E : T. T, X. . X, . , K.

HE RED DATA BOOK OF THE FLORA OF CYPRUS

Edited by: T. Tsintides, C. S. Christodoulou, P. Delipetrou, K. Georghiou

IOAIKO YEMO KYPOYCYPRUS FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

YKIA - LEFKOSIA 2007

TO KOKKINO BIBIOTH XPIA

TH KYPOY

TO KOKKINO BIBIOTH XPIA

TH KYPOY

HE RED DATA BOOK OF THE FLORA OF CYPRUS

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1 14-06-07 09:29 1

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EE E: T. T, X. . X, . , K.

A Y: X. N & Y ,

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EDITED BY: T. Tsintides, C. S. Christodoulou, P. Delipetrou, K. Georghiou

IMAGE SCANNING AND PRINTING: Chr. Nicolaou & Sons Ltd, Lefkosia

ART DIRECTOR: George Simonis

DIGITAL PAGE COMPOSITION: Demiourgia m.e. Synergates Ltd

ISBN 978-9963-9288-0-4

Copyright 2007, fi

Cyprus Forestry Association

I IA E

. , . .

, fi 26, 1414 , Email: tsintt@cytanet.com.cy, floracy@primehome.com

. , .

, , fi fi , fi, 15784, Email: pindel@biol.uoa.gr, kgeorghi@biol.uoa.gr

CONTACT DETAILS OF EDITORS

T. Tsintides, C. S. Christodoulou

Forestry Department Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment26 Louki Akrita str., 1414 Lefkosia, CyprusEmail: tsintt@cytanet.com.cy, floracy@primehome.com

P. Delipetrou, K. Georghiou

Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, GreeceEmail: pindel@biol.uoa.gr, kgeorghi@biol.uoa.gr

I ILLUSTRATIONS

1, 8, 16: Taraxacum aphrogenes, Origanum cordifolium, Alyssum akamasicum. McLoughlin

Pages 1, 8, 16: Taraxacum aphrogenes, Origanum cordifolium, Alyssum akamasicum. Eleni Iakovidou McLoughlin

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TO KOKKINO BIBIOTH XPIA TH KYPOY

THE RED DATA BOOKOF THE FLORA OF CYPRUS

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:30 3

A K

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:30 4

TO KOKKINO BIBIOTH XPIA TH KYPOY

THE RED DATA BOOKOF THE FLORA OF CYPRUS

E : T. T, X. . X, . , K.

Edited by:T. Tsintides, C. S. Christodoulou, P. Delipetrou, K. Georghiou

IOAIKO YNEMO KYPOYCYPRUS FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

EYKIA - LEFKOSIA2007

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:30 5

Authors( )

Marios Andreou K. Andreas K. Antoniou . Antonis L. Antoniou Kyriacos Georghioufi Pinelopi Delipetrou Athena Della Costas Kadis Constantinos Kailis Nicos Kasinos Kyriacos Kefalas Thomas Kyriacou . Kyriacos Th. Kyriacoufi Christodoulos Makris fi Yiannos Orphanos Constantinos Papasavvas . fi Takis Th. Papachristophorou Takis Tsintides Thomas Hadjikyriakou - Demetra Paraskeva-Hadjichambi . Andreas Ch. Hadjichambis . Charalambos S. Christodoulou Yiannis ChristofidesGabriel Alziar Gabriel AlziarRalf Hand Ralf Hand

01-031 05-06-07 11:55 6

EIAH

1. fi 17

2. fi fi fi 17

3. O K K (IUCN) 18

4. 214.1 214.2 214.3 25

5. fi 255.1 255.2 - - 255.3 - 26 5.4 295.5 315.6 31

6. 386.1

386.2 38

7. fi K 397.1 397.2 397.3

fi 397.4 407.5 fi

IUCN 43

8. fi IUCN 43

8.1 fi 43

8.2 49

8.2.1 (Near Threatened-NT) 49

8.2.2 (Least Concern-LC) 51

8.3 52

8.4 fi 52

9. 61

10. 66

A: 73

B: 411

458

460

461

466

CONTENTS page

INTRODUCTION

1. Writing the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus 67

2. Aim and Necessity of the Red Data Book 67

3. The IUCN Threat Categories 67

4. Geomorphology and Climate of Cyprus 68

5. Vegetation and Habitats 68

6. Flora 69

7. The Research Project Cyprinia 697.1 The selection of plants to be assessed

by fieldwork 697.2 Fieldwork 707.3 Plant classification based

on the IUCN criteria 70

8. Results of Plant Classification in Threat Categories 708.1 Plant classification in tables 708.2 Near Threatened

and Least Concern plants 708.3 Not evaluated rare plants 718.4 Summary of results and conclusions 71

9. Presentation and Description of Plants 7210. Abbreviations 66

PART A: EXTINCT AND THREATENED PLANTS 73

PART B: DATA DEFICIENT PLANTS 411

References 458

Addendum 460

Index to Latin names 461

Index to common names 466

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10

FOREWORD BY THE AUTHOR OF THE FLORA OF CYPRUS

FLORA OF CYPRUS

All things are a-flowing, sage Heraclitus says, and never was this truth more evident than at the present time. For

many centuries changes were slow scarcely perceptible but now rapid advances in technology mean that an

entire landscape can be irrevocably altered in the space of months: forests disappear; rivers are diverted; marshes

drained, and wildernesses criss-crossed with motorways.

Unfortunately Nature cannot keep pace with such invasions, and everywhere naturalists are lamenting the loss of

habitats, and warning that we will ultimately pay dearly for our thoughtlessness and lack of respect.

This is no less true of Cyprus than elsewhere. Profound changes have already taken place, even within my own

lifetime, and the damage done is in some places extensive and probably irreparable. This damage will ultimately,

if extended and left unattended, destroy the attractiveness and prosperity of a uniquely interesting island.

In this regard the active co-operation of the Forestry Department, its staff, and of all Cypriots interested in nature

and natural resources is of vital importance, and the publication of this Red Data Book thanks to the support of

the Research Promotion Foundation of Cyprus, could not be more welcome. The provision of up-to-date

information on the distribution and habitats of Cyprus endemics and near-endemics is also of vital importance.

I am certain that the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus will do much to safeguard the future of Cyprus habitats

and of the rich Cyprus flora, and, in doing so, earn the gratitude of generations yet to come.

My warmest congratulations to all who have contributed to, or sponsored, this important publication.

R. D. Meikle

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:31 10

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Flora of Cyprus, Robert Desmond Meikle -

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00.01-72 03-05-07 23:31 13

14

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus presents the results of a four-year- long research project, which wasfunded by the Cyprus Research Promotion Foundation. The book presents the assessment of all the rareindigenous plants of Cyprus according to the IUCN Red List Criteria and Categories (version 3.1), and providesimportant information on their conservation status and biology.

The Red Data Book, which covers the entire island including the occupied part, is a pioneer work. It is the firstsystematic and collective effort for plant assessment, based on extensive research into the relevant extantsources, and on the data collected during 36 months of fieldwork. As such, we anticipate it will be a milestone inbiodiversity conservation in Cyprus, despite the inescapable omissions or mistakes.

We regard this book not as an end but as a starting point for further research. Our expectation is that it will providea baseline for the continual monitoring and revision of the status of threatened plants of Cyprus and will be anindispensable tool for conservation efforts of the islands indigenous flora.

The Red Data Book reflects the commitment and dedication of many people, including nearly all those currentlyworking on the islands flora. Contributions took many forms, from direct involvement in all phases of the project,to the provision of useful data on the distribution of rare plants, and comments on the draft texts.

The project would not have been possible without the financial support of the Research Promotion Foundation ofCyprus, to whom we express our sincere gratitude. We are especially grateful to the responsible officer of theFoundation, Ms Leda Themistou, for her kind support and understanding throughout the project. For encouragingtheir departments to participate in the project, we are also greatly indebted to Mr. Aristos Ioannou, Director of theDepartment of Forests and President of the Cyprus Forestry Association; Mr. Ioannis Papadopoulos, Director ofthe Agriculture Research Institute; Mr. Nicos Georgiadis, Director of the Environment Service.

Our warmest appreciation is also expressed to the following:

Georgios Hadjikyriakou, who allowed us access to his personal data files and herbarium, gave us invaluableinput on the texts of all taxa, and generously provided us with photographs.

All the authors of the Red Data Book, and especially the independent researchers Thomas Hadjikyriakou,Christodoulos Makris, Yiannis Christofides, Yiannos Orphanos, Kyriacos Kefalas, Efhimios Efthimiou, MamasDimitriou, Christos Charalambous, Andreas Dimitropoulos, Aristidis Katsos and Andreas Kyriacou, who willinglyshared with us their knowledge of rare plants.

Robert Desmond Meikle, author of the Flora of Cyprus, who shared with us his notes taken during his variousbotanical expeditions on the island, and who has honoured us by writing a foreword to the book.

The overseas researchers Ralf Hand, Gabriel Alziar, Peter Boyce, Richard Wilford and Rachel King, whoprovided information on rare plants, whose expertise helped us clarify questionable issues, and who willinglytransferred data from European herbaria.

Andreas Antoniou, for his careful and professional work on GIS and mapping.

Marina Xenophontos, for her study and fieldwork of some Troodos plants.

Alekos Christodoulou, for his kind cooperation as representative of the Forestry Department.

Eleni Iakovidou McLoughlin, who provided the beautiful colour illustrations of some of the endemic threatenedtaxa.

Jeanne and Tim Webb, who very kindly enabled our email communication with Desmond Meikle.

George Simonis, who designed the book; and Maria Nicolaou-Prodromou, who undertook the typesetting withenormous patience throughout the prolonged amending of texts.

The Chr. Nicolaou & Sons Ltd printing company, for their cooperation and professionalism.

