The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the...

25
Online Appendix for “The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE” 1 Feudalism and Political Stability To formalize the intuition presented in Section 3.3 using a simple framework, suppose that a perfectly myopic, risk-neutral sovereign imperfectly controls a polity that creates output of size one each period. Denote by γ the amount of land controlled by the military regardless of the actions of the sovereign (this can be interpreted as the percentage of the entire polity controlled by the military). Suppose that there are N perfectly myopic, risk-neutral members of the military (where N is sufficiently large) and that γ is evenly distributed between the members of this class. We consider the parameter value γ exogenously given. A value of γ = 0 corresponds to a perfectly absolutist sovereign (who uses mamluks or mercenaries to staff his military) whereas higher values of γ denote more feudal arrangements. Note that our assumption of perfectly myopic agents allows us to abstract from the potentially important issue of how the sovereign compensates the military (i.e., iqta’ rents versus land grants). 1 In addition, we abstract from other important issues in order to focus on the sovereign’s desire to prevent a successful revolt. We do so in order to highlight one mechanism that we believe contributes to the observed increase in ruler duration. The order of play in the game is as follows: after observing γ the sovereign moves first and decides whether to keep the entire amount of output he controls to himself or whether to divide it equally between himself and the military. Once the sovereign makes this decision, the military observes both γ and the decision of the sovereign. After observing this information, the military decides whether to revolt or not. If the military revolts, the revolt will succeed with probability π ∈ (0, 1), which is exogenously given. If a revolt is undertaken and succeeds, the sovereign gets nothing and the military get 1 N each. If it does not succeed the sovereign gets 1 and the military gets nothing. If revolt is not undertaken the payoffs (sovereign, military) are ( 1-γ N +1 , γ N + 1-γ N +1 ) if the sovereign shares, and (1 - γ, γ N ) if he does not. Let σ S = {s} be the actions taken by the sovereign (share, not share). Similarly σ M = {r(s)} are the actions of the military (revolt, not revolt). We solve for the subgame perfect Nash equi- librium using backwards induction (we assume that if indifferent the military does not revolt). First, note that if the sovereign shares, the military will never revolt since π N < γ N + 1-γ N +1 when N is large. If the sovereign does not share, the military will revolt if and only if π>γ . We call this point the “mamluk cutoff” since it implies that the probability of successful revolt is higher than the proportion of land controlled by the military. With these conditions we state the following: 1 It is possible that land grants were a way for the sovereign to commit to higher future payments.

Transcript of The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the...

Page 1: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Online Appendix for

“The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise:

Political Divergence of the Christian West

and the Muslim World before 1500 CE”

1 Feudalism and Political Stability

To formalize the intuition presented in Section 3.3 using a simple framework, suppose that aperfectly myopic, risk-neutral sovereign imperfectly controls a polity that creates output of size oneeach period. Denote by γ the amount of land controlled by the military regardless of the actionsof the sovereign (this can be interpreted as the percentage of the entire polity controlled by themilitary). Suppose that there are N perfectly myopic, risk-neutral members of the military (whereN is sufficiently large) and that γ is evenly distributed between the members of this class. Weconsider the parameter value γ exogenously given. A value of γ = 0 corresponds to a perfectlyabsolutist sovereign (who uses mamluks or mercenaries to staff his military) whereas higher valuesof γ denote more feudal arrangements. Note that our assumption of perfectly myopic agents allowsus to abstract from the potentially important issue of how the sovereign compensates the military(i.e., iqta’ rents versus land grants).1 In addition, we abstract from other important issues in orderto focus on the sovereign’s desire to prevent a successful revolt. We do so in order to highlight onemechanism that we believe contributes to the observed increase in ruler duration.

