg

we;af;a ;ud iu. Ôj;a jQ m%cdj úiska îudÔhj" wd¾Ólj yd foaYmd,kslj& ;udj

ms<s.kq ,eîu hhs ;¾l l< yelsh' fuf,i ft;sydisl fldaKhlska f.k yer

n,k úg" uqia,sïjreka uQ,slju l,dmSh$ fN!ñl fjkialï wkqj iy l=uk nyq;r

m%cdjla iu. isxy,$fou<& Ôj;a jkafka o hkak u; mokï j fn§ .sfhah' ;ju;a

;;a;ajh tfiau jk w;r" mYapd;a ksoyi ;=< uqia,sïjreka wd.u hk moku u; tla

ckjd¾.sl wkkH;djhla m%ldY lsÍug mgka .;ay' tysÈ Tjqyq uqia,sï ûqj¾& iy

uef,a jYfhka fkdj fmdÿfõ uqia,sï f,i tlai;a fjñka f.da,Sh Wïud (Ummah) hgf;a bia,dï oyug iïnkaO jQy Âmeerdeen 2006¦ Mohan 1987¦ Nuhuman 2004&' tfyhska uyd ;,fha § uqia,sï wd.ñl wkkH;djh uq,a ld,Sk mÈxÑ ùfï

ld,hka w;r;=r § uq,skau wh;a ùu ^úfõpkd;aul m¾hdjf,dalkhlska f;drj

Wreu ùu&" f;dard .ekSu ^wka;rdjf,dalkfhys m%;sM,hla f,i& Tiafia isÿ jQ w;r uqia,sï ckjd¾.sl-wd.ñl wjYH;djfha fnÈh fkdyels nj m%Yak lsÍug ,la

jqKq uE; ld,Sk fudfyd;j,§ wka;rdjf,dalkh yd zksjerÈZ Ndú;djka ms<sn|

yeoEÍug iïnkaO jQjd muKla fkdj" mqoa.,hl=f.a wd.ñl wkkH;djh Yla;su;a

yd ;yjqre lrk nj o m%ldYhg m;a úh ^Peek 2005&' hul=f.a wkkH;djh ms<sn|

m%ldYkhl úúO ndysr wNHka;r tajdg wu;rj& o¾Ylhla we;' ;jÿrg;a" hul=f.a

14


wd.u ms<sn| .eUqre wka;rdjf,dalkh iy yeoEÍu" bia,dï oyfuys zksjerÈZ

w¾:ksrEmKh yd ziqÿiqZ Ndú;dj ms<sn| úúO m%Yak keÕSïj,g uÕ mdohs' fulS

o¾Yl" ksldí iy kj$tlÕ fkdjk lKavdhïj, biau;= ùu jeks úúO oDYH fyda

ixfla;Sh wkkH;d i,l=Kq yryd bia,dï oyfuys ksYaÑ; w¾:ksrEmK m%p,s;

lrñka isà' fuh fjkia uqia,sï lKavdhïj, keÕS taug yd úreoaOjd§lïj,g o

uÕ mdohs ^lKavdhïjdoh&¦ Tjqkaf.a wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajfha .;slhka my; fldgi

;=< wkdjrKh flfrkq we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdfjys leã hdu

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjrekaf.a uyd b;sydih idlÉPdjg n÷ka lsßfuka wk;=rej"

fulS úYd, foaYmd,ksl fudfyd;j,a m%dfoaYSh ;,fha § ;ks m%cdjkag lrk ,o

n,mEu fln÷ o hkak yd uqia,sï m%cdfjys ì£ hdug th odhl jQfha flfiao

^lKavdhïjdoh& hkak úuid ne,Su jeo.;a h' fou< yuqodjka fukau isxy, j¾.-

cd;sljd§ka fj;ska úkaÈ;hka njg m;aùu iy fou< ck;djf.ka ;ud fjkafldg

±laùug mj;akd Tjqkaf.a fmdÿ b,lalh ;sìh § mjd" uqia,sïjreka mqÿudldr f,i

úúO;ajhla iys; yd fjkia lKavdhula f,i mej;=fK hhs" Bart Klem ^2011& ish

wlalfrhsm;a;= uqia,sïjreka ms<sn| wOHhkfhys i|yka lrhs' uqia,sï wkkH;djh

yev.iajk úúO;ajhka meyeÈ,sj úia;r l< yelafla wd.ñl" ckjd¾.sl" wd¾Ól

yd foaYmd,ksl ,CIK w;r mj;akd Yla;su;a wka;¾ iïnkaO;djh ms<s.ekSfuka

muKla hhs Tyq ;¾l lrhs' ú.,s;jdoh jkdyS" —uq,msÍïj,g m%;spdr f,i ld,hla

;siafia thu úiska fjkia lr .kq ,nk [......] Wm lKavdhïj,g fn§fï n,j;a

l%shdj,shla˜ hhs Boucek ^2009& o i|yka lrhs ^456&' iudc jHdmdr kHdfhys

NdIdj wkqj" kj uqia,sï lKavdhï ilia ùu" tla ksYaÑ; fudfyd;l foaYmd,k

wjia:djka úiska fmd<Ujk ,oaols' uqia,sïjreka i|yd jk fulS uq,msÍu$ wjia:d

jQ l,S" wdOHd;añl" ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl tajd jQ nj b;sydih wmg

fmkajd fohs'

15


il%sh ùfï foaYmd,k wjia:djla f,i wd.u

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka w;r wd.u mokï jQ lKavdhïjdoh ;sria yd isria hk

fowdldrhu .kS' tla w;lg" th iuyreka ;udg ysñ wd.ñl wkkH;djh ord isák

úg ^Wod ( iq*s&" w¾nqoldß fudfyd;j,aj,g m%;spdr jYfhka iuyr uqia,sïjreka

ish wkkH;djh f;dard .ekSfï" úfõpkd;aulj ;lafiare lsÍfï yd m%ldY lsÍfï

m%;sM,hls ^Wod( ;õySâ2&' wfkla w;g" th iq¿ foaj Od¾ñl .eg¿ u; wd.ñl

lKavdhï Wm lKavdhïj,g isriaj ì£ hdula o fõ' fuu m¾fhaIKh u.ska uqia,sï

m%cdj ;=< fn§ï .Kkdjla y÷kd .;a w;r" iuyr lKavdhï m%dfoaYShj úfYaIs;

jk kuq;a" Èjhsk mqrdu úysÿKq cd,hka iys; fõ ^fldgia yd lKavdhï ,ehsia;=j

i|yd j.=j 1 n,kak&' flfiajqj;a" fuu lKavdhï Wm ksldhka .Kkdjla iys;

m%Odk lKavdhï kjhla ^;sria& f,i fuu lKavdhï j¾.SlrKh l< yelsh ^j.=j

1 ;=< fmkajd § we;s wkaoug&'

j.=j 1 ( Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dóh lKavdhï

iïm%odhsl kùkyqfol,d nysiaÓ;Ska (outliers)

rdcHfkdjk ixúOdk

• iq*sjreka

o ;dßldjre

^lajÈßhshd"

YÈ,shshd" ß*dhshd"

Ñia;shshd"

klaYndkaÈhd&

o ;dlalshdjre

•;ì,s.s cud;a

•cudf;a bia,dñ

•cud;=ia i,dud

•;õySâ

o JASM ^cud;=,a

wkaidß iqkakd;=,a

uqia,sóka&

o NTJ ^cd;sl ;õySâ

cud;a&

o SLTJ ^YS% ,xld

;õySâ cud;a&

o Oreia i,d*a

o Ore,a wOd¾

o ACTJ ^iuia;

,xld ;õySâ cud;a&

• cud;=,a uqia,sók

^nhshd;a&

• wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKa-

vdhu

• mhs¨jdka

• Ishd

• SHABAB• IIRO ^cd;Hka;r

bia,dóh iyk

ixúOdkh&

• IRO ^bia,dóh

m¾fhaIK

ixúOdkh&

• CIS ^bia,dóh

wOHhkh i|yd

jk uOHia:dkh&

• MFCD ^ixialD;sh yd

ixj¾Okh ms<sn|

uqia,sï moku&

2 ;õySâ fjí wvúfhys i|yka jk wkaoug

16


fuu ikaêia:dkfha §" wd.u úiska lKavdhï il%sh lsÍu fufyhjkafka flfiao

hkak wOHhkh lsÍug fmr" fuu m;%sldj ;=< ñka bÈßhg zjHdmdrhZ yd zlKavdhuZ

hk jpkj, Ndú;djkays fjki y÷kd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' kHdhd;aul rduqj

;=< olajk ,o wkaoug" Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dóh lKavdhï iudÔh jHdmdr fyda

wd.ñl jHdmdr ks¾udKh lrkafka o hkak újdohg ;=vq fohs' my; fldgi

;=< úia;rd;aulj ú.%y lrkq ,nkafka" Y%S ,xldfõ úúO bia,dóh lKavdhïj,

fm<Uùu iy l%shdldrlï jk w;r zjHdmdrhZ iy zlKavdhuZ hk fjkia j Ndú;

lrkq ,efí' úúO bia,dóh lKavdhïj, ^my; idlÉPd flfrk& fm<Uùfï

idOl ms<sn| j lrkq ,nk wOHhkhla u.ska fy<sorõ jkafka" bka iuyrla

zwd.ñl- iudÔh jHdmdrZ ^jHdmdr f,i i|yka jk& ks¾udKh lrk w;r"

wfklajd fufyhùfï n,fõ.hla f,i m%;sixialrKuh kHdh m;%hla fkdue;s

yqÿ lKavdhï jk nj h' wd.ñl-iudÔh jHdmdr hk fhÿu Ndú; lsÍug fya;=j

jkafka" iuyr bia,dóh lKavdhï m%cdj ;=< wdOHd;añl fjkila we;s lsÍu

i|yd l%shd;aul jk w;ru" Tjqkag foaYmd,k wdOdr lsÍï yryd ^fndfyda úg CIqø

;,fha& foaYmd,khg o n,mEï l< yels ùuhs' wfkla w;g" bia,dóh lKavdhï

hkq jrla jHdmdr f,i mej;s kuq;a" fï jk úg wjYHj ;snQ fjki w;am;a lr

.ekSu ksid mQ¾K jYfhka fm!oa.,sl m%cdjka f,i mej;Sug yelshdj we;s tajd

úh yelsh' tfy;a" fulS lKavdhï foaYmd,ksl wdOdrlrejka f,i n,mEï iys;