01-031 23-05-07 0 8:16 14

15

Georgios Hadjikostis, for editorial advice on the Greek texts.

Andreas Christodoulidis, for insightful comments on the Greek texts.

Kathleen Stephanides, for editorial advice on the English texts.

The Secretary of the Cyprus Forestry Association, Charalambos Constantinou, for his invaluable support.

The foresters Savvas Kazafaniotis, Nicos Kasinos, Andreas Nearchou, Minas Papadopoulos, Erodotos Kakourisand Haris Nicolaou, for cross-checking references and reading the manuscripts.

Our families, for their understanding and continuous support during the work on this book.

The many others who lent their support and contributed in numerous and varied ways to this project.

The Editors

01-031 23-05-07 0 8:16 15

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:31 16

17

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00.01-72 03-05-07 23:31 17

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IUCN 30 fi, 1994. fi 1980, IUCN - , fi fi - fi . , 1994, IUCN, - (3.1) 2001 (IUCN 2001, 2003).

, IUCN, fi 3.1 (IUCN 2003).

fi 3.1: IUCN (IUCN 2003).Figure 3.1: Structure of the IUCN threat categories (IUCN 2003).

K KCritically Endangered (CR)

KEndangered (EN)

EVulnerable (VU)

ANear Threatened (NT)

(A)(Evaluated)

(E )(Adequate data)

A(Threatened)

X KLeast Concern (LC)

A - A Inadequate Data - Data Deficient (DD)

M ANot Evaluated (NE)

EExtinct (EX)

E Extinct in the Wild (EW)

01-031 24-05-07 1 3:36 18

19

, , fi (IUCN 2003):

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fi (Population): fi fi fi fi , fi . fi, fi fi-. fi fi fi fi fi (regionalpopulation) fi fi fi (global population).

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(Area of occupancy): km2 fi fi fi - . fi , - .

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01-031 23-05-07 0 8:18 19

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3.1: IUCN.

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1. fi, fi , , fi - , fi fi: (a) (b) (c) / fi (d) (e) , , fi, , .

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1. OO < 100 km2 < 5.000 km2

21

IUCN fi -, fi fi fi fi. IUCN , fi . fi fi fi fi , , fi fi fi , fi fi fi fi (Grdenfors et al. 2001). fi fi . fi xtinct (: ) fi , fi Regionally Extinct (RE: ). Extinct in the Wild fi . , fi fi - , fi fi fi .

fi , fi fi fi fi fi - fi , fi fi .

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00.01-72 03-05-07 23:31 21

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00.01-72 03-05-07 23:31 22

23

.

fi 4.3: fi . . Figure 4.3: Cultivations and hills with phryganic vegetation in the Mesaoria plain.

fi 4.2: fi fi.

Figure 4.2: View of Pentadaktylos range and Mesaoria plain from the Troodos foothills.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:31 23

24

, fi , fi - fi. fi , fi . fi fi, fi (fi 4.4) fi fi, fi .

fi 4.4: fi . . . Figure 4.4: Coastal cliffs in the northern part of the Akamas Peninsula.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:46 24

25

4.3

fi fi fi , fi , fi- , fi , fi , fi . fi 7 7,5 (0-350 m) fi 4-5 fi (> 800 m). fi . , fi fi - .

fi 480 mm, fi fi . fi fi- 1100 mm, fi 550 mm, 300 mm. fi fi , fi 1000 m fi, 2 m (1952 m).

fi . 29 C 22 C fi fi, 10 C 3 C. - 5,5 11,5 . - 60-80 % 40-60 % . - 30 % 15 %. Rivas-Martinez fi fi fi- , fi - - ( ) - fi (Barber i Vellles1995 & 2004).

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fi fi, . ,fi , - 17 % (MANRE 2005) fi -. fi fi fi fi , fi, . , , fi ( 45 % ) , - fi - (MANRE 2005).

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fi (Pinus brutia, fi 9540) ( fi 90 % ). fi fi , fi 1400 m fi fi . fi, , Pinus brutia . Xfi . fi (Cupressussempervirens, fi 9290) - (fi 5.1), . - fi.

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26

-fi Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris ( fi 93A0) fi fi (300-) 600-1000 m.fi , fi , fi - (fi 5.2).

5.3 -

fi -fi () - fi fi. (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana, fi- 9530) fi fi fi (fi 5.3), fi 1200-1500 m ( fi ).

fi fi (Cedrus brevifolia, fi 9590) . -, fi 800-1400 m. - fi, Juniperus foetidissima ( fi 9563), J. oxycedrus ( fi 5211) J. excelsa( fi 5213) fi fi 1000 m fi Tfi ( ) ( J. excelsa fi J. oxycedrus). (Quercusalnifolia, fi 9390) fi fi fi fi fi fi fi 700 m, (fi 5.4), fi .

fi 5.1: (Cupressus sempervirens) (Pinus brutia) . . .

Figure 5.1: Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) and Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) forests on the Pentadaktylos range.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:46 26

27

fi 5.2: fi (Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris) fi . . . Figure 5.2: Stand of Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris on cultivation boundaries at Sarama, Pafos.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:46 27

28

fi 5.3: fi . (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) fi.

Figure 5.3: Serpentinophilous vegetation in Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana forest opening at Troodos.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:47 28

29

5.4

- . -fi , 20 % (MANRE 2005), , , . (Olea europaea), (Ceratoniasiliqua) (Pistacia lentiscus), 9320, (Quercus coccifera subsp.calliprinos, fi fi ) - , fi fi. , , fi-, ( fi 5420), fi fi (fi 5.5) , fi fi fi .

. - (Genista fasselata, fi 5330) - fi fi fi . fi fi (Crataegus azarolus, - fi 5330). fi fi (Juniperusphoenicea, fi 5212) fi - (fi 5.6) , .

- fi (Ziziphus lotus, fi 5220), fi fi - .

fi ( fi 1430) fi ( fi 1520) - fi.

fi 5.4: (Quercus alnifolia) . . . Figure 5.4: Maquis with Quercus alnifolia on screes in the Pafos Forest.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:47 29

30

fi 5.5: fi. . Figure 5.5: Phryganic vegetation near Mitsero village.

fi 5.6: (Juniperus phoenicea) fi . . . Figure 5.6: Juniperus phoenicea maquis in the Karpasia Peninsula.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:47 30

31

5.5

, , , - fi . , - ( fi 6220), fi .

fi - fi ( fi 6460), (fi- 5.7), fi 1600-1650 m.

5.6

O , fi , - fi fi ( fi 2110). fi fi , , - ( fi 1210). - ( fi 2250, 2260), fi (fi 2230, 2240), fi fi fi ( fi 2190), fi fi (fi 5.8) .

fi fi fi, . fi, fi fi , fi fi- , fi 1310, 1410, 1420, (fi 5.9). fi fi (fi 5.10) fi fi ( fi 1410).

fi 5.7: fi. . . Figure 5.7: Peat grasslands in the Troodos area.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:47 31

32

fi 5.8: . . Figure 5.8: Sand dunes in the Karpasia Peninsula.

fi 5.9: A A . X. . XFigure 5.9: Halophytic vegetation at Larnaka Salt Lakes.

032-072 23-05-07 08:26 32

33

fi fi , , - fi fi (fi 5.11). , fi fi fi, fi- Mentha spp. ( ), Nasturtium officinale (), Apiumnodiflorum (), Veronica anagallis-aquatica ( fi 3290, 6420). (Tamarix spp.) (Nerium oleander, fi 92D0) (Platanus orientalis, fi 92C0), (Alnus orientalis, - fi 92C0) (Salix alba, fi 92A0) fi . fi , fi - , fi fi .

1950 fi - fi, , (fi 5.12). fi fi fi , fi . (Chara sp., fi 3140) - fi , fi Najas marina subsp. armata, Myriophyllum spicatum Potamogeton spp. (fi P. perfoliatus P. nodosus, fi 3150).

fi fi fi , - (fi 5.13). fi - ( fi 3170), - fi .

fi, , ( fi 8210) ( -fi 8220) fi , . fi fi - (fi 5.14). fi ,

fi 5.10: A . X. . XFigure 5.10: Halophytic vegetation at Paralimni Lake.

032-072 23-05-07 08:26 33

34

fi, fi fi (fi 5.3, . 28) ( fi62B0) fi Alyssum. , - ( fi 8140).

fi 5.11 fi (Platanus orientalis) fi fi. . Figure 5.11: Riparian woods of Platanus orientalis along Kryos Potamos.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:47 34

35

fi 5.12: . . Figure 5.12: Arminou water dam.

fi 5.13: fi Xfi . . . Figure 5.13: Temporary pond in the Akamas Peninsula.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:48 35

36

fi 5.14: fi K . . . Figure 5.14: Keryneia Cliff with chasmophytic vegetation.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:48 36

37

5.1: fi I Ofi, 92/43/, .

Table 5.1: Habitat types of Annex I of the Habitats Directive, 92/43/EEC, occurring in Cyprus.