The order of play in the game is as follows: after observing γ the sovereign moves first anddecides whether to keep the entire amount of output he controls to himself or whether to divideit equally between himself and the military. Once the sovereign makes this decision, the militaryobserves both γ and the decision of the sovereign. After observing this information, the militarydecides whether to revolt or not. If the military revolts, the revolt will succeed with probabilityπ ∈ (0, 1), which is exogenously given. If a revolt is undertaken and succeeds, the sovereign getsnothing and the military get 1

N each. If it does not succeed the sovereign gets 1 and the military

gets nothing. If revolt is not undertaken the payoffs (sovereign, military) are ( 1−γN+1 ,

γN + 1−γ

N+1) ifthe sovereign shares, and (1− γ, γ

N ) if he does not.Let σS = {s} be the actions taken by the sovereign (share, not share). Similarly σM = {r(s)}

are the actions of the military (revolt, not revolt). We solve for the subgame perfect Nash equi-librium using backwards induction (we assume that if indifferent the military does not revolt).First, note that if the sovereign shares, the military will never revolt since π

N < γN + 1−γ

N+1 whenN is large. If the sovereign does not share, the military will revolt if and only if π > γ. We callthis point the “mamluk cutoff” since it implies that the probability of successful revolt is higherthan the proportion of land controlled by the military. With these conditions we state the following:

1It is possible that land grants were a way for the sovereign to commit to higher future payments.

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Proposition: There is a unique subgame perfect equilibrium {σS , σM} is the game described abovein which:i. if the “mamluk cutoff” holds, the sovereign will not share and the military will revolt. The revoltwill succeed with probability π.ii. if the “mamluk cutoff” does not hold, then the sovereign will not share and the military will notrevolt.

The drop in the probability of a successful rebellion as we move from mamluk (i.e., absolutist)to feudal arrangements is driven by the military obtaining more land. As this group obtainsa higher endowment they have more to lose from an unsuccessful rebellion. Once the mamlukcutoff is reached, they find it optimal to retain what they have instead of trying to overthrow thesovereign. In this framework, the sovereign never finds it optimal to share because the military islarge. This suggests why a myopic sovereign would never voluntarily move from a mamluk to afeudal framework. In so doing, he would greatly reduce his income.2

2 Additional Results

Here we discuss additional empirical results referenced in the text.

2.1 Japanese Feudalism

To investigate the extent to which the emergence of feudalism led to an increase in ruler duration inJapan, we use data on ruler duration provided by Morby (1989, pp. 223-227)3 and again calculatethe Quandt Likelihod Ratio (QLR) statistic for the specification:

durationt = β0 + β1Dt(τ) + β2t+ β3tDt(τ) (1)

We use 15% trimming and find that the F-statistic testing the null-hypothesis that both β1 andβ3 are zero is maximized in the year 1142 CE. In this year, the F-statistic is 6.93 well above the5% cutoff of 5.86 but below the 1% cutoff of 7.78. In other words, the data identifies a break inruler duration in Japan in the year 1142 CE at the 5% significance level. As noted in the text thisdate approximately corresponds to the emergence of Japanese feudal institutions.

Appendix Figure 1 presents the results in graphical form. The upper graph shows mean rulerduration in each year (denoted with grey dots) and the fitted values of Equation (1) with the breakdate in the year 1142 CE. The lower graph plots the F-statistic within the central 70% of thesample. The vertical line denotes the estimated break date in 1142 CE. The data are consistentwith the hypothesis that Japanese feudalism led to a long-run increase in ruler durations.

2Here, we abstract from the important issue of the possibility of a non-monotonic relationship between rulerduration and constraint on the sovereign as we believe that this relationship is positive for the levels of executiveconstraint we observe in our sample. In the conclusion of the main text we discuss the relationship between rulerduration and constraint in highly institutionalized, democratic states where different patterns are observed.

3We restrict the sample to lie on the interval [300,1700). We omit rulers before 300 CE since before this date asuspiciously large number of rulers have durations of exactly 30 years. Ideally for comparability we would end oursample in the year 1500 CE. However, since Japanese feudal institutions are believed to have only emerged in thelate 12th century this would be equivalent to ending the European sample in the year 1100 CE, which is preciselythe period when the European ruler duration robustly begins to diverge from that of the rest of the sample. For thisreason, we extent the analysis to 1700 CE (limiting the data to earlier years results in qualitatively similar results,although with decreased statistical power.)