úh yels nj i|yka l, hq;=h'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï oDIaájdofha m%Odk Ñka;k .=re l=, folls' iq*sjdoh yd jydìjdoh

hs' hg;a úð; ld,h ;=< iq*s O¾uh uq,a;ek .;a w;r iq*s O¾uh m%.=K lsÍu m%pdrh

l< ;ßldjre iy ;lalshdjre m%Odk wd.ñl wdh;k fol úh Shukri 1986( Mohan 1987&' by;ska i|yka l< wkaoug" uqia,sïjreka bia,dï O¾uh u; mokï fjñka

ish wkkH;djh fjka fldg ±laùug wdrïN l< úg" zi;HZ uqia,sï wkkH;djh

ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd f.da,Sh Wïud ^wrdì f,dalh& iu. ;udj iïnkaO lr .ekSug

Tjqyq W;aidy ±rey' fuu.ska foaYShj m%.=K lrk ,o iq*sjdoh yd wrdì rgj,

m%.=K l< iïu; jydìjdoh iu. .egqï we;s ùug uÕ mEÿKq w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ

uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< wd.ñl fn§ï Tiafia wd;;Ska ks¾udKh úh' wïmdr" uvl,mqj

yd mq;a;,u lKavdhï m%OdkSka iu. mj;ajk ,o iïuqL idlÉPdj,ska fy<sorjq

jQfha" wd.u u; mokï jQ ú.,s;jdoh 1950 .Kkaj,§ bkaÈhdfõ yd mlsia;dkfha

n,mEfuka o" 1970 .Kkaj,§ uqia,sï Ydia;%hskag bkaÈhdj" mlsia;dkh yd wrdì

cd;Ska fj; .uka lsÍug yelshdj ,nd foñka wd¾Ólh újD; ùu;a iu. wrdì

f,dalfha n,mEfuka o ilia jQ njhs' ta jk f;lau yqfol,d m%cdjla f,i by<ska

mj;akd kdhl;ajhla rys;j ðj;a jQ Y%S ,dxlsl uqia,sïjrekag" iajlSh bia,dóh

17


Ndú;djka yd úYajdihka fou<$isxy, ixialD;sl Ndú;djka je<|f.k we;s nj

fukau ±ä bka§h iq*s n,mEu iys; nj o" f.da,Sh uqia,sïjreka yd wka;¾l%shd

lsÍu u.ska mila lr ÿkafkah' fuh" bia,duh msßisÿ lsÍug ueÈy;a jQ bia,dóh

m%fndaOhla flfrys uÕ mEÿ w;r cud;S bia,dï iy ;í,s.s cud;a úiska uQ,sl;ajh

.kakd ,§' mq;a;,fï nhshd;a lKavdhu jeks wfkl=;a zmsßisÿ lsÍfï lKavdhï"

bkaÈhdj yd mlsia;dkh jeks rgj,ska O¾uh wdkhkh l< w;r" jeiqKq mgq

m%cdjla ilia lr .;ay' fuf,i" McGilvray ksÍCIKh lrk wkaoug ^2011&" —

miq.sh oYlh ;siafia" foaYShj ckm%sh iq*s m%OdkSka iy f.da,Sh Wïud ys woyia yd

iïm;aj,ska fyda uqia,sï f,dal m%cdj fj;ska Yla;sh ,enq miñ;=reldÍ bia,dñh

m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdrj, wkq.dñlhska w;r ;shqKq wNHka;r .egqula mek

keÕS ;sfí'˜ ^ms'46&' fuys§ McGilvrayf.a zmiñ;=reldÍZ hk ;shqKq Ndú;djg fya;=

jkafka" uvl,mqfõ iOd¾ñl (orthodox) uqia,sï lKavdhula úiska l=vd iq*s msßila

^wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhu& m%pKavldÍj t,jd ±óuhs' flfiajqj;a" fuh Y%S ,xldfõ

ish¨ m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdr miñ;=reldÍ jkafkah hkak yÕjkafka ke; my;

fldgiaj, ú.%y flfrk wkaoug&'

Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dóh m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdr

Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dóh m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdr tlaflda ol=Kq wdishdfjka ^bkaÈhdj

yd mdlsia;dkh&" ke;akï ueo fmrÈ.ska mej; ths' 1950 .Kkaj, § Y%S ,xldjg

meñKs ms<sfj,ska mdlsia;dkh yd bkaÈhdj ;=< mokï jQ cudf;a bia,dï iy ;í,s.s

cud;a jQ l,S furfgys m%Odk m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdrhka fõ ^Nuhuman 2004&' fulS m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdr" fjkia yskaÿ wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl n,mEïj,ska

bia,dï oyu mú;% lr .ekSfï wruqK iys;j" bkaÈhdj ;=< Ydßhd kS;sh ia:dmkh

lrñka yd bia,dóh rdcH ks¾udKh lrñka bkaÈhdj yd mdlsia;dkh ;=< ish

lghq;= wdrïN lf<ah' we;af;kau" mdlsia;dkh bia,dóh rdcHhla f,i fjka

lsÍfuys ,d cudf;a bia,duS foaYmd,ksl N+ñldjla rÕ ±laùh ^Hansen 2000&' 1927 § bka§h Ydia;%hl= jk fudfyduâ b,ahdia lkao,dú úiska ;í,s.s cud;a wdrïN

lrk ,o w;r" tys uOHu ld¾hd,h kjÈ,a,sfhys msysgqjd ;sfí' uqia,sïjrekag ish

tÈfkod Ôú; bia,dóh uQ,O¾uj,g wkqj yev.iajd .kakd f,i b,a,Su i|yd

lemjqKq tys YdLdjka f,dj mqrd msysgd we; ^Gaborieau 2006¦ Klem 2011&'

flfiajqj;a" Y%S ,xld ;í,s.s cud;a yd cudf;a bia,dñ jHdmdr" bia,dóh rdcHhla

i|yd jk Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k oDIaájdoh hgm;a lrñka" ta fjkqjg bia,dóh

18


mßphka mú;% lsÍu flfrys muKla wjOdkh fhduq lrñka foaYSh ikao¾Nh flfrys

wkq.; ù we;' fuu ld¾hfha § fuu jHdmdr oaú;ajh iïm%odhsl iq*s lKavdhï

iu. fndfyda .egqïj,g uqyqK § ;sfí' tu jHdmdr w;r nrm;, oDIaájdod;aul

fjkialï mj;akd kuq;a" Tjqka miq.sh oYl lsysmh mqrdu uqia,sïjreka w;r wd.ñl

±kqj;anj" ckjd¾.sl iúdKsl;ajh yd ixialD;sl wêm;s u;jdoh j¾Okh

lsÍfuys,d jeo.;a N+ñldjla o rÕ olajd ;sfí ^Nuhuman 2004&'

flfiajqj;a" Y%S ,xldj ;=< ;õySâ cud;a jeks ijqÈh mokï lr.;a jHdmdr biau;=

ùu úiska .egqu" jydìjdoh ^;õySâ& tfrysj iq*sjdoh njg mßj¾;kh fldg

;sfí' ;õySâ cud;a jQ l,S wíÿ,a jydíf.a bia,dï foajO¾uh wkq.ukh lrk

ijqÈ wrdìh mokï lr.;a bia,dóh jHdmdrhls' fuu lKavdhu ;ì,s.s cud;a iy

cud;s bia,dñ hk tajdg jvd m%.;sYS,s jk w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka w;r

m%pKav;ajh yd .egqï we;s fldg ;sfí' ueo fmrÈ. /lshd l< ;reK uqia,sïjreka

;õySâ cud;a fj; fnfyúkau wdl¾YKh jk w;r ^McGilvray 2011&" Y%S ,xldj

;=< fndfyda Wm-jHdmdrj,g ì£ f.dia ;sfí' óg fya;= ñka miq fldgiaj,

úia;rd;aulj idlÉPd lrkq ,efí'

;í,s.s cud;a jQ l,S Èjhsk mqrd iïnkaO;d cd,hla iys; Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a fmf,a

mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrhla fõ' fuu wúysxidjd§ wd.ñl lKavdhug foaYmd,k kHdh

m;%hla fkdue;s w;r ^Crisis Group Report 2007&" tys uQ,sl wNsm%dh jkafka

hdd my i|yd uqia,sïjreka m,a,sh fj; /f.k tauhs' fuh uqia,sï ksfjiaj,

fodßka fodrg .uka lsÍu u.ska isÿ lrkq ,efí' Tjqkaf.a wúysxidjdÈ m%fõYh"

trdjq¾ys iodï yqfiaka3 .ïudkfha ;í,s.s cud;a m%Odkshl= yd mj;ajk ,o iïuqL

idlÉPdjl § ;yjqre úh¦ —fndÿ n, fiakdj wmg myr ÿka úgl § mjd" wm igkg

fkdhk w;r" m,a,shg meñK i;=rkaf.ka ;udj wdrCId lr fokakehs w,a,dg

hdd lrk fuka ish¨ uqia,sïjrekaf.ka b,a,d isákafkuq˜ ^iïuqL idlÉPdj 12"

fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014 iema;eïn¾ 20&' ish wd.udkql+, nj mj;ajd .ekSu

i|yd ;í,s.s cud;ajre we÷u iïnkaOj o b;d iïm%odhsl fj;s' msßñ iqÿ cqíndj"

iqÿ f;dmamsh fyda iuyr úg iqÿ cgdj me<| /jq, o jj;s' ldka;djka ish uqyqKq

wdjrKh fldg" YÍr yevh rys; l¨ .jqu we¢h hq;=h'

;í,s.s cud;ays l%shdldrlï m,a,sh ;=< mokï jk w;r" Tjqkaf.a uQ,ia:dkh

tys idudðlhska úiska y÷kajkq ,nkafka u¾ldia hkqfjks' Y%S ,xldfõ wfkl=;a

3 uvl,mqfõ trdjq¾ys msysgd we;s fuu .ïudkhg tu ku fhdod we;af;a 1978 l=Kdgqfjka miqj tu

.ïudkh f.dvkexùu i|yd brdlfhka ,o wruqo,aj,g lD;;d mQ¾jlj h'

19


mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrhka fuka ;í,s.s cud;a yg fjku m,a,shla fkdue;s w;r"

Tjqkaj ms<s.kq ,nk ´kEu m,a,shla ;=< wd.ñl l%shdldrlïj, ksr; fjhs'