Habitat Name

Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time

Posidonia beds (Posidonion oceanicae)

Coastal lagoonsReefsAnnual vegetation of drift linesVegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts (with endemicLimonium spp.)Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand

Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs(Arthrocnemetalia fructicosae)Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (Pegano-Salsoletea)Gypsum steppesEmbryonic shifting dunesHumid dune slacksMalcolmietalia dune grasslandsBrachypodietalia dune grasslands with annualsCoastal dunes with Juniperus spp.Dune scleorophyllous scrubs (Pistacio-Rhamnetalia, Cisto-Micromerietea)Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Charaspp.Natural euthrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition-type vegetationMediterranean temporary pondsIntermittently flowing Mediterranean riversArborescent matorral with Juniperus oxycedrusArborescent matorral with Juniperus phoeniceaArborescent matorral with Juniperus excelsa and J. foetidissimaMatorral with ZiziphusArborescent matorral with Laurus nobilisThermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe scrubSarcopoterium spinosum phrygana (Cisto-Micromerietea)Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-BrachypodieteaSerpentinophilous grasslands of CyprusMediterranean tall humid herb grasslands of the Molinio-HoloschoenionPeat grasslands of TroodosEastern Mediterranean screesCalcareous inland cliffs with chasmophytic vegetation

Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetationCaves not open to the publicSubmerged or partly submerged sea cavesCupressus forests (Acero-Cupression)Salix alba galleriesPlatanus orientalis woods (Platanion orientalis)Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea)Olea and Ceratonia forestsScrub and low forest vegetation with Quercus alnifoliaWoodlands with Quercus infectoria(Anagyro foetidae-Quercetum infectoriae)Pallas's pine forests (Pinus nigra subsp. palassiana)Mediterranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pinesEndemic Mediterranean forests with Juniperus spp. Stinking juniper (Juniperus foetidissima) woodsCedrus brevifolia forests (Cedrosetum brevifoliae)

fi

fi fi (Posidonion oceanicae) fi ( Limonium spp.) Salicornia (Juncetalia maritimi) fi fi(Arthrocnemetalia fructicosae) -fi fi (Gypsophiletalia) fi fi Malcolmietalia fi Brachypodietaliafi (Juniperus spp.) fi (Pistacio-Rhamnetalia, Cisto-Micromerietea) (Characeae) Magnopotamion Hydrocharition () Juniperus oxycedrus Juniperus phoenicea Juniperus excelsa J. foetidissima Ziziphus Laurus nobilis- - Sarcopoterium spinosum (Cisto-Micromerietea) (Thero-Brachypodietea)fi fi (Molinio-Holoschoenion) fi fi fi (Acero-Cupression)- Salix alba (Platanion orientalis) (Nerio-Tamaricetea) fi Quercus alnifolia Quercus infectoria(Anagyro foetidae-Quercetum infectoriae) (Pinus nigra subsp. palassiana) (Juniperus spp.) Juniperus foetidissima Cedrus brevifolia (Cedrosetum brevifoliae)

.

1110

1120*

1150*117012101240

1310

14101420

14301520*21102190223022402250*2260

3140

3150

3170*32905210(11)5210(12)5210(13)5220*5230*533054206220*

62B0*6420

646081408210

822083108330929092A092C092D093209390*93A0

9530*(36)95409560*9560(63)*9590*

* Ofi fi, Priority habitat.

00.01-72 07-05-07 08:48 37

38

6.

6.1

1787 fi John Sibthorb (1758-1796), JohnHawkins (1758-1841) Ferdinand Bauer (1760-1826) fi . Flora of Cyprus (1977 & 1985) fi Robert Desmond Meikle - fi , fi fi , fi fi . Flora of Cyprus - fi fi. , fi fi fi (Chrtek &

Slavk 1981, 1993, 1994, 2000 1994 & 2000 Della A. & Iatrou G.A. 1995Alziar 1999 Hand 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006 Hadjikyriakou et al. 2004) fi - (Brullo et al. 1993 Georgiades & Hadjikyriakou 1993 Hadjikyriakou & Alziar 1998, 2006 Hadjikyriakou& Hand 2006 Raus & Scholz 2004).

6.2

, fi , -, fi . , fi, fi 8.200.. (Guilaine & Briois 2003 Peltenburg 2003 Peltenburg et al. 2003), fi fi, fi fi fi .

(fi fi) 1.610 1.738taxa , 238 taxa (Meikle 1977, 1988 1997 CyprusFlora 2007). fi fi , fi . fi ( 500) - , , fi fi, - fi , . fi 50-150 fi . fi , fi - fi .

108 143 taxa 6,7% 8,2% , . fi fi fi fi 74 taxa fi 13 , fi fi 94 taxa, 65,7% . fi 56 44 taxa .

fi , fi Onopordum cyprium (), Carlina involucrata subsp. cyprica,Astragalus cyprius Onobrychis venosa , . fi, , fi Arabis kennedyae, Centaurea akamantis Delphinium caseyi, , . , (Cedrus brevifolia) (Quercusalnifolia) . fi (Bosea cypria), fi , - fi fi. , fi (Meikle 1985).

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 38

39

7. fi

7.1

fi fi 93/5 2002

fi , fi 1 -

2002 30 2006.

fi fi fi - IUCN. fi fi fi fi . fi -fi , .

fi :

Kfi B .

fi .

.

.

7.2

fi fi :

fi .

fi fi .

.

.

.

, , fi , , .

: , fi , - , fi, , .

fi : , , , Ralf Hand, Gabriel Alziar, Rachel King Flora ofCyprus, Robert D. Meikle.

fi fi fi fi fi - .

7.3 fi

fi fi fi taxa (, - ) . fi fi fi .

fi . fi , . fi , fi fi.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 39

40

fi , 500 taxa fi :

Flora of Cyprus - Vol. 1&2 (Meikle 1977 & 1985), fi fi , fi 1738 1982.

(Standard Data Forms) (BioCyprus) fi Natura 2000.

.

IUCN.

, ( , fi 92/43/, CITES, fi254/2003 ).

herbaria , .

fi .

500 taxa fi CyprusFlora fi , fi, . - . fi 335 . , , - 2002, fi Solenopsisantiphonitis Peucedanum kyriakae. , 328 .

fi fi , fi - , fi Anemone hortensis L. ( 1859), Papaver dubium L. ( 1862), Euphorbiaaltissima Boiss. ( 1880) . Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire , R. D. Meikle (2006, ), fi . , fi Clematis viticella L., Astragalus pelecinus (L.) Barneby, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.,Enarthrocarpus lyratus (Forssk.) DC., Saccharum spontaneum L., Salvia aethiopis L., Verbascum geminiflorumHochst. fi fi. T Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Meikle 1985).

7.4

2003 fi 2005, 2007. fi fi, fi fi fi fi (fi 7.1 & 7.2). fi fi- fifi fi , fi fi - .

fi : , , fi , fi , , fi .

, , . - : , fi-

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 40

41

, fi , fi, , fi fi-, fi, , , fi fi , fi, , -.

. O . fi .

fi 7.1: - fi . . . Figure 7.1: Fieldwork - Cyprinia Research Project.

032-072 23-05-07 08:28 41

42

fi 7.2: - fi . . Figure 7.2: Fieldwork - Cyprinia Research Project.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 42

43

fi - fi fi fi . , 2.000 , fi fi. , - fi fi . -fi (.., 2.000-3.000). - fi , fi fi - , 2.500 fi - . fi fi , fi .. Pinguicula crystallina 67.400 . fi , fi , - . fi fi .

. fi , fi Poterium sanguisorba subsp. dictyocarpum,Allium amethystinum, Heliotropium supinum, Kickxia spuria, Galium parisiense, Alyssum minutum, Nigellauninguicularis. , fi Saponariaorientalis Viola parvula. fi- fi 100 fi, fi Carthamus caerulus, Argyrolobium uniflorum, Crocus hartmannianus ( fi fi), Asphodeline lutea, Salsola soda, Scandix stellata . - fi fi , fi Ornithogalumneurostegium fi . fi Viburnum tinus subsp. tinus fi . fi . fi.

7.5 fi IUCN

fi fi IUCN.

fi IUCN (IUCN 2001, 2003,2005 Grdenfors et al. 2001 Miller et al. 2005). fi RAMAS RedData Book. fi .

(grid size) 1 2 km, - fi . IUCN (2003, 2005) 1 km 2 km, fi fi .

fi , fi , fi . . fi fi - . , fi fi , fi, - fi (, ) .

8. fi IUCN

8.1 fi

fi IUCN 8.1 8.8, . 8.1 , 8.2 8.8, fi . ( , ) fi IUCN fi. .

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 43

44

8.1: fi IUCN.Table 8.1: Summary of the results of plant evaluation against the IUCN criteria.

(RE/?RE): 23 (1,3 % ). Afi , 12 E (?RE) fi . fi . fi ( 40-100 fi ) , 2003-2007. fi , fi fi -fi fi fi fi ( 8.6, 48) .

8.2: (RE).Table 8.2: Regionally Extinct (RE).

IUCN fi fi fi (%)IUCN Category Number of Plants Cumulative Sum Percentage

(RE/?RE)Regionally Extinct 23 23 7,0

(CR)Critically Endangered 46 69 14,0

(EN)Endangered 64 133 19,5

(VU)Vulnerable 128 261 39,0

(DD)Data Deficient 45 306 13,7

(NT)Near Threatened 15 321 4,6

(LC)Least Concern 7 328 2,2

Total 328 328 100,0

E (RE) E (?RE)

1. Campanula podocarpa 1. Aceras anthropophorum

2. Cionura erecta 2. Baldellia ranunculoides

3. Consolida phrygia 3. Camelina rumelica

4. Cyanus cyanoides 4. Colchicum stevenii

5. Epipactis helleborine 5. Cruciata pedemontana

6. Geranium pusillum 6. Galium floribundum

7. Moluccella spinosa 7. Isolepis setacea

8. Neslia paniculata 8. Krubera peregrina

9. Ophioglossum vulgatum 9. Origanum laevigatum

10. Phlomis longifolia var. bailanica 10. Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum

11. Ranunculus neapolitanus 11. Senecio aegyptius var. discoideus

12. Sparganium erectum subsp. neglectum

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 44

45

(CR): 46 , fi 5 . fi ( A, B & C) -fi fi . - fi (

46

(EN): 64 , fi 9 . fifi . fi ( 45 %) fi (< 250 ).

8.4: (EN).Table 8.4: Endangered (EN).