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2.2 Regression Results for Probability of Ruler Being Deposed

Does divergence in ruler duration reflect a change in political stability? And what do we knowabout the method of exit for the monarchs examined? We explore these questions by constructinga dummy variable deposeditc equal to one if Morby (1989) identifies a ruler as having been deposed.Morby (1989) defines deposition as removal by conquest or overthrow. Although our baselinedataset relies on Bosworth (1996) for data on ruler duration in the Islamic world, Morby (1989)also reports information on duration and overthrow for a number of Muslim polities. We make useof that information here.

In Column (1) of Appendix Table 1, we present the results of Equation (1) of the main text usingthe dummy variable deposeditc in place of durationitc. The overall trend is consistent with resultsobserved with ruler duration. After around 1000 CE, rulers in Western Europe are significantlyless likely to be deposed than their Muslim counterparts.

2.3 Regression Results Related to State Size

One might be concerned that Islamic polities were larger than European polities and that there isa negative relationship between state size and ruler duration. In addition to including state size asa control in the main text, here we show that there is not a systematic relationship between statesize and ruler duration in our sample after 1000 CE. To do this, we use the entire Nussli sampleand estimate a regression of the form:

durationitc = θcdc +

1400∑c=700

αc ·Areai · dc + εitc (2)

where Areai is the area of the polity in which ruler i assumed power measured in 100,000 squaredkilometers. The estimates αc are presented in Column (2) of Appendix Table 1. These results showthat after 1000 CE one cannot reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between statesize and ruler duration.

3 Data Set Construction

The geographic covariates were constructed as follows: the area of the political entity at the start ofthe century, the proportion of an entity’s area that was part of the Roman Empire in 100 CE and thelatitude of the centroid of the political entity were constructed using ArcGIS and Nussli (2011). Theaverage agricultural suitability of a political entity was constructed using the raw data availableat http://www.sage.wisc.edu/iamdata, ranges between 0 and 1 and is described in detail inMichalopoulos (2012). The percentage of an entity’s area that belonged to the Carolingian Empirein 800 CE was also calculated using ArcGIS and shapefiles in Nussli (2011).

The parliament data in van Zanden et al. (2012) and Stasavage (2011) were matched to thesovereign states in Nussli (2011) and to the Bosworth/Morby data set. The exact mapping isprovided in Appendix Tables 2-4.

Appendix Tables 5-20 provide a comprehensive overview of the construction of the two datasets used in the empirical analysis. In Appendix Tables 5-12 we provide details regarding theconstruction of the Nussli data set whereas in Appendix Tables 13-20 we explain the constructionof the Bosworth-Morby data set.

Appendix Tables 5-12 provide all of the sovereign states denoted in Nussli’s (2011) shape filesfrom 700 through 1400 CE. The political entities for which we were able to find at least one ruler

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duration for a ruler assuming power on the interval [t,t+100) are highlighted in bold. The numberof rulers who assumed power on the interval are given in the first entry in parentheses whereas theaverage duration of these rulers in years is given in the second entry.4

Appendix Tables 13-20 provide the dynasties in the Bosworth/Morby data set by one-hundredyear intervals. In compiling the data sets, we have included all dynasties in which at least one rulerassumed power prior to 1500 CE.5

References

Bosworth, Clifford. 1996. Islamic Dynasties. New York: Columbia University Press.

Finlay, Robert. 1980. Politics in Renaissance Venice. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Michalopoulos, Stelios. 2012. “The Origins of Ethnolinguistic Diversity.” American Economic Re-view, 102(4).

Morby, John. 1989. Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook. NewYork: Oxford University Press.

Nussli, Christos. 2011. http://www.euratlas.com/about.html.

Stasavage, David. 2011. States of Credit. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

van Zanden, Jan Luiten, Eltjo Buringh and Maarten Bosker. 2012. “The Rise and Decline ofEuropean Parliaments, 1188-1789.” Economic History Review, 65(3): 835-861.