;í,s.s cud;a ys ksfhdað;hl= mejiQ wkaoug" ;udg we;=¿ ùug fkdfok m,a,s

^úfYaIfhkau ;õySâ cud;a m,a,s& fj; Tjqka we;=¿ fkdfj;s' ;í,s.sjre ^fmdÿfõ

Tjqkaj y÷kajk mßÈ&" uqia,sïjreka m,a,sj,g f.k tafï wruqK we;sj" ish .ïj,ska

neyer m,a,sj, ;=ka-Èk" y;<sia-Èk yd isõ-uia foaYkd jevigykaj,g o iïnkaO

fj;s' Tjqkag fjku ldka;d wxYhla o we;s w;r" uqia,sï ldka;djka i|yd fjku

wd.ñl jevigyka mj;ajkq ,nhs' ;í,s.s cud;a jirlg jrla mj;ajkq ,nk

cd;sl iuq¿j bð;sud kï fjhs' ;í,s.s cud;a jQ l,S" wúysxidjd§ m%fõYhla wkq.

ukh lrk ydkslr fkdjk m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdrhla nj iïuqL idlÉPd

;=<ska fy<sorjq úh' ;í,s.s cud;a úiska NIDA moku kï jQ iudc fiajd wxYhla

o mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk w;r" tys uQ,sl wruqK w¨;ska uqia,sï wd.u je<|.;a

;eke;a;kag Woõ lsÍu jqj;a" uqia,sï fkdjkakka wd.ug yrjd .ekSfï wruqKla

Tjqkg ke;'

cudf;a bia,dñ jkdys" m%Odk jYfhkau W.;a" uOHu mdx;sl uqia,sïjreka

b,lal lr .;a ;j;a m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdrhls ^McGilvray 2011&' fuys m%Odk

ls%hdldrlu jkafka w,a yikd;a kï jQ bia,dóh Ydia;%sh iÕrdjla fou< niska

m%ldYkh lsÍu jk w;r" th Y%S ,xldfõ W.;a uqia,sïjreka w;r ckm%sh tlls'

tfukau th m%fndaOh iy tka.,a foaiï ^wfma cd;sh& jeks" ms<sfj,ska isxy, yd

fou< udisl yd jdr iÕrd o m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' fuu jHdmdrh ldka;djkag

yd msßñkag fjk fjku úfYaI wd.ñl mka;s o mj;ajk w;r" Èjhsk mqrd wdmod

iyk iy ild;a hful=f.a wdodhfuka mqKH lghq;= i|yd msßkuk fldgi& fnod

yeÍu jeks úúO iudc l%shdldrlï bgq lrk iudc fiajd wxYhla o we;'

;õySâ oDIaájdoh 1950 .Kkaj,§ ueo fmrÈ. isg Y%S ,xldjg meñK ;õySâ cud;a

f,i wdh;k.; jQ w;r" ±ka th Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a fmf,a bia,dóh mqk¾Ôjk

jHdmdrhls' kqyqudkag wkqj ^2004&" ;õySâ cud;a 1947 § wíÿ,a yóâ w,a nlaß

úiska mr.yfoksfha § cïñh;= wkaidß iqkak;=,a uqyïuÈhd (JASM) kñka wdrïN

úh' fuh ;õySâ cud;a wdh;kj, uq,a fmf<a iy m%Odku wxYh fõ' fuh wrdì

úoHd,h f,i lghq;= lrk w;r" i,d*sjreka f,i y÷kajk uqia,sï Ydia;%hska

^ujq,újre& ìys lrhs' flfiajqj;a" 1970 ueo iy w. Nd.fha isg th" fn§ïj,g

fya;= jQ ishqï lreKq jgyd .ekSug wiSre ;rï lKavdhï .Kkdjlg fn§ f.dia

we;' ;õySâ oDIaájdoh m%pdrh lsÍfuys fhfok lKavdhï tlaflda cïñh;=Ia Indí

^ihs,dka uqia,sï ;reK tluq;=j& yd cd;Hka;r bia,dóh iyk ixúOdkh jeks

20


iudc fiajd ixúOdk f,i o" ke;fyd;a oyajd ^foaYkd lsÍfï& ixúOdk f,i o

fmkS isáh yelsh' fuu oyajd lKavdhï úúO kïj,ska wdh;k.; ù ;sfí¦ Oreia

i,d*a hkq foysj, mokï lr.;a ;õySâ cud;a lKavdhuhs' tfukau" ldka;kal=ä

iy uvl,mqj mokï lr.;a Ore,a wOd¾ iy cd;sl ;õySâ cud;a jeks ;õySâ

cud;a jHdmdr o we;' iuia; ,xld ;õySâ cud;a jQ l,S fld<U" fougf.dv isg

l%shd;aul jk ;j;a lKavdhuls' 2005 § fuys idudðlhska lsysm fofkla tu

lKavdhfuka fjkaj Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;a hkqfjka kj lKavdhula msysgqjd

.;ay' ;j;a fndfyda úêu;a ^wdh;k.;& iy wúêu;a Wm-jHdmdr mj;sk kuq;a"

tajdg m%fõY ùu wiSre h'

ldka;kal=ä mokïj l%shd;aul jk cd;sl ;õySâ cud;a (NTJ)4

tu m%foaYfha jeäu l%shdldÍ;ajhla iys; ;õySâ cud;a jHdmdrh fõ' Tjqkaf.a

uQ,sl wNsm%dh jkafka" Y%S ,xldfõ ;j;a újdoiïmkak bia,dóh iq*s lKavdhula

jk wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhug tfrysj foaYkd meje;aùuhs' cd;sl ;õySâ cud;a wíÿ¾

rjq*a lKavdhfï Ndú;djka yd b.ekaùï m%isoaO fõÈldjkays úfõpkh lrñka"

m%isoaO újdo fufyhjñka yd wmydid;aul ãùã ;eá fnod yßñka" Tjqkag tfrysj

úreoaOjd§ m%ydr Èh;a lr ;sfí' 2000 § yd 2006 § Tjqka jHdmdrhla f,i il%sh

ù fkd;snqKq kuq;a" wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhfï idudðlhska ldka;kal=â fj;ska

m%pKavldß f,i m<jd yeßu iïnkaOj cd;sl ;õySâ cud;a j.lsj hq;= hhs

i,lkq ,efí'

Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;a (SLTJ) jQ l,S" ;õySâ jHdmdr w;ßka jvd;au y~ kÕk

lKavdhu jk w;r" uE;ld,Sk jirj,§ újdod;aul m%isoaO m%ldY .Kkdjla lr

we;' fuys idudðlhska fmd,sia úu¾Yk i|yd o /f.k f.dia ;sfí¦ Tjqka fndÿ

n, fiakd ixúOdkhg tfrysj kvq .Kkdjla f.dkq lr we;s w;r" m%ldY o ksl=;a

fldg ;sfí' wfkl=;a ;õySâ cud;a bia,dóh ixúOdk" fndÿ n, fiakdjg úreoaOj

fudjqka úiska lrkq ,nk fkdbjis,su;a m%isoaO m%ldY yd l%shdldrlï úfõpkh

lrk w;r" fn!oaO wka;jd§ yd uqia,sï m%cdj w;r wd;;Ska we;s lsÍu ms<sn| j o

fodia mjr;s'

4 m%foaYfha ksfhdað;hska iïnkaO lr .ekSug m¾fhaIlhska lsysm jrla W;aidy l< o Tjqka iu.

iïuqL idlÉPdjla ,nd .; fkdyels jQ fyhska Tjqka ms<sn| j jk úpdrhka ldka;kal=ä ys wfkl=;a

uqia,sï lKavdhïj, woyia$ oDIaàka u; mokï fõ'

21


Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;a yg ;ñ,akdvq ;õySâ cud;a (TNTJ) iu. Yla;su;a in|;d

mj;sk w;r" foajOd¾ñl lreKq iïnkaOfhka Tjqyq tys kdhlhd jk" bia,dóh

Ydia;% mS' fÊ' chskq,díÈkaf.a yd Tyqf.a wêldÍ;ajh wkq.ukh lr;s' Y%S ,xld

;õySâ cud;a i;=j Èjhsk mqrd YdLd 63la mj;sk w;r" ´kEu wkaoul ðydâ

jHdmdrhlg Tjqyq úreoaO fj;s' tys f,alï riSla uy;dg wkqj" —wmg wmf.a ´kEu

b,lalhla m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdj,sh ;=<ska ch.; yelsh˜ ^iïuqL idlÉPdj 13"

fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2015 fmnrjdß 9&' Tjqka wd.ñl fmd;a yd iÕrd o m<

lrk w;r" msßñka iy ldka;djka i|yd fjk fjku wd.ñl mx;s o mj;ajkq

,efí'

by;ska idlÉPd lrk ,o ish¨ jHdmdr ^;í,s.s cud;a iy cud;s bia,dï yer&

jydìjdÈ lKavdhï jk w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dï oyu mú;% lsÍu i|yd ueÈy;aj

isá;s' Tjqka iq¿ foajOd¾ñl .eg¿ u; fn§ isák kuq;a ^óg fya;= miqj idlÉPd

lrkq ,efí&" uqia,sïjreka ms<smeÈh hq;af;a l=rdkh iy fudfydïuoaa;=udf.a

b.ekaùu muKlah hk úYajdihg Tjqyq ish,af,dau tlÕ fj;s' Tjqkag wkqj"

wfkl=;a ish¨ iq*s iy Ishd lKavdhï uqia,sï fkdfõ'

Ishdjreka uqia,sï f,i fkdi,lkq ,nk fyhska" zIshdZ hk jpkh Y%S ,xldfõ

uqia,sï m%cdj w;r RKd;aul yeÕsu biau;= lrjhs' tfy;a" Ishdjreka ;ud uqia,sï

f,i i,lk fyhska" fuu m;%sldjg Tjqka o we;=<;a fjhs' Y%S ,xldfõ Ishdjreka

l=vd m%udKhla isák w;r" uvl,mqfõ TÜgudjä ys b;d l=vd m%cdjla Ôj;a fjhs'

msgux lrkq we;ehs hk ìh ksid" fuu lKavdhu ;udgu iSud ù isák w;r"

m%cdfjys wfk;a uqia,sïjrekag ish wkkH;djh fy<sorjq lsÍug ìh fj;s' Tjqkag

;udf.au m,a,shla iy mdi,la we;s w;r" ish oDIaájdoh ms<sn| ,smsf,aLk m%ldYhg

m;a lrñka uQ,slju fm!oa.,sl foajOd¾ñl újdoj, ueÈy;aj lghq;= lr;s' fld<U

o Ishdjreka jk l=vd jHdmdßl m%cdjla isák w;r" Tjqka fuu m¾fhaIK m;%sldj

;=<g we;=<;a fkdflf¾'

iq*sjreka jQ l,S" Y%S ,xldfõ iïm%odhsl uqia,sïjreka jk w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï

wkkH;dj uq,anei f.k we;af;a iq*sjdoh iy iOd¾ñl bia,duh ;=< h ^de Munck 1998&' Y%S ,xldfõ iq*sjdoh" ;ßldjre iy ;lalshdjre f,i y÷kajk wkq.