* Efi, Endemic, (*) Astragalus suberosus var. hartmannii

(VU): 128 , fi 31 (21% ) -

fi fi. fi (

47

8.5: (VU).Table 8.5: Vulnerable (VU).

* Efi, Endemic

1. Achillea cretica D22. Achillea maritima subsp. maritima A4c3. Acinos troodi subsp. troodi* D24. Aegilops bicornis B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)5. Aethionema arabicum B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); D26. Allium exaltatum* D1+27. Allium roseum D1+28. Alopecurus myosuroides D1+29. Alopecurus utriculatus D2

10. Alyssum akamasicum* D211. Alyssum umbellatum D212. Anacyclus clavatus D1+213. Anthemis chia D214. Anthemis parvifolia D1+215. Anthriscus caucalis D1+216. Arctium lappa D1+217. Arum italicum subsp. italicum D1+218. Arum rupicola D219. Arum sintenisii* D1+220. Asphodeline lutea D1+221. Asphodelus tenuifolius D222. Astragalus echinus var. chionistrae* D223. Astragalus macrocarpus

subsp. lefkarensis* D224. Brachypodium firmifolium* D225. Calamagrostis epigejos D226. Carex illegitima D1+227. Cedrus brevifolia* D228. Cephalanthera rubra D1+229. Chionodoxa lochiae* D230. Cladium mariscus D231. Convolvulus lineatus D232. Coronilla repanda subsp. repanda D233. Crassula vaillantii D234. Crepis pusilla D235. Crithopsis delileana D236. Crocus cyprius* D237. Crocus hartmannianus* D238. Crypsis aculeata D239. Crypsis factorovskyi D240. Cynara cyrenaica D241. Cynoglossum troodi* D242. Cyperus cyprius* D243. Datisca cannabina D144. Daucus guttatus D245. Enarthrocarpus arcuatus D246. Ephedra nebrodensis D247. Erica manipuliflora D248. Erodium crassifolium D249. Eryngium campestre D250. Erysimum kykkoticum* D1+251. Euphorbia hierosolymitana D252. Euphorbia thompsonii D253. Ferula cypria D254. Ferulago syriaca D255. Filago mareotica D256. Fimbristylis ferruginea D1+257. Galium divaricatum D258. Galium pisiferum D259. Geum urbanum D260. Hedysarum cyprium* B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)61. Herniaria hemistemon D1+262. Hyacinthus orientalis subsp. orientalis D1+263. Hypericum hircinum D264. Hypericum lanuginosum var. lanuginosum D1+2

65. Juncus littoralis D266. Juncus maritimus D1+267. Lactuca tetrantha* D268. Limosella aquatica D269. Linaria pelisseriana D1+270. Linum maritimum D271. Lomelosia argentea D272. Lotus conibricensis D273. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum D274. Moricandia arvensis D275. Myosotis minutiflora D276. Najas marina subsp. armata D277. Notholaena marantae D278. Octhodium aegyptiacum D279. Onosma caespitosa* D1+280. Onosma orientalis D281. Onosma troodi* D282. Ophrys kotschyi* C2a(i)83. Origanum cordifolium* D284. Ornithogalum neurostegium D1+285. Ornithogalum trichophyllum D286. Orthurus heterocarpus D287. Osyris alba D288. Papaver rhoeas subsp. cyprium* B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); D289. Phillyrea latifolia D290. Phleum subulatum D1+291. Phlomis brevibracteata* C2a(i)92. Phlomis cypria subsp. cypria* D1+293. Phlomis cypria subsp. occidentalis* B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)94. Phyla nodiflora D295. Pinguicula crystallina D296. Poa compressa D1+297. Poa pratensis D298. Ranunculus creticus D299. Ranunculus isthmicus D2

100. Ranunculus kykkoensis* D2101. Ranunculus repens D2102. Ranunculus rumelicus D1+2103. Reichardia picroides D1+2104. Rhodalsine geniculata D2105. Rumex vesicarius D1+2106. Salsola soda D1+2107. Salvia dominica D1+2108. Salvia veneris* D2109. Saponaria orientalis D2110. Scandix stellata D2111. Sclerochloa dura D1+2112. Sedum microstachyum* D2113. Serapias aphroditae* D1+2114. Silene gemmata* D2115. Taraxacum aphrogenes* B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)116. Taraxacum holmboei* B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); D2117. Teesdalia coronopifolia D2118. Tordylium apulum D2119. Trifolium globosum D1+2120. Triplachne nitens C2a(i)121. Tussilago farfara D1+2122. Umbilicus horizontalis D2123. Urtica membranacea D2124. Valerianella triceras D2125. Verbena supina D2126. Viburnum tinus subsp. tinus D1+2127. Vicia lutea D2128. Vulpia muralis D1+2

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 47

48

(DD): 45 ( fi), fi fi fi fi fi . IUCN , fi - .

8.6: (DD).

Table 8.6: Data Deficient (DD).

(NT) (LC): 8.2.1 8.2.2 .

8.7: (NT).

Table 8.7: Near Threatened (NT).

* Efi, Endemic

1. Alisma lanceolatum

2. Allium guttatum

3. Asperula stricta

4. Bromus hordeaceus subsp. molliformis

5. Cephallaria syriaca subsp. phoeniciaca

6. Cerastium semidecandrum

7. Conringia orientalis

8. Cruciata articulata

9. Crypsis alopecuroides

10. Daucus durieua

11. Delphinium staphisagria

12. Dianthus tripunctatus

13. Dorycnium rectum

14. Echinaria capitata

15. Eupatorium cannabinum var. syriacum

16. Euphorbia chamaepeplus

17. Euphorbia pubescens

18. Fritillaria acmopetala

19. Fumaria capreolata

20. Fumaria gaillardotii

21. Hirtellina lobelii

22. Lepidium perfoliatum

23. Lomelosia brachiata

24. Milium pedicellare

25. Myosurus minimus

26. Nigella ciliaris

27. Ophrys tenthredinifera

28. Orchis tridentata

29. Origanum syriacum

30. Persicaria salicifolia

31. Phlomis fruticosa

32. Plantago loeflingii

33. Poa trivialis

34. Polycnemum arvense

35. Puccinellia gigantea

36. Pycreus flavidus

37. Ranunculus ficarioides

38. Ranunculus gracilis

39. Rostraria hispida

40. Saccharum strictum

41. Salvia pinnata

42. Silene cretica

43. Trifolium pratense

44. Trigonella spinosa

45. Trigonella strangulata

1. Allium amethystinum

2. Alyssum minutum

3. Asphodeline brevicaulis

4. Calepina irregularis

5. Crepis zacintha

6. Epilobium tetragonum

7. Erodium botrys

8. Gallium tenuissimum

9. Glinus lotoides

10. Heliotropium supinum

11. Juniperus excelsa

12. Maillea crypsoides

13. Pancratium maritimum

14. Trifolium argutum

15. Trifolium campestre subsp. paphium*

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 48

49

8.8: (LC).Table 8.8: Least Concern (LC).

* Efi, Endemic

8.2

, , fi fi fi fi , fi fi.

8.2.1 (Near Threatened NT)

, fi fi - (CR, EN VU). , fi fi fi fi . - 6 , -, fi fi - fi - Pancratium maritimum fi . fi fi fi- fi fi .

, 15 , :

Allium amethystinum Tausch (ALLIACEAE): 14 : , fi,, , , , , , , , -, , , - (fi 8.1).

Alyssum minutum DC. (BRASSICACEAE): 15 : (3 ), - , , - (4 ), , , fi, , fi .

Asphodeline brevicaulis (Bertol.) Gay (ASPHODELACEAE): fi fi 10 , fi , , , . (> 50.000), .

Calepina irregularis (Asso) Thell. (BRASSICACEAE): 9 : fi , , , (3 ), - (2).

Crepis zacintha (L.) Babc. (ASTERACEAE): 8 : fi , ,-, , , (2 ), 4 fi .

Epilobium tetragonum L. (ONAGRACEAE): 13 : fi-fi, --, , , (), , , , -, fi , fi, .

Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. (GERANIACEAE): 7 : , fi, , , fi (2 ).

Galium tenuissimum M. Bieb. (RUBIACEAE): 8 : , , fi ( ), , fi, , fi .

1. Gallium parisiense

2. Gaudiniopsis macra

3. Kickxia spuria

4. Nigela uniguigularis

5. Phalaris aquatica

6. Poterium sanguisorba subsp. dictyocarpum

7. Teucrium cyprium subsp. kyreniae*

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 49

50

Glinus lotoides L. (AIZOACEAE) : 7 : , , ,, , fi .

Heliotropium supinum L. (BORAGINACEAE): 10 : (2 ), fi- fi, fi, fi - (3 ) -.

Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. (CUPRESSACEAE): 7 , , -

. ( 50 km2) fi - 5.000 . .

Maillea crypsoides (d'Urv.) Boiss. (POACEAE): 8 : (4 ), (3) fi . .

fi 8.1: Allium amethystinum ( ). . Figure 8.1: Allium amethystinum (Near Threatened).

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:33 50

51

Pancratium maritimum L. (AMARYLLIDACEAE): fi 25 - fi 200.000 , fi . , , , (9.000 ), , , , -, , fi , , , , ( -). , , - , fi ( ) fi fi fi, (fi 8.2).

Trifolium argutum Banks & Sol. (FABACEAE): 9 , fi : ,, , , , , -, fi .

Trifolium campestre Schreb. subsp. paphium Meikle (FABACEAE): 9 : ,, (), , , fi (3).

8.2.2 (Least Concern LC)

fi fi 10 (Area of Occupancy) fi 80 km2, fi , 7 :

Galium parisiense L. (RUBIACEAE): fi fi 10 , fi ( fi).