4The sources for each identified ruler are provided in the Nussli dataset.5In the Bosworth data set we have omitted a few dynasties that were not Muslim. These are: the Dayubid

Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanidsbefore 805 (Bosworth 1996, p. 145), the Il Khanids before 1295 (Bosworth 1996, p. 251), the Line of Batu’ids (TheKhans of the Golden Horde), the Line of Orda (The Khans of the Golden Horde) before 1313 CE (Bosworth 1996,p. 253) and the Mongol Great Khans (Bosworth 1996, p. 246). We have also omitted the Tahirids and Mus’abidswho were “not a separate dynasty” (Bosworth 1996, p. 169). We also exclude rulers of Genoa and Venice in both theNussli and Bosworth-Morby data sets. These leaders represented an atypical form of medieval rule since they werenot part of a dynastic chain, but rather elected to office. The unusual nature of this framework is demonstrated bythe average age of the election of the Doge of Venice. At 72, this is much higher (at times double) than the averageage of Europe’s princes (Finlay 1980, p. 125). It should be noted that although we have excluded these dynasties forconsistency their inclusion does not affect the qualitative implications of the results.

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010203040Duration

300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

CE

Yea

r

234567F−Statistic

300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

CE

Yea

r

Figure 1: The trend break in Japan. Vertical line denotes the estimated break in 1142 CE.

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Tab

le1:

Pro

babilityRulerDeposed

and

Sta

teSize

Dep

osed

State

Size

(1)

(2)

[700,800)

0.14

-0.23

(0.07)

(0.06)

[800,900)

0.10

-0.13

(0.04)

(0.06)

[900,1000)

-0.27

0.07

(0.04)

(0.18)

[1000,1100)

-0.14

-0.15

(0.08)

(0.11)

[1100,1200)

-0.21

0.10

(0.09)

(0.17)

[1200,1300)

-0.18

-0.08

(0.07)

(0.18)

[1300,1400)

-0.21

-0.29

(0.03)

(0.19)

[1400,1500)

-0.35

-0.23

(0.16)

(0.19)

p−

value 1

000−1400

[0.00]

[0.27]

N1574

2820

DataSet

BM

Nussli

Notes:

Column(1)provides

thedifferen

cebetweenWestern

EuropeandtheIslamic

worldin

themeanprobabilitythatarulerwasdep

osed.Column(2)

show

stherelationship

betweenrulerdurationandstate

size

bycentury.Thep-valuefrom

thetest

thatallthereported

coeffi

cien

tsontheyears

1000-1400

are

jointlyequalto

zero

are

presentedin

therow

den

otedp-value.

Columns(1)usestheBosw

orth-M

orbydata

setandcolumn(2)usestheNussli

data

set.

Standard

errors

are

inparentheses

andare

clustered

bydynastyin

theBosw

orth/Morbydata

setandbypoliticalen

tity

intheNussli

data

set.

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Tab

le2:

Parliaments

inW

estern

Euro

pe(N

ussli)