dñlhskaf.ka iukaú; uQ,sl Ydikhka follska- ;ßld iy ;lalshd- iukaú; h' Y%S

,xldfõ úúO iq*s Ydikhka ms<sn| j jk wOHhkh fjku u tlla jk w;r" fuu

m;%sldj Bg jEhï fkdlrhs' ta fjkqjg" iq*sjdoh ms<sn| fuys m%fõYh jkafka" kj

bia,dóh m%;sfYdaOkjd§ lKavdhïj, l%shdldrlï ;d¾lsl lsÍfï uQ,dY%hla f,i

22


muKs' fuys ydiHckl ;;a;ajh kï" hg;a úÔ; iuh ;=<" ^j;auka m%;sfYdaOkjd§

lKavdhï lrkakdla fuka& iq*sjreka uqia,sï m%cdfõ wvqjla y÷kd.;a w;r" bia,dï

uQ,O¾u ms<sn| j Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdjg b.ekaùfuys iy nqoaêu;a uqia,sï

m%cdjla ia:dmkh lsÍfuys,d jeo.;a N+ñldjla rÕ ±laùuhs ^Shukri 1986&' wo mjd"

;ßldjre iy ;lalshdjre Y%S ,xldfõ iq*s iïm%odh yd ixialD;sh wdrCId lrñka

isák w;r" Tjqkaf.a n,mEu úfYaIfhkau fírej," .d,a," ud;r iy l,auqfKa

jeks fjr<nv m%foaYj, Yla;su;a h ^de Munk 1998&'

iq*sjreka iy kj m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdrj, tÈßjd§lu i|yd jk m%Odk

idOlh foajia:dk iy Ydka;=jr jkaokdjhs' Y%s ,xldfõ m%p,s; foajia:dk jkafka

n,xf.dv o*a;d¾ ch,dks" f.dvmsáfha *lS¾ uqyshoa§ka iy l,auqfKa fjr< m,a,sh

^lo;alrhsm,a,s& hkdÈh hs McGilvray 2004&' óg wu;rj" iOd¾ñl bia,dï oyfuys

fldgila fkdjk" yskaÿ ixialD;sfhka Wmqgd .;a lkaÿß ^ux.,Hhka ieuÍu&"

fldäfha;%ï ^m,a,sfha fldäh tiùu& iy ujq,soa ieuÍï ^fudyïuoa;=udf.a .=K

jekSu i|yd .S; .dhkh& jeks iq*s mßphka o ^McGilvray 2004¦ Munk 1998&

wdrjq,g fya;= ù we;'

kj m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdr nyq, jYfhka ìysjkakd yd fiau ^kuq;a jvd;a

fifuka yd wvq jYfhka& úfYaIfhkau wêl ck.ykhla iys; iudk ,CIKj,ska

hq;a m%foaYhla jk ldka;kal=ä ys iq*s lKavdhï o fnda úh' we;af;kau" tu

l=vd jmißh ;=< ish¨ bia,dóh lKavdhï yd jHdmdr ksfhdackh nj o" iuyr

bia,dóh lKavdhï ldka;kal=ä ìfuys ckauh ,nd we;s nj o lshkq ,efí' óg

fyd|u ksoiqk wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhuhs' wíÿ¾ rjq*a hkq" ks, jYfhka iuia; ,xld

foajOd¾ñl iNdj f,i ye¢kajqj;a" fmdÿfõ wíÿ,a rjq*a lKavdhu f,i y÷kajk

,o kj bia,dóh lKavdhu 1979 § ìys lsÍug uQ,sl jQbia,dóh Ydia;%fhla yd

m%;dmj;a lÓlfhls' fuu lKavdhug ldka;kal=ä ys fjku m,a,shla we;s w;r"

tys ish¨ wkq.dñlfhda m,a,sh jgd m%foaYfha Ôj;a fj;s' wíÿ¾ rjq*a ujq,újrhd

foúhl= f,i ie,l=ï ,nk w;r" Tyqf.a PhdrEmh ish ksfjiaj, m%o¾Ykh lrk

wkq.dñlhska úiska jmamd ^mshd& f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' tla ksfhdað;hl=g wkqj

wkq.dñlhska 30"000la muK ^iïuqL idlÉPdj 5" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014

iema;eïn¾ 19& isák kuq;a" wmf.a fidhd .ekSu wkqj tu ixLHdj Bg jvd fndfyda

wvq h' wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhu ldka;kal=äys újdod;aul lKavdhula jk w;r" th

ìys jQ jif¾§u iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud úiska tu lKavdhu yd Tjqkaf.a

oDIaájdoh uqia,sï fkdjk nj kï lrk ,§' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" 2004 § iy

2006 § fuu lKavdhug wfkl=;a uqia,sï lKavdhïj, m%pKav;ajhg uqyqK §ug

23


isÿ jQ w;r" Tjqyq lDDr f,i .fuka mkakd oukq ,enQy' flfiajqj;a" ish hym;a

foaYmd,k iïnkaO;d fukau jmamd ;SrKh lrk mqoa.,hdg ish¨ wkq.dñlhska

Pkaoh fokq we;ehs hk iy;slh ksid wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhu ish meje;au ;yjqre

lrf.k ;sfí' fuh iy wfkl=;a bia,dóh lKavdhï w;r mj;sk uQ,slu .egqu

jkafka" Tjqka foajia:dk iy fidfydka fld;a jkaokd lsÍu iy ish,a, ;=<uː .,a

l=¿K mjd w,a,d fmkS isák njg yd ukqIHhl=g mjd w,a,d ^foúhka& úh yelsh

hk Tjqkaf.a úYajdih hs'

nhshd;a f,i o y÷kajkq ,nk cud;=,a uqia,sóka jQ l,S Y%S ,xldfõ ;j;a kj iq*s

lKavdhuls' nhshd;a wkq.dñlhskaf.ka nyq;rh jdih lrkafka fuu oDIaájdoh

ckauh ,;a mq;a;,fï" t;a;,dhs ys h' fuu lKavdhug wkqj mqoa.,hl= Wm;skau

uqia,sï fkdjk w;r" uqia,sïjrhl= ùu i|yd budï ^m;a l< kdhlhd& bÈßfha

Èjqreï Èh hq;=h' 1970 .Kkaj, uq,afmf<a ;õySâ lÓlhl= jQ Wud¾ w,s" nhshd;a

lKavdhfï kdhlhd fõ' zi;HZ bia,dï oyu fiùfï wruqKska mlsia;dkhg f.dia

tafuka miqj" 1976 § Tyq fuu lKavdhu msysgqjd .;af;ah' nhshd;a wkq.dñlhska

Wud¾ w,s bÈßfha Èjqreï § we;s w;r" zi;HZ uqia,sïjreka ;uka nj;a" wfkla

ish¨ bia,dóh lKavdhï Èjqreï § fkdue;s ksid uqia,sï fkdjkakka nj;a Tjqyq

úYajdi lr;s' fuu lKavdhfuys ;j;a iqúfYaIS ,CIKhla kï" Tjqka ye÷kqïm;a

fyda .uka n,m;% ,shdmÈxÑ fkdlsÍu jeks iuyr iïm%odhsl mßphka wkq.ukh

lsÍuhs' tla;rd ld,hl§ Tjqka .fvd,ska ksjdi bÈ fkdl< w;r" ish iDIsjrhdf.a

ld,h ;=< wrdì uq;=ka ñ;a;ka fuka l=vd l+vdrï ;=< Ôj;a jQy' flfiajqj;a" wo

Tjqka ish idudkH Ôú;hg h<s t<U we;s kuq;a" ldka;djkag wOHdmkh ,eîug

wjir fkdfok w;r" ish uqyqKq wdjrKh lsÍug n, lrkq ,efí' fuu lKavdhu

wfkl=;a uqia,sï lKavdhï iu. iïnkaO;d m;ajk kuq;a Tjqka yd újdy fkdfõ'

uqia,sïjreka w;r uq¿ukskau ish wd.fuys uQ,drïNhka mú;% lsÍug yd y÷kd

.ekSug mj;akd uqia,sï wfmaCIdjka fya;=fjka we;s jQ iq*s ^iïm%odhsl&-jydì

^m%;sfYdaOkjd§& ;sria fn§ug ^wka;¾-jHdmdr& wu;rj" m%;sfYdaOkjd§ jHdmdr

w;r ^jHdmdr we;=<;& .fõIKh lsÍug WÑ; isria fn§ula o mj;sk nj by;

f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,sj wkdjrKh fõ' ;õySâ oDIaájdohg ,eÈ jHdmdr w;r

fNaohla jgyd .ekSu i|yd fuh úfYaIfhkau wjYH fõ' Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;ays

ksfhdað;hl= m%ldY lf<a úúO ;õySâ lKavdhï w;r mj;akd j;auka újdoh

iQkshï ^jYS& ms<sn| .eg¿j njhs¦ hul= tys n,h úYajdi l< hq;=o keoao hkakhs'