Gaudiniopsis macra (M. Bieb.) Eig (POACEAE): 12 - fi fi, , , , fi .

fi 8.2: (Pancratium maritimum) . . . Figure 8.2: Pancratium maritimum, coastal area of Agia Eirini.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 51

52

Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. (SCROPHULARIACEAE): 16 , , fi, fi , .

Nigella uniguigularis (Poir.) Spenner (RANUNCULACEAE): 15 ( , fi, , ), .

Phalaris aquatica L. (POACEAE): 17 , fi fi , .

Poterium sanguisorba L. subsp. dictyocarpum (Spach) Rouy & Camus (ROSACEAE): fi fi fi fi fi 700 m, fi fi, , .

Teucrium cyprium Boiss. subsp. kyreniae P.H. Davis (LAMIACEAE): fi, fi .

8.3

fi fifi fi - IUCN. fi :

Arenaria saponarioides Boiss. & Bal.

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch

Erophila minima C. A. Mey.

Erysimum repandum L.

Lactuca triquetra (Labill.) Boiss.

Lavatera punctata All.

Lens nigricans (M. Bieb.) Godr.

Ophrys melena (Renz) H.E. Paulus & Gack

Orchis punctulata Steven ex Lindley

Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.

8.4 fi

fi fi , IUCN, 328 taxa 18,9 % . fi fi 8.3.

fi , 238 taxa (13,7 %) , - (CR), (EN) (VU), 23 (1,3 %) -fi fi (RE/?RE). fi fi fi 50 fi fi (Schnittler et al. 2001) fi , (.., Olivier et al. 1995 VV. AA. 2000).

fi 8.4 fi 7 IUCN fi . fi fi , fi fi . - D fi fi fi - fi, , - fi (163 68,5 % ). fi fi fi fi fi fi fi- fi fi . fi , fi

032-072 23-05-07 08:36 52

53

fi fi fi fi, , fi fi . fi 75 (31, 5%) A, B C, - fi fi .

143 , fi, - fi IUCN,

fi 8.3: K K IUCN.Figure 8.3: Distribution of evaluated plant taxa in the IUCN Read List Categories.

fi 8.4: fi IUCN fi .Figure 8.4: Frequency of IUCN criteria applied in plant evaluation.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 53

54

47. fi , 45 (31,5% ) (fi 8.5), fi ( fi 8.2). fi fi fi fi , 27 - ( D2) fi fi ( D1). , fi fi - Alyssum akamasicum fiBrachypodium firmifolium, Crocus cyprius, Acinos troodi subsp. troodi, Cynoglossum troodi, Onosma troodi. fi , - , fi fi Cyperus cyprius Hedysarum cyprium .

fi (59 %) , fi fi fi (fi 8.5).

fi fi (fi 8.6). , fi . , fi fi fi , fi fi fi fi fi fi fi ( fi 7.4). - fi, M, , Xfi , Xfi, . - fi .

fi 8.5: . : fi fi, : fi, : -fi, : fi, : .

Figure 8.5: Chorology of the threatened and extinct plants. A: cyprian endemic, B: near endemic, : east-mediterranean,: mediterranean, : wider distribution.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 54

55

fi 8.7 (238 CR, EN & VU) . fi fi -fi (fi 3.8). fi fi fi -fi fi fi fi fi (20 % , MANRE 2005) fi . fi ( 11.1 11.4), fi (fi 5: , , ), (1.4), (fi 4), (fi 10) (fi 6). fi , fi fi (fi 5), (fi 10) - (fi 6).

fi 8.8 238 CR, EN VU. fi fi ( fi 1) . fi - fi , 1.4.2, (fi 8.9), , 1.4.3,(fi 8.10) fi (1.4.4). , - , fi , - (1.1.1.1), fi, 1.1.4.2, (fi 8.11), fi (1.1.8) - (1.1.2.1). (fi 10), fi (10.1) , - fi, fi fi, 3.5 (fi 8.12). fi (fi 1.7) ( 7.1 6.1.1), - fi , fi, fi.

fi 8.6. .Figure 8.6. The geographic distribution of the threatened plants of Cyprus.

032-072 24-05-07 13:28 55

56

fi 8.7: ( IUCN).Figure 8.7: Distribution of threatened plants in habitat types (IUCN coding).

fi 8.8: fi ( IUCN)Figure 8.8: Frequency of identified threats (IUCN coding)

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 56

57

fi 8.9: , fi fi . . - fi .

Figure 8.9: Expansion of built-up areas, a major threat to the flora - Temporary pond at Pegeia village.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 57

58

fi 8.10: Pancratium maritimum . fi .

Figure 8.10: Fencing of Pancratium maritimum for protection against heavy tourist use at Protaras coast.

fi 8.11: fi fi . . . Figure 8.11: Degradation of natural vegetation by overgrazing in Pissouri area.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 58

59

fi 8.12: Tulipa cypria , , . . Figure 8.12: Tulipa cypria in vase, at Deneia village - Picking of plants, a major threat to rare flora.

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 59

60

, fi fi, - fi fi fi fi - ( A, B, & C) (fi 10.2), (fi 3) (fi 11), fi (fi 8.13).

fi 8.13: fi / ( A, B, & C), - ( IUCN).

Figure 8.13: Number of plants showing population decline/habitat deterioration (A, B & C criteria,) by habitat (IUCN coding).

00.01-72 03-05-07 23:34 60

61

9.

, fi , fi - , fi, fi . fi - fi . , fi .

UTM, WGS84. K 20 20 km

fi fi

IUCN fi

fi fi

IUCN

(, , , , )

- . - , fi, . IUCN ( 9.1).

. /,, , , fi - fi .

, - . - (-, , -). - (.., ).

fi ( ). .

. , fi, fi - -, . . - IUCN ( 9.2).

, . - , (.., fi,).

- - .

.

. fi fi fi - fi , .

.

-. -fi fi fi.

: -fi fi- ( fi fi fi-). .

A :

032-072 23-05-07 08:43 61

62

. Habitat type fiCode

1 Forest

1.4 Temperate

1.4.1 Coniferous Forest fi

1.4.2 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest fi

3 Shrubland

3.8 Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation

4 Grassland

5 Wetlands (inland) fi ()

5.1 Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks [includes waterfalls] // fi ( )

5.2 Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks // /

5.3 Shrub Dominated Wetlands fi

5.4 Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands , , ,

5.7 Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools [under 8 ha] fi / [ fi 8 ha]

5.8 Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools [under 8 ha] / / [ fi 8 ha]

5.9 Freshwater Springs and Oases

5.15 Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes and Flats / ,

5.17 Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools / ,

6 Rocky barren areas [inland cliffs, mountain peaks] [ , ]

7 Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) fi ( )

7.1 Caves

9 Sea

9.1 Open

9.2 Shallow [usually less than 6 m deep at low tide; [ fi fi 6 m ]includes sea bays and straits]

9.3 Subtidal Aquatic Beds [kelp beds, sea- grass [ , beds and tropical marine meadows] ]

9.4 Coral Reefs

10 Coastline

10.1 Rocky Shores [includes rocky offshore islands and sea cliffs] [ ]

10.2 Sand, Shingle or Pebble Shores [includes sand bars, spits, sandy , [islets, dune systems] , fi, ,

]

10.3 Estuarine Waters

10.4 Intertidal Mud, Sand or Salt Flats ,

10.5 Intertidal Marshes [includes salt marshes] [ ]

10.6 Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons /

11 Artificial - Terrestrial -

11.1 Arable Land

11.2 Pastureland fi

11.3 Plantations

11.4 Rural Gardens

11.5 Urban Areas

12 Artificial - Aquatic

12.1 Water Storage Areas (over 8 ha) ( fi 8 ha)

12.2 Ponds (below 8 ha) ( fi 8 ha)

12.3 Aquaculture Ponds

12.4 Salt Exploitation Sites

12.5 Excavations (open) ()

12.6 Wastewater Treatment Areas

12.7 Irrigated Land [includes irrigation channels] fi [ ]

12.9 Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches ,

13 Introduced Vegetation ()

14 Other

9.1: fi fi IUCN (2006) - fi fi K.Table 9.1: Habitat classification system of IUCN (2006) - only habitats occuring in Cyprus are listed.

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fi Threat Code1 Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced) / ()1.1 Agriculture 1.1.1 Crops 1.1.1.1 Shifting agriculture 1.1.1.2 Small-holder farming 1.1.1.3 Agro-industry farming - 1.1.2 Wood plantations 1.1.2.1 Small-scale 1.1.2.2 Large-scale 1.1.3 Non-timber plantations 1.1.3.1 Small-scale 1.1.3.2 Large-scale 1.1.4 Livestock 1.1.4.1 Nomadic 1.1.4.2 Small-holder 1.1.4.3 Agro-industry -1.1.5 Abandonment 1.1.6 Marine aquaculture 1.1.7 Freshwater aquaculture 1.1.8 Other 1.1.9 Unknown 1.2 Land management of non-agricultural areas 1.2.1 Abandonment 1.2.2 Change of management regime 1.2.3 Other 1.2.4 Unknown 1.3 Extraction 1.3.1 Mining 1.3.2 Fisheries 1.3.2.1 Subsistence 1.3.2.2 Artisinal/small-scale / 1.3.2.3 Large-scale/industrial /1.3.3 Wood 1.3.3.1 Small-scale subsistence 1.3.3.2 Selective logging 1.3.3.3 Clear-cutting A1.3.4 Non-woody vegetation collection 1.3.5 Coral removal 1.3.6 Groundwater extraction 1.3.7 Other 1.3.8 Unknown 1.4 Infrastructure development 1.4.1 Industry 1.4.2 Human settlement 1.4.3 Tourism/recreation fi/1.4.4 Transport - land/air /1.4.5 Transport water /1.4.6 Dams 1.4.7 Telecommunications 1.4.8 Power lines 1.4.9 Other 1.4.10 Unknown 1.5 Invasive alien species (directly impacting habitat) ( )1.6 Change in native species dynamics (directly impacting habitat) (

)1.7 Fires 1.8 Other causes 1.9 Unknown causes 2 Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species) ( )2.1 Competitors 2.2 Predators 2.3 Hybridizers

9.2: fi IUCN (2006) (). Table 9.2: Threat classification system of IUCN (2006) (cont d).