Stasavage

Year

VanZanden

Year

Polity

CortesofAra

gon

1200

Cro

wn

ofAra

gon

CortesofAra

gon

1300

Cro

wn

ofAra

gon

CortesofAra

gon

1400

Cro

wn

ofAra

gon

CortesofNavarre

1100

Kin

gdom

ofAra

gon

and

Navarre

CortesofNavarre

1200

Kin

gdom

ofNavarre

CortesofNavarre

1400

Kin

gdom

ofNavarre

CortesofCata

lonia

1100

County

ofBarc

elona

Burg

undy

1300

County

ofBurg

undy

Burg

undy

1350

County

ofBurg

undy

Burg

undy

1400

County

ofBurg

undy

Burg

undy

1450

County

ofBurg

undy

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1100

Kin

gdom

ofLeon

and

Castile

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1200

Kin

gdom

ofCastile

Castile

1300

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1300

Cro

wn

ofCastile

Castile

1350

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1300

Cro

wn

ofCastile

Castile

1400

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1400

Cro

wn

ofCastile

Castile

1450

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1400

Cro

wn

ofCastile

Cologne

1300

Electo

rate

ofCologne

Cologne

1350

Electo

rate

ofCologne

Cologne

1400

Electo

rate

ofCologne

Cologne

1450

Electo

rate

ofCologne

Riksd

ag

1100

Kin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

Parliaments

ofEngland

1100

Kin

gdom

ofEngland

England

1250

Parliaments

ofEngland

1200

Kin

gdom

ofEngland

England

1300

Parliaments

ofEngland

1300

Kin

gdom

ofEngland

England

1350

Parliaments

ofEngland

1300

Kin

gdom

ofEngland

England

1400

Parliaments

ofEngland

1400

Kin

gdom

ofEngland

England

1450

Parliaments

ofEngland

1400

Kin

gdom

ofEngland

Flore

nce

1400

RepublicofFlore

nce

Flore

nce

1450

RepublicofFlore

nce

Estate

s-Genera

l1100

Kin

gdom

ofth

eFra

nks

Fra

nce

1250

Estate

s-Genera

l1200

Kin

gdom

ofth

eFra

nks

Fra

nce

1300

Estate

s-Genera

l1300

Kin

gdom

ofFra

nce

Fra

nce

1350

Estate

s-Genera

l1300

Kin

gdom

ofFra

nce

Fra

nce

1400

Estate

s-Genera

l1400

Kin

gdom

ofFra

nce

Fra

nce

1450

Estate

s-Genera

l1400

Kin

gdom

ofFra

nce

DietHesse

1300

Landgra

viate

ofHesse

DietHesse

1300

Landgra

viate

ofHesse

DietHesse

1400

Landgra

viate

ofHesse

DietHesse

1400

Landgra

viate

ofHesse

Main

z1300

Electo

rate

ofM

ain

zM

ain

z1350

Electo

rate

ofM

ain

zM

ain

z1400

Electo

rate

ofM

ain

zM

ilan

1300

Lord

ship

ofM

ilan

Milan

1350

Lord

ship

ofM

ilan

Milan

1400

Duchy

ofM

ilan

Milan

1450

Duchy

ofM

ilan

Dietth

ePalatinate

1400

Electo

ralPalatinate

PapalSta

tes

1300

PapalSta

tes

1300

Sta

teofth

eChurch

PapalSta

tes

1350

PapalSta

tes

1300

Sta

teofth

eChurch

PapalSta

tes

1400

PapalSta

tes

1400

Sta

teofth

eChurch

PapalSta

tes

1450

PapalSta

tes

1400

Sta

teofth

eChurch

Portugal(C

ortes)

1200

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal

Portugal

1250

Portugal(C

ortes)

1200

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal

Portugal

1300

Portugal(C

ortes)

1300

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal

Portugal

1350

Portugal(C

ortes)

1300

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal

Portugal

1400

Portugal(C

ortes)

1400

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal

Portugal

1450

Portugal(C

ortes)

1400

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal

Estate

sofScotland

1100

Kin

gdom

ofScotland

Estate

sofScotland

1200

Kin

gdom

ofScotland

Estate

sofScotland

1300

Kin

gdom

ofScotland

Estate

sofScotland

1400

Kin

gdom

ofScotland

Notes:

Thenameandyearoftheparliamen

tprovided

inStasavage(2010)are

inthefirsttw

ocolumnsden

otedStasavageandYear.

Thenameandyear

oftheparliamen

tprovided

inva

nZanden

etal.

(2012)are

inthesecondtw

ocolumnsden

otedVanZanden

andYear.

Thepolity

towhichthesedata

were

assigned

isprovided

inthecolumnPolity

(polity

names

are

those

provided

inthecolumnlongnamein

Nussli

(2011)).TheStasavagedata

varies

every50

years

beginningin

1250andtheva

nZanden

data

seteverycentury

startingin

1100.Thus,

theen

tryCastile1350den

otestheparliamen

tdata

provided

by

Stasavageontheinterval[1350,1400).

Theva

nZanden

data

forthis

periodis

thedata

thatcoverstheen

tire

period[1300,1400)andthesedata

are

assigned

toallrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1350,1400)in

thepolity

den

oted“CrownofCastile”

inNussli

(2011).