Tyqg wkqj" jYS lr .ekSfï n,h fndre hhs Tmamq lr fmkaùfï wruqKska Nla;su;a

uqia,sïjreka jYSlrejkag ydks lrk njg wNsfhda. lrkq ,nk ol=Kq wdishdfõ

24


m%isoaO iNdj, tn÷ újdo isÿ fõ' jYS lr .ekSfï n,h ms<sn| j úYajdi lrk

;õySâjreka" th úYajdi fkdlrk ;õySâjreka úiska ziQkshd ;õySâZ hkqfjka

neyer lsÍu iy fldka lsÍula f,i kï lrkq ,en ;sfí' fuf,i" fuh jHdmdrh

;=< fNaohla we;s lsÍug yd kj jHdmdrhla we;s lr .ekSug wkqn, fokq ,efí

îïuqL idlÉPdj 13" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2015 fmnrjdß 9&'

jHdmdrhka we;=<; fNaoùï yd .egqïj,g fya;= ms<sn| tla oDIaáhla úh yelafla

foajOd¾ñl tlÕ fkdùï nj ms<s.; yels w;r" wmf.a m¾fhaIKh ;=<ska yÕjkafka

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdj w;r lKavdhï-we;=<; wd;;Ska flfrys odhl jk

foaYmd,kh iy wd¾Ólh ^miqj idlÉPd flf¾& jeks fjk;a f,!lsl idOl o

mj;sk nj h'

uqia,sï m%cdj w;r wka;¾-jHdmdr .;slhkays iqúfYaIS iajrEmhla jkafka"

fld<U" .d,a," wïmdr" uvl,mqj yd mq;a;,u hk Èia;%slalj, lKavdhï ;=<

iy lKavdhïj,ska msg; iïnkaO;dj, ixlS¾K ;,hka h' uyd mßudK ;,fha

§" wlaùÞ ^bia,dï oyfï fÉ;kdkaú; Èjqreï& jeks uQ,sl bia,dóh uQ,O¾u u;

mokïj wNHka;ßl yd msgia;r lKavdhï ilia ùula olakg ,efí' fuys§

Ishdjreka jeks iïu;jd§ fkdjk lKavdhu iy wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhu" nhs¨jdka

iy wyuÈhd jeks iq*s lKavdhï" ;ud zienEZ uqia,sïjreka f,i y÷kajd .kakd

nyq;rhla jHdmdr úiska zuqia,sï fkdjkakkaZ fyda zwlaùÞ rys;Z wh f,i kï lrkq

,efí' fuu woyia wd.ñl kdhlhska yd Ydia;%hskaf.a isg <uqka o we;=¿ idudkH

jeishka olajd jk uqia,sï m%cdfõ ish¨ ;,hka yryd m%p,s; flf¾' ldka;kal=ä

ys m%isoaO iNdj, fuu ziïu;hgZ tlÕ fkdjk lKavdhï fldkalsÍu fyda

msgia;rhska njg m;a lsÍu m%isoaO iNdj, isÿ jkafka" m%;sixialrKjd§ lKavdhïj,

lÓlhska tlS lKavdhïj, Ndú;djka oreKq f,i kskaodjg yd wj;lafiarejg ,la

lsÍfuks' tfukau" th ksji ;=< fm!oa.,sl wjldYfha o isÿ jkafka" rEmjdysksh

jgd mjq,a talrdYS ù ^fuu m%isoaO újdoj,& iSã ;eá krUñka uqia,sï-fkdjk

lKavdhï iskydjg ,la lsÍfuks' uqia,sï m%cdj w;r mj;akd fuu uq,anei.;a

lKavdhï wNHka;r yd msgia;r iúdKsl;ajh" m%;sixialrKjd§ jHdmdr iy

iq*s lKavdhï w;r m%pKavldÍ .egqïj,g mjd uÕ mdod ;sfí' 2004 iy 2005 hk

fojir ;=<u" wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhfï idudðlhska" ;õySâ jHdmdrfha idudðlhska

úiska myr fokq ,en" ldka;kal=ä m%foaYfhka t,jd ouk ,§ îïuqL idlÉPdj

5" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014 iema;eïn¾ 19&' ;jÿrg;a" m,a,sj, whs;sh" nq¾od

ûjq,soa .dhkh& yd foajia:dk jkaokdj jeks iïm%odhsl pdß;% ms<sn| úfõpk"

rduidka Wf<, i|yd wv i| ne,Su" wjux.,H pdß;% fukau ffjÍ l;d wdoS f,i

m%pKav;ajhg fma%rlhla ù we;s" jd¾;d fkdjQ isÿùï .Kkdjla we;'

25


lKavdhï wNHka;r yd msgia;r iúdKsl;ajh ms<sn|j" úfYaIfhkau iq*s iy

jydì lKavdhï w;r .egqug iïnkaO ;j;a ,CIKhla jkafka wkkH;d rduq lr

.ekSfï mokuhs' iq*s lKavdhï ish wkkH;djh wdOHd;añl yd w;aN+; foa jgd

f.dvkxjd .kakd w;r" jydì jHdmdr f,!lsl iy fmd;am;aj, wvx.= oE jgd

flakaø.; fj;s' nhshd;a iy wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhï jeks m%Odk Odrdfõ fkdjk

iq*s lKavdhïj, iqúfYaIS ,CIKhla kï" bia,dï O¾uh ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a Ndú;dj

fufyhjk" woaN+; .fõIK yd isysk ms<sn| l;dka;rj,ska úYajikSh wd.ñl

lKavdhula f,i Tjqkaf.a wkkH;djhg iqcd; nj ysñùuhs' fuu lKavdhï

foflysu ksfhdað;fhda ish kdhlhska zi;HZ bia,dï oyu fiùu i|yd úfoaY.;j

isá nj m%ldY l<y' nhshd;a lKavdhu iïnkaOfhka .;a úg Tjqkag mlsia:dkfha

nia kej;=ïm<l fmdaiagrhla ;=<ska ÈjHuh fy<sorõj isÿ jQ w;r" wíÿ¾ rjq*a

lKavdhug th lKavdhfï kdhlhdg fudfydïuoa;=ud isysfkka lrk ,o

wduka;%Khla u.ska ;yjqre úh iïuqL idlÉPdj 5" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014

iema;eïn¾ 19&' idfmaCIj kQ.;a iy iudÔhj yqfol<d jQ t;a;,dhs ys ^mq;a;,u&

mqoa.,hska lKavdhulf.a mßl,amkhka fuu l;dka;rj,g .%yKh úh yels w;r"

W.;a wíÿ¾ rjq*a lKavdhï kdhlhska fulS l;dka;r wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k jdis

i|yd mdúÉÑ lrk nj meyeÈ,s h' tfyhska' wfkl=;a iq*s iy jydì lKavdhï

úiska fuu lKavdhï uqia,sï f,i i,lkq fkd,efí'

fuf,i" uyd mßudK ;,fha § uqia,sïjreka w;r .egqu wlaùÞ u; mokï jk

w;r" CIqø ;,fha § fndfyda fldgia ^wlaùÞ ;=< ms<s.kq ,nk& w;r mj;akd .egqu

mokï jkafka jvd fyd| uqia,sïjrhd jkafka ljqreka o hkak yd ienE iqkak;a

j,a cud;a ^fudyïuoa;=udf.a wkq.dñlhska& jkafka ljqreka o hkak ms<sn| j h'

ish¨ lKavdhï yd jHdmdr" ;uka ienE uqia,sï fukau iqkak;a j,a cud;a jk nj

i,lk w;r" bia,dï oyu jerÈ f,i w¾:ksrEmKh lrk njg wjOdrKh lrñka

yd ueo fmrÈ. we;=¿ wfkla rgj,a iu. msgia;r iïnkaO;d mj;ajk njg

fpdaokd lrñka" uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< m%Yak we;s lrk njg tlsfkldg fodia kÕd

.ks;s' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i tla tla lKavdhu i|yd ;udf.au m,a,shla we;s w;r"

tu m,a,sj, fyda wd.ñl uOHia:dkj, ;udf.au oDIaájdoh iy mKsjqvh uqia,sï

m%cdjg ,nd Èh yels cqïud nhdka isl=rdod foaYdkdj& fjku meje;aùu isÿ fõ' óg

wu;rj" fuu wOHhkh ;=< idlÉPd fkdjqK o&" fuu m;%sldj ;=< idlÉPd lrkq

,nk iEu jHdmdrhlgu iy lKavdhulg Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, YdLd fukau

f.da,Sh iïnkaO;d o mj;sk nj i|yka l< hq;=h'

26


úfõpkh t,a, jk m%Odk;u jHdmdrh jkqfha ;õySâ cud;a h' yeÕSï wjqiaik

y~lska foaYkd meje;aùfuka uqia,sïjreka w;r miñ;=re;djka ks¾udKh lsÍu

ms<sn| j" fndfyda lKavdhï yd m,a,s iNd ;õySâ cud;ays l%shdldrlï úfõpkh

lr;s' ;õySâ cud;a jHdmdr ^úfYaIfhkau cd;sl ;õySâ cud;a iy Y%S ,xld ;õySâ

cud;a& uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< blauka fjkila n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r" Tjqkag tfia

lsÍug we;s yÈish úiska" m%isoaêfha iel iys; m%ldY isÿ lsÍug fukau .re nqyquka

,nk iq*s isoaOia:dkj, úkdY lsÍug o ;=vq § ;sfí' ;õySâ cud;a úiska fmd<Ujkq

,en" iïm%odhsl iq*s lKavdhï ^;ßldjre iy ;lalshdjre& úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk

m%pKavldÍ .egqï wjia:djkag fuh ;=vq § ;sfí' jvd;au lDDr isÿùu jQfha 2008"

fírej,§ fofofkl=f.a Ôú; Wÿrd .ksñka ;õySâ m,a,shla jQ uiaðÿ¾ ryaudka

mq¿iaid ±óuhs' 2014 §" meh folla ;siafia udoïmsáh ;õySâ uOHia:dkh fj; .,a

m%ydr t,a, lrk ,o lKavdhï fol w;r úYd, u;fNaohla isÿ jQ" cudf;a bia,dñ

iu. mej;s udoïmsáh m,a,sfha isÿùu o Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;ays ksfhdað;fhla

isysm;a lf<ah' ^iïuqL idlÉPd 13" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2015 fmnrjdß 9&

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka ms<sn| kQ;k b;sydifha ;SrKd;aul fudfyd;la f,i

fírej, isÿùu i,lkq ,nk w;r" wNHka;ßl u;fNao ms<sn|j zm%cdj wjÈ l<Z

fudfyd;la f,i i|yka lrkq ,efí' iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud ys m%ldYlhl=

i|yka lf<a ^iïuqL idlÉPdj 14" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2015" ud¾;= 11& hul=

uqia,sïjreka foi ne,sh hq;aaf;a Tjqka úúO;ajh iqrlsñka Y%S ,xldfõ úúO uqia,sï

lKavdhï yd jHdmdr tluq;= lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu wdrïN l< mQ¾j-fírej, iy

mYapd;a- fírej, wjê f,i njh' flfiajqj;a" /äl,a uqia,sï jHdmdrj, wiSre;u

lKavdhu f,i ie,flk Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;a ish ÿla.ekú,a, m%ldY lf<a"

Tjqka iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud ys ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh ;=< ksfhdackh

fkdjk nj mjiñks' lKavdhï folgu tlsfkldg tfrys ÿla .ekú,s mj;sk

w;r" jdia;úl f,i i,lk úg tajd hqla;s iy.; h' Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;ays r¿"

Woafõ.ldÍ iajNdjh iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud m%;sfCIam lrk w;r" iuia;