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fi Threat Code2.4 Pathogens/parasites fi/2.5 Other 3 Harvesting [hunting/gathering] [/]3.1 Food 3.1.1 Subsistence use/local trade /fi fi3.1.2 Sub-national/national trade fi/fi fi3.1.3 Regional/international trade fi/ fi3.2 Medicine 3.2.1 Subsistence use/local trade /fi fi3.2.2 Sub-national/national trade fi/fi fi3.2.3 Regional/international trade fi/ fi3.3 Fuel 3.3.1 Subsistence use/local trade /fi fi3.3.2 Sub-national/national trade fi/fi fi3.3.3 Regional/international trade fi/ fi3.4 Materials 3.4.1 Subsistence use/local trade /fi fi3.4.2 Sub-national/national trade fi/fi fi3.4.3 Regional/international trade fi/ fi3.5 Cultural/scientific/leisure activities // fi3.5.1 Subsistence use/local trade /fi fi3.5.2 Sub-national/national trade fi/fi fi3.5.3 Regional/international trade fi/ fi3.6 Other 3.7 Unknown 4 Accidental mortality fi4.1 Bycatch 4.1.1 Fisheries-related fi 4.1.1.1 Hooking 4.1.1.2 Netting 4.1.1.3 Entanglement 4.1.1.4 Dynamite 4.1.1.5 Poisoning 4.1.2 Terrestrial 4.1.2.1 Trapping/snaring/netting fi/fi/4.1.2.2 Shooting fi4.1.2.3 Poisoning 4.1.3 Other 4.1.4 Unknown 4.2 Collision 4.2.1 Pylon and building collision 4.2.2 Vehicle collision 4.2.3 Other 4.2.4 Unknown 5 Persecution 5.1 Pest control 5.2 Other 5.3 Unknown 6 Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species) ( / )6.1 Atmospheric pollution 6.1.1 Global warming/oceanic warming fi / 6.1.2 Acid precipitation 6.1.3 Ozone hole effects fi6.1.4 Smog 6.1.5 Other 6.2 Land pollution 6.2.1 Agricultural 6.2.2 Domestic 6.2.3 Commercial/Industrial 6.2.4 Other non-agricultural /6.2.5 Light pollution fi6.2.6 Other

9.2: fi IUCN (2006) ().Table 9.2: Threat classification system of IUCN (2006) (cont d).

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fi Threat Code6.3 Water pollution 6.3.1 Agricultural 6.3.2 Domestic 6.3.3 Commercial/Industrial /6.3.4 Other non-agricultural 6.3.5 Thermal pollution 6.3.6 Oil slicks 6.3.7 Sediment 6.3.8 Sewage 6.3.9 Solid waste fi6.3.10 Noise pollution 6.3.11 Other 7 Natural disasters 7.1 Drought 7.2 Storms/flooding /7.3 Temperature extremes 7.4 Wildfire 7.5 Volcanoes 7.6 Avalanches/landslides /7.7 Other 7.8 Unknown 8 Changes in native species dynamics 8.1 Competitors 8.2 Predators 8.3 Prey/food base / 8.4 Hybridizers 8.5 Pathogens/parasites fi/8.6 Mutualisms 8.7 Other 8.8 Unknown 9 Intrinsic Factors 9.1 Limited dispersal 9.2 Poor recruitment/reproduction/regeneration //9.3 High juvenile mortality fi fi9.4 Inbreeding 9.5 Low densities fi fi9.6 Skewed sex ratios 9.7 Slow growth rates fi 9.8 Population fluctuations 9.9 Restricted range 9.10 Other 9.11 Unknown 10 Human disturbance 10.1 Recreation/tourism /fi10.2 Research 10.3 War/civil unrest fi/ 10.4 Transport 10.5 Fire 10.6 Other 10.7 Unknown 11 Other 12 Unknown

9.2: fi IUCN (2006).Table 9.2: Threat classification system of IUCN (2006).

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10. Abbreviations

ARI: fi fi herbarium Code name of the herbarium ofthe Agricultural Research Institute (of Cyprus).

Bern: Bern Convention.

CITES: fi fi Convention onInternational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

CYP: Herbarium Herbarium of the Forestry Department of Cyprus.

IUCN: International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

92/43/EEC: fi Habitats Directive.

1520*: fi fi Priority habitat.

IUCN IUCN Read List Categories

RE: Regionally extinct.

CR: Critically endangered.

EN: Endangered.

VU: Vulnerable.

DD: fi Data deficient.

NT: Near threatened.

LC: Least concern.

NE: Not Evaluated

fi Endemism

: fi Endemic of Cyprus.

: fi fi fi 3 (fi) Near endemic (plantoccurring in Cyprus and at most, in three other countries).

: fi East Mediterranean plant.

: fi Mediterranean plant.

: fi Plant with distribution range extending beyond theMediterranean.

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INTRODUCTION

1. Writing the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus

The preparation of the Red Data Book has been a collective effort involving the close co-operation of manypeople, including the vast majority of those actively involved in the study of Cyprus flora.

Writing of the Red Data Book of the Cyprus Flora commenced in autumn 2005 and ended in spring 2007. Theauthors of each plants datasheet are the researchers who have also participated in data collection, fieldwork andassessment of conservation status of the evaluated taxa. The introduction was written by the editors.

2. Aim and Necessity of the Red Data Book

The national Red Data Lists and Books for plants and animals are invaluable for the conservation of biodiversity.They also attest to both the states and the societys commitment to invest in the protection of the naturalenvironment.

The primary objective of the Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus is the identification of the threatened plants andthe assessment of their extinction risk according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)red list criteria. The resulting data provide a database that will support future research and decision making,although regular and continuous updating is required to maintain its value.

The project has produced baseline data on plant population, biology, distribution and value, which will help to:set priorities for conservation; raise public awareness; and highlight research needs. End users include: therelevant Cypriot authorities (i.e., in terms of proposals for the conservation of the flora, updating and amendinginternational conventions, national strategy for biodiversity conservation); managers of protected areas; andenvironmental impact assessors.

3. The IUCN Threat Categories

The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are a system for assessment of the extinction risk of plant or animaltaxa, using explicit and objective criteria including quantitative parameters such as population size andfluctuations, number of locations, etc. This system was originally developed for global assessments but it isincreasingly used in local, regional and national assessments. Version 3.1 of the criteria (IUCN 2001, 2003) wasused for our project.

The threat categories are organised as shown in Figure 3.1 (page 18) and are defined as follows (IUCN 2003):

Extinct (EX): There is no reasonable doubt that the last individual of a taxon has died.

Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised populationwell outside the past range.

Critically Endangered (CR): The best available evidence indicates that a taxon meets any of the criteria A to E forCritically Endangered.

Endangered (EN): The best available evidence indicates that a taxon meets any of the criteria A to E forEndangered.

Vulnerable (VU): The best available evidence indicates that a taxon meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable.

Near Threatened (NT): A taxon has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for any of the threatcategories now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify in the near future.

Least Concern (LC): A taxon has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for any of the threatcategories or for Near Threatened.

Data Deficient (DD): There is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of the extinction riskof a taxon.

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Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.

In summary, the criteria are: A (past, present or projected population reduction), B (geographic distributioncombined with population reduction or fragmentation, habitat degradation, fluctuation), C (small population sizeand continuous reduction or fragmentation or fluctuation), D (population very small, D1, or restricted distribution,D2), E (quantitative analysis of extinction risk). The population and population size, subpopulation, extent ofoccurrence, area of occupancy and location are important parameters in the application of the criteria and areexplicitly defined by IUCN (2003).

Although, the criteria were developed for global assessments, they can also be used at the regional level providedthe population to be assessed is isolated from conspecific populations outside the region. In regionalassessments the category EX applies only to endemic species; for non-endemics this category changes toRegionally Extinct (RE). For the assessment of the flora of Cyprus, it has been assumed that the island issurrounded by a sea zone sufficiently wide to preclude the probability of natural propagule transfer from thesurrounding countries. Seed transfer via the sea or the wind is deemed negligible, while transfer by birds is veryslight.

4. Geomorphology and Climate of Cyprus

With an area of 9,251 km2 , Cyprus is the third largest Mediterranean island (Figure 4.1, page 22). It is situated atthe easternmost end of the Mediterranean basin, neighbouring Africa, Asia and Europe, 64 km south of Turkeyand 105 km west of Syria.

The geomorphology of Cyprus is distinguished by two main mountain ranges, Troodos (1952 m), which consistsof basic and ultrabasic plutonic rocks, and Pentadaktylos (1024 m), made up of a succession of mostlyallocthonous sedimentary formations. Between the ranges lies the central plain of Mesaoria (Figure 4.2, page 23),comprised of both alluvial-colluvial soils and fanglomerates, biocalcarenites, sandstones and sandy marls withgypsum outposts. The coastline ranges from steep cliffs (Figure 4.4, page 24) and rocky shorelines with sea cavesto gentle slopes and sandy beaches. Most rivers originate from the Troodos range and are intermittent, with fewperennial flow parts (Figure 5.11, page 34).