,xld cñh;=,a W,ud u.ska ish¨ uqia,sïjreka ksfhdackh fkdjk njg Y%S ,xld

;õySâ cud;a m%ldY lrhs' taldnoaO;dj f.dvkeÕSu i|yd fuu lKavdhï w;r

jvd;a ixjdo yd tlÕ;d we;s ùfï wjYH;djhla mj;S'

27


lKavdhïjdofha foaYmd,kh

CIqø yd uyd mßudK hk ;,hka foflys§ u" uqia,sïjreka w;r jd¾.sl-wd.ñl fNao

u; mCIj,g fn§ hdu i|yd" Y%S ,dxlSh foaYmd,kh ;=< mj;sk uqia,sï foaYmd,k

wkkH;djh yd ia:djrh o odhl fjhs' úfYaIfhkau" uvl,mqj Èia;%slalfha wíÿ¾

rjq*a jeks iq*s lKavdhï" wfkla w;g wLKav Pkaoodhl mokula wdrCId lr

.kakd uqia,sï foaYmd,lhskaf.a wkq.%yh u; mj;S' óg fya;= jkafka" ish §¾>

b;sydih" úYd, wkq.dól;ajh iy uqia,sï jHdmdßl m%N+kaf.a wkq.%dyl;ajh ksid

iq*s lKavdhïj,g cd;sl foaYmd,kh iu. jeä iïnkaO;d mej;Suhs' fld<U

uqia,sï foaYmd,kfha ±kg l%shdldÍj isák ±ä iq*s wkq.dñlhska jkafka" w,ú

ujq,dkd" widoa id,s" tï' t,a'ta' tï' ysianq,a,d iy ta' tÉ' tï' wiaj¾ hk whhs'

fï fya;=j ksid iq*s m%N+ka uqia,sï mßmd,k tallh - iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud

- iy tys ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh flfrys fndfyda n,mEï iy.; fj;s' iq*s iy

m%;sfYdaOkjd§ lKavdhï w;r úúO fya;= u; fndfyda u;fNao we;s ùug fuh

fya;= ù ;sfí' ksoiqkla f,i" uqia,sï jHdmdr iy lKavdhï w;r .egqï we;s ùug

m%Odk fya;=jla f,i rduidka Wf<f,a § kj i| ne,Sfï jeo.;a yd u;fNaod;aul

;SrKh ±laúh yelsh' i| ne,sh hq;= fõ,dj ms<sn| ;SrKfha § iq*s iy ;í,s.S

m%uqL iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud jeo.;a N+ñldjla rÕ olajhs' flfiajqj;a"

iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud ys ksfhdackh jk lKavdhï N=la;s ú¢k jrm%ido

ms<sn| j úfõpkd;aul yd foaYmd,kslj n, rys; ;õySâ lKavdhï" u,ayreia

i,dï ^Bðma;=fõ uqia,sï ifydaor;ajh yd wkqnoaê;& iy Ishdjre Tjqkaf.a ;SrKhg

úreoaO fj;s' wfkla w;g" ;í,s.s iy cudf;a bia,dó hk lKavdhï iuia; ,xld

cñh;=,a W,ud úfõpkh fkdlrk w;r" iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud iy Y%S

,xldj ms<sn| bia,dóh lreKq iïnkaOj ueoy;a ia:dkhla wkq.ukh lrhs'

foaYmd,ksl l,dmh ;=<" Èjhsk mqrd uqia,sïjrekaf.a jqukdjka imqrd,k by,ska

msysá foaYmd,k ksfhdað;hl= fkdue;s ùu" l,dmSh mCI fNaoj,g tla fya;=jla

úh yelsh' ;udg lsisÿ wkaoul foaYmd,k iïnkaO;d ke;ehs iuia; ,xld

cñh;=,a W,ud m%ldY lrk kuq;a" th uqia,sï jákdlï ms<sn|j wdo¾Yj;a ùug

Èß .kajñka uqia,sï foaYmd,lhska yd iïnkaO fjhs' uydpd¾h Whkaf.dvf.a

WmkHdih jkafka iïuqL idlÉPdj 16" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014 iema;eïn¾

20&" Y%S ,xld uqia,sï fldka.%ifha ysgmq kdhlhd iy ks¾ud;Djrhd jQ tï' tÉ' tï'

wIar*a >d;kh l< fudfydf;a uqia,sïjrekag ish foaYmd,k kdhlhd wysñ jQfhah

hkakhs' ish whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍfï iy flaj,a lsÍfï n,h h<s ,nd .ekSfï

wruqKska ;udf.au lKavdhï ilia lr .ekSu flfrys fuh n,mEfõh' ;õySâ

28


cud;a" cd;sl ;õySâ cud;a iy ;í,s.s cud;a jeks jHdmdr" ish Èia;%slalj, iudc

- wd¾Ól iy foaYmd,ksl iyfhda.s;d uOHia:dk f,i l%shdlrk wdldrfhka fuh

idCId;a fõ' óg fya;= kï fulS m%cdjkag foaYmd,k ksfhdað;;ajhla fkdue;s

ùu iy iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud i;=j foaYmd,k flafj,a lsÍfï n,hla

ke;ehs i,lkq ,eîuhs' iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud ys udOH m%ldYljrhd" Tjqkag

foaYmd,kh yd iïnkaO ùug wjYH fkdjkafka hhs lrk ,o m%ldYh ;=<ska

^iïuqL idlÉPdj 14" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2015 ud¾;= 11& fuh ;yjqre úh'

fun÷ iyfhda.s;d uOHia:dkj,g WodyrKhla kï TÜgudjä ys we;s lrk ,o

Y+rd ljqkais,hhs' Tjqkaf.au jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a zm%cd uQ, ixúOdkhlaZ jk fuh"

uqia,sï .ïudkh yd Bg hdno fou< .ïudkh w;r hym;a iïnkaO;d ;yjqre

lsÍug fukau" msßisÿ mdkSh c,h i|yd jk .eg¿ ms<sn| j lghq;= lsÍug W;aidy

orhs' kef.kysr m<df;a nyq;rhla Y+rd ljqkais,a yd m,a,s iNd fmkS isákafka

foaYmd,khska úiska b;sß lrk ,o ysvei msrùug jev lrk iudc fiajlhska

f,i h' rdcmlaI frÔfï fojk Nd.h ;=< uqia,sï foaYmd,khskag iy foaYmd,k

mCIj,g ksis f,i l%shd lsÍug fkdyels jQ ksid$wvmK lrkq ,enQ ksid" w¨;ska

ìys jQ cd;sl Y+rd ljqkais,h iy uqia,sï ljqkais,h fndÿn, fiakdj, fpdaokd yd

m%pKav;ajh jeks ndysr ;¾ckj,ska uqia,sï m%cdj wdrCId lsÍug;a" uqia,sï m%cdj

tluq;= lsÍug;a W;aidy orñka isà' cd;sl Y+rd ljqkais,h yd uqia,sï ljqkais,h

ìysùug ;j;a fya;=jla úh yelafla" iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud ixúOdkhg

fndÿn, fiakdfõ fpdaokdj,g tfrysj ;ksju keÕS isàug fkdyels ùu iy

Tjqkag uqia,sï iudcfhka o fndfyda úfõpk t,a, ùuhs' 2014 uqia,sïjrekag tfrys

w¨;a.u l,flda,dy,j,§ fulS wdh;k folu iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud iy

uqia,sï foaYmd,khskag jvd l%shdldÍ jQ w;r" m%pKav;ajh md,kh lsÍu i|yd

Wkkaÿjla olajk fndfyda lKavdhï iu. idlÉPd .Kkdjla meje;a jQy'

m%cdj ;=< n, wr.,hka we;s lrk" n,h i|yd jk leue;a; o" uqia,sï m%cdj

;=< we;s fuu lKavdhïjdohg háka mj;sk nj o i|yka l< hq;=h' tla w;lg"

kd.ßl m%N+kag tfrysj ^my<& uOHu mka;sl nqoaêu;=ka f,i fofnÿu o wfkla

w;g ish jeäuy¿ m%N+ kdhlhskag úreoaOj y~ keÕSug fyda mßmd,khg yd ;SrK

.ekSug ueÈy;a ùug wjldYhla jev lrk ;reKhskag fkd,eî hk" jhi ms<sn|

idOlh o mj;S' fuf,i" wd.ñl m%cdjla ;=< mj;akd n, wr.,h lKavdhïjdoh

fmd<Ujk ldrKhla fõ' ukao" zmshZ lKavdhfuka ì£ hñka ^fndfyda úg thgu

wdfõKsl wdldrfhka& iy ;udf.au lKavdhula ks¾udKh lr .ekSu u.ska ;reK

uqia,sïjre y~la w;am;a lr .ks;s' ^iïuqL idlÉPdj 8" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh"

2014 iema;eïn¾ 18&' óg meyeÈ,s ksoiqkla kï m%Odk jYfhkau my< uOHu

29


mx;sfha isg uOHu mx;sh f;la jk ;reK kdhlhska yd mßmd,lhskaf.ka iukaú;

;õySâ lKavdhï h'

lKavdhïjdofha wd¾Ólh

wd.u jQ l,S úYd, iudc wd¾Ólfhys wd¾Ól Wm moaO;shls' —j;auka yd úh yels

wkq.dñlhska ^b,aü& iys; fj<|fmd,la" fj<|fmd,g fiajh lsÍu i|yd n,d

isák wdh;k iuQyhla îemhqïlrejka& iy úúO ixúOdk úiska imhk wd.ñl

ixl,am yd Ndú;djka ^ksIamdok& hkdÈh wd.ñl wd¾Ólhkag we;=<;a fõ˜ ^Stark and Finke 2000" ms' 35&' ta wkqj" kj bia,dóh lKavdhï iy jHdmdrj, biau;=

ùu isÿ jkafka" wd.ñl ixl,am yd Ndú;djka i|yd jk b,aüg m%;spdrhla

f,i úh hq;=h' flfiajqj;a" isÿ lrk ,o iïuqL idlÉPd ;=<ska fy<sorjQ jkafka"

bia,dóh lKavdhï by, hdug odhl jkafka wd.ñl ixl,am yd Ndú;djka i|yd

jk b,aüg jvd fN!;sl ,dNh i|yd jk b,aü flfrys fmd<Ujk Y%S ,xldjg

,efnk wêl wruqo,a iemhqu jk njhs'

l=rdkh iy yÈia ;=< mß;Hd.YS,S;ajh .eí jk w;r" uqia,sï ;eke;a;ka yd

ixúOdk mqKH l%shdldrlï i|yd ueÈy;a ùug Èß .kajkq ,efí' fuf,i" Y%S

,dxlsl uqia,sïjreka È<s÷ ifydaor;ajh f,i i,lk ijqÈ iy ueo fmrÈ. mß;Hd.