The climate is typically Mediterranean with long, hot, dry summers and rainy winters separated by short autumnand spring seasons subject to unstable weather systems. Local meteorological phenomena are influenced by theTroodos and Pentadaktylos ranges, and also by the proximity to the sea. The annual average precipitation is 480mm, and ranges from 300 mm on the central plain to 1100 mm on the peak of Troodos. According to the Rivas-

Martnez classification, the bioclimate is Mediterranean Mesophytic to Xerophytic-Oceanean with zones rangingfrom Thermo-Mediterraneansemi-arid to Supra-Mediterranean-humid (Barber i Valles 1995; Andreou &Panagiotou 2004).

5. Vegetation and Habitats

Cyprus is an island with diverse landscapes, due to both its varied climate and geology and the presence of mansince 8200 AD (Guilaine & Briois 2003; Peltenburg 2003; Peltenburg et al. 2003). High forests cover about 17% ofthe island, extending mainly on the Troodos and Pentadaktylos ranges. The hills are covered by shrubs alternatingwith built-up areas and cultivations. The plains of the lowlands are covered by cultivations (about 45% of theisland) and habitations, but there are also small areas of natural habitats locally. The natural and semi-naturalvegetation types as well as the cultivations, especially traditional ones such as tree orchards, constitute importanthabitats for rare plants.

The thermophilous Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) forms the most extended forests, from sea level to about 1400 m,and covers the Troodos and Pentadaktylos mountain ranges and part of Akamas Peninsula. Cypress (Cupressussempervirens) forests occur mainly on Pentadaktylos. The semi-deciduous Quercus infectoria subsp. venerisforms only remnant stands at the western part of the island (Figure 5.2, page 27). The Pinus nigra subsp.pallasiana forest (Figure 5.3, page 28), the endemic Cedrus brevifolia forest and stands of mountain junipers arerestricted to the higher altitudes of Troodos. The golden oak (Quercus alnifolia) occurs under the conifers or inpure stands, at altitude of 700 m and above all across the Troodos range (Figure 5.4, page 29).

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Various types of shrub are dominant in the thermo-Mediterranean and semi-arid zones. Olea europaea andCeratonia siliqua maquis as well as Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos tall shrubs are rather rare, while the lowand spiny phrygana are the most common vegetation type (Figure 5.5, page 30). Juniperus phoenicea matorralis typical of the coastal zone (Figure 5.6, page 30). Dry grasslands develop in pastures and in shrub and forestopenings. A unique peat grassland (a fen) occurs at only two locations on Troodos (Figure 5.7, page 31).

The sandy coastal zone is generally narrow, with ammophilous communities on low embryonic and shiftingdunes. Extended dune systems, including stabilised dunes with shrubs and dune slacks (Figure 5.8, page 32),develop at few places (Apostolos Andreas at Karpasia, Akamas), notably in connection with halophytic wetlands, i.e.,Ammohostos, Agia Eirini and the salt lakes of Akrotiri and Larnaka (Figures 5.9 & 5.10, pages 32 & 33).

A discontinuous and mostly narrow line of riparian shrub and forest develops along the numerous streams thatdissect the island, often in the midst of cultivated land. Standing fresh water bodies are only artificial storagebasins and dams, yet hydrophilous vegetation has established at most of them (Figure 5.12, page 35).

The rocky habitats include chasmophytic communities developing on limestone (Akamas, Pentadaktylos),ultramaffic rock (Troodos) and wet rocks, and also endemic serpentinophilous chamaephytic communities(Troodos, Akamas and Lemesos Forest).

6. Flora

The publication of the Flora of Cyprus (Meikle 1977, 1985) was a milestone in the study of the flora of Cyprus,which began in 1787 and has been continuous up to now with the discovery of new indigenous and alien taxa(Chrtek & Slavik 1981, 1993, 1994, 2000; 1994; Della & Iatrou 1995; Alziar 1999; Hand 2000, 2001,2003, 2004, 2006; Hadjikyriakou et al. 2004) and new endemic taxa (Brullo et al. 1993; Georgiadis & Hadjikyriakou1993; Hadjikyriakou & Alziar 1998, 2006; Hadjikyriakou & Hand 2006; Raus & Scholz 2004).

In total the indigenous flora (Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes) of Cyprus includes 1,610 species or 1,738 taxaat variety level, while the alien flora includes 238 taxa (Meikle 1977, 1988; Hadjikyriakou 1997; CyprusFlora 2007).The endemic flora includes 108 species or 143 taxa at variety level (6.7% and 8.2% of the indigenous florarespectively). The National Forest Park of Troodos is a centre for endemics, hosting 13 local endemics and 74cyprian endemics, while the whole Troodos range hosts 94 endemic taxa. Other important areas for endemics arethe Pentadaktylos range and Akamas Peninsula with 56 and 44 cyprian endemic taxa, respectively. Some notableflora elements are the endemic trees Cedrus brevifolia and Quercus alnifolia, and also the endemic shrub Boseacypria, a relic element of Tethys.

7. The Research Project Cyprinia

The Red Data Book is a compilation and analysis of the data collected within the research project 93/5 2002entitled The Red Data Book of the Flora of Cyprus, the official duration of which was between December 1, 2002and June 30, 2006.

The overarching aim of the project was to identify the threatened plants of Cyprus and to classify them accordingto the IUCN threat categories. These tasks were performed so as to achieve the maximum results within the giventime limits. More specific objectives of the project included: writing/publishing the Red Data Book; creation of aCyprus flora database for use as an assessment tool; creation of a network of all concerned bodies; drawing upa set of guidelines/conservation measures for threatened plants.

The participants of the project were: The Cyprus Forestry Association, the National and Kapodistrian University ofAthens, the Forestry Department, the Agricultural Research Institute and the Environment Service. Independentresearchers participated voluntarily in fieldwork and are also authors of the Cyprus Red Data book. Severalindependent researchers provided invaluable information: Georgios Hadjikyriakou, Efthimios Efthimiou, AndreasKyriakou, Rachel ing and Robert Desmond Meikle.

7.1 The selection of plants to be assessed by fieldwork

The goal of the first phase of the project was the compilation of a list comprising all the rare, probably threatened,plants for which fieldwork would be necessary. Preparation for this task included: thorough study of all available

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information on the plants of Cyprus, including the Flora of Cyprus (Meikle 1977&1985), the database of the Natura2000 sites BioCyprus, and the IUCN database; research into international and national laws concerning protectedplants; examination of published scientific studies; study of several herbariathose of the Forestry Department, theAgricultural Research Institute and Georgios Hadjikyriakou; examination and evaluation of the personal data filesof all participants. A draft list of 500 plants was drawn up; subsequent discussion reduced the list to 335 plants.New data that appeared during fieldwork necessitated modifying the list once again, which finally included 328plants.

Plants whose presence in Cyprus is doubtful and has not been confirmed, such as Anemone hortensis L., Papaverdubium L., Euphorbia altissima Boiss., Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire, were not included in the above list, norwere rare plants considered as aliens.

7.2 Fieldwork

Fieldwork began in February 2003 and officially ended in November 2005 (Figures 7.1 & 7.2, pages 41 & 42);however data was collected until March 2007. It must be noted that after the start of the programme access to theoccupied areas became possible, which allowed the project to expand over the whole island, but which alsodramatically increased the workload. Data collection for the plants in the occupied areas was not as efficient dueto lack of time, the unknown field and the multitude of inaccessible military areas.

The Field Data Form used included: date, authors, topographic data including co-ordinates, plant habitat andplant community, number of mature individuals, threats, a sketch of the location and other useful information.Extent of occurrence and area of occupancy were obtained by GPS and plotted by GIS, and these parameterswere estimated with good precision for most plants. The number of missing locations was minimised and newlocations with suitable habitats were searched for most of the plants. The estimation of population size was madeby exact count of the plants in small subpopulations (up to 2,000-3,000 individuals). In larger subpopulations,estimation with a statistically sound sampling design was not possible due to the large number of plants and timelimits. As a result, a visual estimation was made, usually in scale (e.g., 2001-3000). This method is subjective buterror is minimised when applied by experienced researchers.

7.3 Plant classification based on the IUCN criteria

The assessment of the conservation status of the plants was made according to the IUCN criteria following therelevant guidelines (IUCN 2001, 2003, 2005; Gdenfors et al. 2001; Miller et al. 2005). The area of occupancy was

estimated using a grid size of 1 or 2 km corresponding to a cell size of 1 km2 and 4 km2, depending on plantbiology, distribution patterns and survey intensity.

In most cases assessment was based solely on the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and population size,taking into account current and projected threats and habitat conservation status. Population size reduction couldbe affirmed in a few cases, usually based on known loss of locations. Due to the lack of long data series it wasnot possible to assess whether there were in fact population size reductions or large fluctuations for the majorityof the plants. If and when this type of data becomes available, the classification of some plants will most probablychange.

8. Results of Plant Classification in Threat Categories

8.1 Plant classification in tables

Table 8.1 (page 44) summarises the results of plant assessment. In Tables 8.2-8.8 (pages 44-49), plants in eachthreat category are listed along with the IUCN criteria used for their classification. Plants endemic to Cyprus aremarked with an asterisk.

8.2 Near Threatened and Least Concern plants

Near Threatened plants (Table 8.7, page 48) did not meet any of the criteria for the threat categories, but theywere close to meeting some criteria or are expected to do so in the near future. They have at least 6 locations andrelatively large subpopulations which are not under pressure. The Least Concern plants (Table 8.8, page 49) were

recorded in more than 10 locations, have an area of occupancy > 80 km2, and their habitat and subpopulationsare neither reduced nor degraded.

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8.3 Not evaluated rare plants

During the last stages of the Red Data Book project it became evident that some plants were much rarer thanindicated by the available sources and could meet the IUCN criteria for the threat categories. Due to timelimitations, however, they were not evaluated. These plants are: Arenaria saponarioides Boiss. & Bal.,Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, Erophila minima C. A. Mey., Erysimum repandum L., Lactuca triquetra (Labill.)Boiss., Lavatera punctata All., Lens nigricans (M. Bieb.) Godr., Ophrys melena (Renz) H.E. Paulus & Gack,Orchis punctulata Steven ex Lindley and Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.