YS,Syq" ish m%cdfõ hym; i|yd uqo,a mß;Hd. lr;s' ish Ôú; ld,h ;=< m,a,shla

f.dvkexùu mqKH l%shdjla f,i úYajdi lrk uqia,sïjre fuu wruqK i|yd

wruqo,a mß;Hd. lr;s' jydìjdoh m%p,s; lsÍu i|yd uqo,a mß;Hd. lrk fi!È

mß;Hd.YS,Ska i;=gq lsÍfï yqÿ wruqKska" jydì oDIaájdoh m%p,s; lrk jHdc

fya;= fmkajñka m,a,s bÈ lrk uqia,sïjreka úiska fuu mß;Hd.YS,S ixialD;sh

whq;= f,i Ndú; lrkq ,efí îïuqL idlÉPdj 8" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014

iema;eïn¾ 18&' tfyhska" kj lKavdhï iy m,a,s ìys ùug fya;= jkafka b,a¨fuys

by< hdug jvd" nyqúO iemhqï ;sîuhs' tfyhska —lKavdhula m<uqj ìys jkafka

m,a,shla bÈ lSÍfuka jk w;r" ukao tu.ska tlS lKavdhug wdOdr ,nd .ekSug

Woõ jk fyhsks˜ ^by;&'

wkd.ñl ^tkï" úfYaIs; lKavdhula yd iïnkaO fkdjk njg mjik wh& iy

iïm%odhsl uqia,sïjre by; mßphka ms<sn| j ±ä úfõpkd;aul fj;s' —m,a,s újD;

lrkafka is,a,r lv" ld¾hd, f,ihs˜ iïuqL idlÉPdj 8" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh"

2014 iema;eïn¾ 18&' Ishd ksfhdað;hl=g wkqj" —fï Èkj, bia,dï wd.u úl=Kkq

30


,nhs- th jHdmdrhls' wms thg úreoaO fjuq˜ îïuqL idlÉPdj 2" fm!oa.,sl

ikaksfõokh" 2014 iema;eïn¾ 20&' Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;ays ksfhdað;hl= m%ldY

l< wkaoug" —m,a,s úYd, jk ;rug ,dNh by< hhs˜ îïuqL idlÉPdj 13"

fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2015 fmnrjdß 09&' fuu.ska Y%S ,xldfõ by< hk m,a,s

ixLHdj fy<sorjQ jk w;ru" wdh;k.; fjñka mj;sk kj$Wm jHdmdrhkays

ieÕjqKq uQ,H wfmaCIdjka o fuu.ska fy<s lrhs' m%foaYh wkqj f.dvkexúh yels

m,a,s ixLHdj iSud flfrk rcfha fr.=,dis fkdue;s ùu u.ska o th Èß .kajkq

,efí' îïuqL idlÉPdj 14" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2015 ud¾;= 11&' tfyhska

uqia,sï lKavdhï fõ.fhka ìys ùu wd¾Ól oDIaáfldaKhlska ie,l= úg" uqia,sï

mqoa.,hskag wd¾Ólj m%;s,dN imhk OfkaIajr jHjidhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' th

fl;rï o h;a" iuyr lKavdhï ì£ hdu we;af;kau foajOd¾ñl .egqï u; isÿ

jkafka o hkak mjd m%YakldÍh'

úúO uqia,sï lKavdhï ms<sn| úia;rh yd 1 j.=j wkqj" ishü kj bia,dóh

lKavdhulg mdfya iudc fiajd lghq;= yd iïnkaO ifydaor ixúOdkhla mj;akd

nj whl=g jegyS hkq we;' úfoaY wruqo,a mej;Su o fuhg fya;=jla fõ' kej;;a"

<sx yd m,a,s bÈ lsÍu" >d;kh i|yd .jhska mß;Hd. lsÍu yd mdi,aj,g wruqo,a

iemhSu jeks iudc fiajd l%shdldrlïj, fhfok" úfoaY wruqo,a ,nk rdcH

fkdjk ìys lr .kq ,nk iuyr lKavdhïj, wruqK jkafka z,dNhZ hs' tla

w;lg fuh Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdjg m%;s,dN ysñ jk w;r" wfkla w;g th

úfoaY odkm;shkaf.a zmß;Hd.YS,S;ajhZ iQrd lk ;eke;a;ka i|yd Ok W,am;ls'

fuf,i" wd.u hkq uQ,H$fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack i|yd wd.ñl fj<| jHdmdr

mokï lr .ekSfï ud¾.hla f,i Yla;su;a mqoa.,hska úiska ñ,§ .kakd fyda iqÿiq

hhs ie<flk fj<| NdKavhla o fõ'

lKavdhï jdofha w.ñl" foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól& .;slhka ms<sn| by; idlÉPdj

fmkajd fokafka Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dï wd.u ^fjk;a ´kEu wd.ñl wdh;khla

fuka&" nyqúO nj Èß .kajk rdcHfha md,khl fkdue;slu ksid ^wmf.a tla

m%;spdrlhl= i|yka lrk wkaoug& fj<|fmd, úiska fufyhjkq ,nk wd¾Ólhla

jk njhs' wd.ï wNHdka;r lKavdhï ixLHdfõ by< hdu" jd¾.sl-cd;sjd§" Okjd§"

foaYmd,ksl" wd.ñl iy ;ksmqoa., b,a¨fuys ixlS¾K;ajhg m%;spdr ±laùu i|yd

wd.ñl ^bia,dóh& fj<|fmd,l wjYH;djh ksid yg.;a tlla f,i is;Sh yelsh'

wfkla w;g" ;rÕldÍ;ajh úiska ;ks bia,dóh lKavdhï w;r by< uÜgfï

lemùula we;s lrjkq ,nk fyhska fuh hym;a ;;a;ajhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'

flfiajqj;a" iajdëk ;rÕldÍ lKavdhï fndfyda m%udKhla mej;Su .egqïj,g

fya;=jla úh yelsh ^Finke and Stark 2003&'

31


lKavdhïys wNHka;r ì£ïj, .uHhka

lKavdhïjdohg fya;= y÷kd .ekSfuka miqj" iuia;hla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï

m%cdjg tys n,mEu fln÷ o hkak idlÉPd lsÍu o jeo.;a h' foaYmd,k mCIj,

lKavdhïjdofha úúO uqyqKq yd .;slhka wOHhkh lrk Boucek 2009& m%ldY lrk

wkaoug" lKavdhïjdoh wdldr ;=kla .; yelsh - tkï" iyfhda.s;d" ;rÕldÍ iy

mßydks.; hkd§ wdldrhka h' wka;¾ mCI iyfhda.S;djh yd tlÕ;d f.dvkexùu

Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd mCIhla ;=< lKavdhï.; jHqyhla ks¾udKh lsÍu iduQysl

lKavdhïjdoh hs' ta yd ikaikaokh lsÍfï § ;rÕldÍ lKavdhïjdoh hkq" mCI

wNHka;r fkdtlÕ;djhla fya;=fjka" úreoaOjd§ lKavdhïj,g mCIhla fn§ hduhs'

fuu mCIhka l%uj;a lsÍu yd wëCIKh lsÍu fkdl<fyd;a" tajd wd;aud¾:ldó

iy iajdëk wkq.%dyl;ajhka i|yd ;rÕ jÈk mßydks.; lKavdhïjdoh f;la os.=

úh yels h' ^ms' 469-478&' fuh lKavdhïjdofha wdldrhka ms<sn| meyeÈ,s úiA;rhla

jk w;r" th Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka w;r mj;sk lKavdhïjdofha ixlS¾K

iajNdjh ú.%y lsÍug o odhl fjhs'

iïuqL idlÉPd ú.%y lsÍfï § fy<sorjq jkafka" uqia,sï m%cdj w;r mj;akd

lKavdhïjdoh úreoaOdNdiS f,i ;rÕldÍ ^by; úia;r lrk ,o& iy

iyfhda.s;djd§ hk wdldrhka folu .kakd njhs' tajdfha iyfhda.S;ajh wruqKq

iy.;j isÿ fkdjk kuq;a" Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ uqia,sïjrekag fmdÿ jQ iq¿;r ;;a;ajh

ksid isÿjkakls' úúO lKavdhïj, ksfhdað;hska ish¨ fokdu mdfya fuu iq¿;r

wkkH;djh ms<sn| m%n, woyi wjOdrKh lf<a" Y%S ,xldj ;=< ish n,rys; nj

úia;r lsÍug zwirKZ" zyqfol,dZ iy zj¾.jdoSZ hk jpk Ndú; lrñks'

—wms fï rfÜ iq¿;rh hs'''yqfol<d m%cdjls' wm foaYkd fkdlrkafka"

wmj fy<sorjq lsÍug wleue;s ksid h' wm iq¿;rh jk w;r" fï

rg whs;s jkafka fn!oaOhskaghs' wmg igkg w~ .eiqj o wms fkdhuq'

wms fndÿ n, fiakdjg bkaOk fkdimhkafkuq'˜ ^Ishd ksfhdað;fhla"

iïuqL idlÉPdj 2" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014 iema;eïn¾ 20&'

—wm Y%S ,xldfõ iq¿;r m%cdjls' wm iduh i|yd iyÔjkfhka Ôj;a úh

hq;= w;r" wka wh bjiSu yd ms<s.ekSu l< hq;=h˜ ^iNdj" trdjq¾" iïuqL

idlÉPdj 1" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014 iema;eïn¾ 20&'

32


—my<u iudc-wd¾Ól moku iys;j'''uqia,sïjreka iq¿;r m%cdjla fõ'

ol=fKa wmg ;rÕ lsÍug isÿ jkafka isxy,hska iu. h¦ W;=f¾ fou<

ck;dj iu. h' tfyhska iuyr wjia:dj,§ wm tla n,hla hgf;a o"

iuyr wjia:dj,§ n,hka folla hgf;a o isàug wmg isÿ fõ'˜ ^Y+rd

ljqkais,h" fld<U - iïuqL idlÉPdj 15" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh"

2015 ud¾;= 19&'

fmdÿ ;¾ckhlg tfrysj ;ud tluq;= jkafka hhs iïuqL idlÉPdjg ,la lrk

,o ish¨ uqia,sï ksfhdað;hska m%ldY lroa§" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdj ne| ;nk

ÿn, yqh jkdyS iq¿;r ;;a;ajh ork lKavdhula f,i Tjqkaf.a fuu wkkH;d

rduqjhs' flfiajqj;a" fn!oaOhska yd fou< ck;dj uqia,sïjrekaf.a tlu wd.ñl

fyda jd¾.sl zwfkldZ fkdjk nj fulS iq¿;r ixfõokdjka ;=<ska fkdyÕjk nj

i|yka l< hq;=h' we;af;kau" uqia,sïjreka jeämqru rdYs.;j isákafka fld;ek

o iy tfia isákafka o hkak wkqj uqia,sïjrekaf.a zwfkldZ fjkia fõ' fuf,i"

trdjq¾ moku m%ldY lrk wkaoug" —uqia,sïjreka m%Yak we;s lrkafka Tjqka iq¿;r

jk nÿ,a, iy uvl,mqj jeks wfkl=;a m%foaYj, fkdj ldka;kal=äys h'˜ ^iïuqL

idlÉPdj 1" fm!oa.,sl ikaksfõokh" 2014 iema;eïn¾ 20&' fjk;a jpkj,ska

lsjfyd;a" uyd mßudK ;,fha § tluq;= nj we;s lrñka isxy, yd fou< nyq;rh

úiska uqia,sï wkkH;djh wre;a .kajkq ,nk w;r" CIqø ;,fha § tysu úúO

lKavdhïj,g tfrysj .egqïj, yd ;rÕj, fh§ isá;s' ^Wod( iq*sjdoh$ jydìjdoh

iy wNHka;ßl-;õySâ .egqï&'

tla w;lska fuu ;rÕldÍ lKavdhïjdoh hym;a tlla jkafka" th uqia,sï m%cdj

;=< ixjrKh iy ;=,kh Èß.kajk fyhsks¦ th O¾uh yeoEÍu ms<sn| j muKla

fkdj" iuia; ,xld cñ;=,a W,ud jeks mßmd,k wdh;k ;=<g we;=<;a lr .ekSu

o Èß .kajhs' Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ uqia,sï lKavdhï ksfhdackh lrñka Y%S ,xldfõ

wfkl=;a wd.ñl yd ckjd¾.sl m%cdjka fj; ksfhdackh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd

iuia; ,xld cñ;=,a W,ud fmkS isáhs' flfiajqj;a" tlÕ fkdùu f;dard .;a

Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;a Tjqkaf.a md,kfhka neyer ù we;s nj fmfkk w;r"

fuh uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< mßydks.; m%jK;djka we;s ùug m%Odk fya;=j,ska tlls'

iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud ksfhdað;hd woyia lf<a" bia,dï oyfï uQ,sldx.

^l=rdkh iy yÈia& ms<s.kafka kï" Tjqka uqia,sïjreka f,i ms<s.kq ,nk nj;a"

Tjqkag fjkia u; ±Ífï whs;sh mj;sk nj;a h' fuf,i" wd.u hk moku u;

uqia,sïjreka w;r úYd, jmißhl iyÔjkh mj;S' iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud

úiska bjikq fkd,nkafka uqia,sïjrekaf.a lS¾;s kduh m¿÷ lrk fjkia u; ork

33


bia,dóh jHdmdr jk ;õySâ jeks jHdmdr ^Y%S ,xld ;õySâ cud;a yd cd;sl ;õySâ

cud;a& úiska Ndú; lrk ud¾. yd úêl%uhka h' flfiajqjo" .egqï je<elaùu

i|yd zmßydks.;Z ;õySâ jHdmdr yd iïnkaO ù tajd m%cd;ka;%jd§ ;SrK .ekSfï

l%shdj,Skag iïnkaO lr.; hq;= nj iuia; ,xld ;õySâ cud;a wjfndaO lr.;

hq;=h' ish úYajdihka fkdfjkiaj ord isàula fmkakqï l< ;õySâ ksfhdað;hka

.;a l,ays fuh myiq b,lalhla fkdfõ'

mßydks.; lKavdhïjdoh iïnkaOfhka .;a l,ays" kef.kysr ðydâjd§

jHdmdrhla biau;= fjñka mj;sk njg uqia,sï m%cdj we;=<; fukau msgia;r o

mj;akd fpdaokdj m¾fhaIlfhda fidhd neÆy' ;í,s.s" ;õySâ iy iq*s ksfhdað;hska

lsysmfofkl= iïuqL idlÉPdjg ,la lsÍfï § fidhd .;af;a" ðydâ Ndú;djka

je<| .ekSu ms<sn| j w;Dma;su;a ;reKhka w;r l;dnyla mj;sk w;r" fuu

l%shdldÍ fkdjk ;reKhska bia,dï oyfï f.da,Sh m%jK;dj,g m%;spdr olajkjd

ñi" th h:d¾:hla njg m;a lr .ekSug Wkkaÿjla fyda l%ufõohla fkdue;s

njh' m,a,s iNd jeks m%dfoaYSh ixúOdk o m%cdj wëCIKh lrñka fulS woyia

uq,a wjia:dfõ u Wÿrd ouhs' Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dóh ðydâ lKavdhï fkdue;s njg

iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud" Y+rd ljqkais,h yd m%dfoaYSh m,a,s iNd ;yjqre l<y'

ks.ukh

kj bia,dóh jHdmdrj, biau;= ùu jQ l,S fkdlvjd isÿ fjñka mj;sk

l%shdj,shla jk w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ bia,dï oyu úúO;ajh bjiñka f.da,Sh Wïud

iu. tlaj .uka lrk hym;a iudc jHdmdrhla jk njg ixfla;hls' Y%S ,xldfõ

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ;=<ska ,nd § we;s m%cd;ka;%jd§ ksoyi u.ska o fuh Èß

.kajkq ,nhs' tfyhska" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka w;r wd.ñlNdjh by< hdu iy

m,a,sj, fukau iïm%odhsl we÷fuka fmkS isàu" nqÿ oyug iy Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl

wdrCIdjg ;¾ckhla f,i fkdie,lsh hq;=h' we;af;kau" Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka

ish ckjd¾.sl wfkld úiska ;udj olskq ,nkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn| j

±äj iúdKsl jk w;r" Tjqyq bia,dïNS;sldj yd wka;¾-wd.ñl iu.sh ms<sn|

ixjdohkag ueÈy;a fjñka isá;s'

uqia,sïjreka úiska we;s lr.kq ,nk jHdmdr fN!;sl wruqKq fjkqfjka muKla

fkdj" bia,dï oyfï ;u u;h wdrCId lsÍfï wjYH;djh u; o mokï jk úg"

uqia,sïjreka iajlSh wkkH;dj yd wd.ñlnj ms<sn| j .eUqßka wka;rdjf,dalkh

34


lrk njg lKavdhïjdoh i,l=Kls' iuia; ,xld cñh;=,a W,ud" cd;sl Y+rd

ljqkais,h yd uqia,sï ljqkais,h úúO uqia,sï lKavdhï w;r ñ;%YS,S in|;d iy

iyfhda.S;djka j¾Okh lsÍu Wfoid jev lsÍu;a iu." Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdj

w;r mj;akd lKavdhïjdoh iyfhda.s;d ;rÕldÍ;ajhlska o hqla; fõ' uqia,sï

m%cdjg ;¾ckhla t,a, lrk jerÈldÍ nysia;sÓl lKavdhï mj;skafka tlla

jqj;a" fuu lKavdhug o iïm%odhsl" m%N+-fufyhùfuka hq;a md,kdêldÍkays

fndfyda ÿ¾j,;d fmkajd fokq ,nk hqla;s iy.; ÿla .eksú,s mj;sk nj o

i|yka l< hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a l%ufõoh .eg¿ldÍ jqj;a" Tjqkaf.a úfõpk iy woyia

ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= ;rï j,x.= tajd fõ'

fuu m;%sldj ;=<ska f.k tkq ,nk ks¾foaYh jkdyS" tlÕ fkdjk lKavdhï

w;r jvd M,odhS ixjdo meje;aùu iy cd;sl uqia,sï ixúOdk ;=< wNHka;ßl

;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,Ska i|yd we;=<;a lr .ekSu yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh by< kexùuhs'

fuu m;%sldj uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< idlÉPd ìys lrkq we;ehs o wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk

w;r" fuys i|yka ;¾lj,g m%;spdr olajk f,io werhqï lr isáuq'

ì£ hk m%cdj (Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka Ωw;r wNHkA;r-lKavdhï iïnkaO;d

Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl-wd.ñl m%pKav;ajhg 1883 ;rï wE;g Èfjk È.=

b;sydihla we;' 1900 uq,a Nd.fha isgu Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka isxy, yd

fou< nyq;rfha jßka jr m%ydrhkag n÷ka jq w;r" uE;ld,Sk m%ydrh 2014

§ isÿ úh' Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sï m%cdjg tfrys ysxikh ms<sn| uE;ld,Sk

keUqrej Y%S ,xldfõ isxy, fn!oaO ^foaYmd,ksl& nyq;rfha —ckjd¾.sl -

cd;sljd§ miñ;=re;d˜ McGilvray 2011& f,i ye¢kaúh yels w;r" uqia,sï

úfrdaë ixfõokdjka uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< bia,dï oyu ms<sme§u ms<sn|

wNHka;r .egqïj, m%;sM,hla o jk njg fuu m;%sldj WmkHdihla

f.dv kÕhs' oDYHudk" ixfla;Sh bia,dïlrKhl iajNdjfhka m%o¾Ykh

flfrk fuu .egqï" wfkl=;a m%cdjkays idudðlhska w;r ielh yd ìh

cks; lrhs'

fuu wOHhkh" úúO uqia,sï lKavdhï" Tjqkaf.a ieleiau" fm<Uùu iy

wka;¾l%shdjka" iudc jHdmdr kHdh weiqßka y÷kd .ksñka" Y%S ,xldfõ

uqia,sï m%cdj ;=< wNHka;r-wd.ñl iïnkaO;d úNd. lrhs'

fudfyduâ *ia,dka iy k§ka jkakshisxyï" ckjd¾.sl wOHhkh ms<sn|

cd;Hka;r flakaøfha jHdmD;s ks,OdÍyq fj;s'

ISBN 978-955-580-200-0

uqøKh( fydrhsika m%skaáka ^mqoa& iud.u

Y%S ,xldfõ uqia,sïjreka Ωw;r wNHkA;r-lKavdhï iïnkaO;d


ì£ hk m%cdj

9 789555 802000

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