8.4 Summary of results and conclusions

In total 328 taxa (18.9% of the indigenous flora) were evaluated against the IUCN criteria and 238 (13.7% ofthe indigenous flora) were found to qualify for classification in one of the IUCN threat categories, i.e., CriticallyEndangered, Endangered and Vulnerable (Figure 8.3, page 53). A total of 23 taxa were classified asRegionally Extinct (RE/?RE). The number of RE taxa is high compared to other European countries (Schnittleret al. 2001) but includes no endemic species in contrast to other countries (eg., Olivier 1995; VV. AA. 2000).The Data Deficient category includes 45 taxa, while the Near Threatened and Least Concern comprise 15 and7 taxa, respectively.

The frequency of the criteria used for the assessment of the plants of Cyprus is shown in Figure 8.4, page 53.Criterion D (163 plants, 68.5% of those assessed as threatened) was the one most frequently used; that is, theplants were classified as threatened based solely on small population size and distribution area. This mayindicate that most of the plants are threatened due to their inherent rarity and not as a result of human activity.On the other hand, it may just as well reflect the fact that due to the lack of data it was not possible to detectpopulation reduction or fluctuation.

Most of the threatened plants have a wide distribution, being found throughout the Mediterranean region andeven beyond (Figure 8.5, page 54). There are 45 threatened endemic plants (31.5% of the endemic flora).Most of these are Vulnerable (31 taxa) and classified as threatened due to small population size and restricteddistribution area in the absence of human activity (27 taxa). The restricted distribution is often the result oftheir specialised and small area habitat.

The threatened plants actually occur all over Cyprus (Figure 8.6, page 55), with some gaps mainly close tourban sites and intensively cultivated areas, such as Mesaoria. The smaller number of plants recorded in theoccupied areas is in part due to less intense survey efforts. The areas with the largest concentration of plantsare the National Forest Park of Troodos, Pafos Forest, Madari-Papoutsa area, Akamas Peninsula, AkrotiriPeninsula, Kavo Gkreko and the Pentadaktylos range. This distribution reflects the presence of narrowendemics or small-niche plants rather than the intensity of human activities.

As shown in Figure 8.7, page 56, most threatened plants occur in maquis and phrygana (IUCN code 3.8). Thismay be due to the large biodiversity and large cover of these habitats in Cyprus and also to the fact that theyare under significant threat from rapid land development. If the total area of each habitat in Cyprus is takeninto account, the habitats with the highest concentration of threatened plants are wetlands (code 5), coastalhabitats (code 10) and inland rocks (code 6).

Figure 8.8, page 56, shows that habitat loss or degradation due to human activities (code 1) is the main threatfor the flora of Cyprus. Specifically, degradation is most frequently caused by building (Figure 8.9, page 57)and tourism development (1.4.2, 1.4.3) and road construction (1.4.4), followed by agricultural activities (1.1).Human disturbance, mainly recreational use (10.1) directly affecting plants, is also an important threat (Figure8.10, page 58). The typical Mediterranean climate threats of fire (code 1.7) and drought (codes 7.1, 6.1.1),which will probably be aggravated by global climate change, were recorded with significant frequency.

The importance of the threat of land development is indicated by the fact that the plants showing populationreduction or habitat degradation (criteria A, B, C) are located on coastal sand dunes (code 10), in phrygana(code 3) and agricultural areas (code 11), which are the habitats most affected by building and tourismactivities (Figure 8.13, page 60).

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9. Presentation and Description of Plants

Each plant is first identified with its Latin name, synonyms, family and common name. The small box indicates theplants protection status at an international level (left); its IUCN caterogy (right) at a global level and in Cyprus(RE, CR, EN, VU and DD), and criteria for the classification; and endemism (see page 61).

The Greek text presents detailed information on the plant, including: brief description and any relevanttaxonomical notes; distribution and habitat in Cyprus; data on plant biology (flowering, fruiting and dispersalperiod, pollination, germination, physiology, etc.); conservation status and threats; current and proposedprotection measures; value and uses. The short English summary emphasises plant distribution, conservationstatus, habitat (IUCN coding, Table 9.1, page 62) and threats (IUCN coding, Table 9.2, page 63). The final sectionincludes the literature soures used for the plant datasheet. Author/authors are credited just below the referencesection.

The text is accompanied by a dot map of the plant distribution in Cyprus and by one or more photographs of theplant.

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MEPO A: TA EAANIENTA

KAI AEIOYMENA YTA

PART A: EXTINCT AND THREATENED PLANTS

01. 73-88 02-05-07 09:33 73

01. 73-88 02-05-07 09:33 74

75

: , fi fi, 20-40 cm, 2 fi . 3-8, , 5-12 1-2 cm. , , , - , , - fi - , , - fi fi.fi , .

: , fi , -. . - , fi . fi fi Kotschy 1859 fi Wood 1985. E - T fi Smitak 1999, fi.

: (3.8), (4) (1.4), (fi 450 m).

: : -.

: - fi 1859 fi - fi -, .

Summary: Perennial, erect herb, 20-40 cm high, with 2ovoid or subglobose tubers. Leaves 3-8, oblong or elliptic.Flowers numerous, yellow or greenish-yellow, without aspur. Europe, north Africa, Turkey and Lebanon. There areseveral records from Cyprus but no confirmed botanicalevidence. It was collected by Kotschy in 1859 andoobserved by Wood in 1985 near Ayios Therapon. It wasalso recorded in 1999 by Smitak near Trimiklini. Despiterepeated surveys in the above areas for many years, theplant has not been found. [?RE]

ORCHIDACAE

Efi: E

( fi E) A. . A

Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W.T. Aiton

: Davis P., Davis J. & Huxley A. 1983. Wild Orchids of Britain and Europe. London: The Hogarth Press, pp. 134-135.Davis P.H. (ed). 1975. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 506-507.Delforge P. 1995. Orchids of Britain and Europe. London: HarperCollins Publishers, p. 283.Kreutz C.A.J. 2004. The Orchids of Cyprus. Landgraaf: C.A.J. Kreutz, pp. 68-69.Meikle R.D. 1985. Flora of Cyprus. Vol. 2. London: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 1538-1539.Tutin T.G. et al (eds). 1980. Flora Europaea. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 342.

. .

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: , 7-50 cm. B- fi, fi . ,, , 10-25 2-3 mm, , - , , . A fi, , . A , .

: , T. 2 , T .

: B fi , (3.8 & 10.1), fi 0-120 m. fi fi- , , .

B: : A-A. :I-. T , fi - .

K : H T (5.000 ) fi fi fi (1.4.2), ( 10.000 ) , fi (1.4.3).

Y : K A T . T fi- .

fi : T .

A : , .

Summary: Much-branched. densely white-tomentoseshrub, 7-50 cm high, with linear-pinnatisect leaves andwhite flowers. Crete, the Aegean islands and southwestTurkey. Two known locations in Cyprus: Pyrgos Tilliriasand Orga villages (about 15,000 plants). It occurs onrocky places with phrygana vegetation (3.8 & 10.1), ataltitude 0-120 m. Threatened by expansion of built-upareas and tourism development (1.4.2 & 1.4.3). [VU: D2]

Efi: E

T. . fi

Achillea cretica L. ASTERACEAE

B:Bruno M., Bond M.L., Paternostro M.P., Arnold N.A., Das J.G. & Herz W. 1996. Bisabolenes from Achillea cretica. Phytochemistry 42: 737-740.Davis P.H. (ed). 1975. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 241-242.Holmboe J. 1914. Studies on the Vegetation of Cyprus. Bergen: Bergens Museums Skrifter 1(2), p. 182.Meikle R.D. 1985. Flora of Cyprus. Vol. 2. London: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, p. 906.Tutin T.G. et al (eds). 1976. Flora Europaea. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 165.X .N. 2007. A A K fi Afi . : fi

T K, . 340.T. . fi & .

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. X

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: fi , 15-40 cm. B , -fi, fi, fi . , ,, 5-20 4-5 mm, , -, . fi , 6-8 mm, 3-10 fi , , fi . fi , , 4-5 .

: fi ( ) () - ( ). , fi fi 18 : fi , , , ,A , A N, , fi - ..

: A , - (10.2), . fi , -fi Pancratium maritimum, Elymus farctus,Eryngium maritimum, Cressa cretica, Coridothymuscapitatus.

: : -. :-. .

: fi fi 10.000 . , , - 2.000 , . , fi - (1-20 ). fi - , fi. - fi , , fi fi , - fi (10.1, 1.4.3 & 1.3.7). , fi- .

: fi - , fi , X -, ..

fi : - fi -, , -. fi .

: fi . fi .Summary: Erect or sprawling subshrub, 15-40 cm high,with densely white-tomentose stems. Leaves, entire-crenulate, tomentose. Capitula in terminal corymbs;florets yellow, all tubular. South Ireland to Spain andMediterranean coasts. In Cyprus it is found at a relativelylarge number of locations (more than 18, with about

Efi: E

Achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. & Y.P. Guo subsp. maritima ASTERACEAEOtanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link

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X. . X

10,000 plants) along the coastal zone on sandy andgravelly seashores (10.2): Akamas, Akrotiri, Agia Eirini,Kormakitis, Agia Thekla, Agia Napa, Salamina,Rizokarpaso etc. Threatened by the heavy tourist use ofsandy coasts, and more specifically by trampling, beachclearance with machinery, installation of tourism

infrastructure and sand removal (10.1, 1.4.3 & 1.3.7).Some subpopulations have decreased in area a