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Tab

le3:

Parliaments

inW

estern

Euro

pe(M

orb

y,1)

Stasavage

Year

VanZanden

Year

Dynasty

CortesofAra

gon

1100

House

ofBarc

elona(T

heKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

CortesofAra

gon

1100

House

ofNavarre(T

heKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

CortesofAra

gon

1200

House

ofBarc

elona(T

heKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

CortesofAra

gon

1300

House

ofBarc

elona(T

heKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

CortesofAra

gon

1400

House

ofTra

stamara

(TheKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1100

DukesofAustria(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1100

House

ofBabenberg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Austria

1250

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1200

House

ofHabsb

urg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Austria

1300

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1300

House

ofHabsb

urg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Austria

1350

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1300

Alb

ertin

eLin

e(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Austria

1350

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1300

Leopold

ineLin

e(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Austria

1400

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1400

Alb

ertin

eLin

e(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Austria

1400

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1400

Lin

eofSty

ria(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

Austria

1400

Genera

llandta

gofAustria

1400

Lin

eofTyro

l(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

DietBavaria

1100

DukesofBavaria(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1100

House

ofAustria(T

heDuchy

ofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1100

House

ofHohenstaufen(T

heDuchy

ofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1100

House

ofW

elf(T

heDuchy

ofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1200

DukesofBavaria(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1200

Lin

eofLowerBavaria(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1200

Lin

eofUpperBavaria(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1300

Lin

eofLowerBavaria(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1300

Lin

eofUpperBavaria(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1300

Lin

eofUpperBavaria-Ingolsta

dt(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1300

Lin

eofUpperBavaria-M

unich(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1400

DukesofBavaria(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1400

Lin

eofLowerBavaria-L

andsh

ut(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1400

Lin

eofUpperBavaria-Ingolsta

dt(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBavaria

1400

Lin

eofUpperBavaria-M

unich(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

DietBra

ndenburg

1400

Electo

rsofBra

ndenburg

(TheHouse

ofHohenzollern

)Burg

undy

1250

Capetian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

Burg

undy

1300

Capetian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

Burg

undy

1350

House

ofValois(B

urg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

Burg

undy

1400

House

ofValois(B

urg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

Burg

undy

1450

House

ofHabsb

urg

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1100

House

ofBurg

undy(T

heKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1100

Kin

gsofCastile(T

heKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1200

Kin

gsofCastile(T

heKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Castile

1250

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1200

Kin

gsofCastileand

Leon(T

heKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Castile

1300

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1300

Kin

gsofCastileand

Leon(T

heKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Castile

1350

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1300

House

ofTra

stamara

(TheKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Castile

1350

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1300

Kin

gsofCastileand

Leon(T

heKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Castile

1400

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1400

House

ofTra

stamara

(TheKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Castile

1450

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1400

House

ofAra

gon(T

heKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Castile

1450

CortesofLeon

and

Castile

1400

House

ofTra

stamara

(TheKin

gdom

sofLeon

and

Castile)

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1100

House

ofSvend

Estridse

n(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Denmark

1250

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1200

House

ofSvend

Estridse

n(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Denmark

1300

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1300

House

ofSvend

Estridse

n(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Denmark

1350

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1300

House

ofNorw

ay(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Denmark

1350

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1300

House

ofPomera

nia(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Denmark

1400

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1400

House

ofOld

enburg

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Denmark

1400

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1400

House

ofth

ePalatinate

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Denmark

1450

Riksd

ag

Denmark

1400

House

ofOld

enburg

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenm

ark

)Parliaments

ofEngland

1100

House

ofBlois(T

heKin

gdom

ofEngland)

Parliaments

ofEngland

1100

House

ofPlanta

genet(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1250

Parliaments

ofEngland

1200

House

ofPlanta

genet(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1300

Parliaments

ofEngland

1300

House

ofPlanta

genet(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1350

Parliaments

ofEngland

1300

House

ofLancaster(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1400

Parliaments

ofEngland

1400

House

ofLancaster(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1400

Parliaments

ofEngland

1400

House

ofLancaster(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1450

Parliaments

ofEngland

1400

House

ofLancaster(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1450

Parliaments

ofEngland

1400

House

ofTudor(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

England

1450

Parliaments

ofEngland

1400

House

ofYork

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

Notes:

Thenameandyearoftheparliamen

tprovided

inStasavage(2011)are

inthefirsttw

ocolumnsden

otedStasavageandYear.

Thenameandyearofthe

parliamen

tprovided

inva

nZanden

etal.

(2012)are

inthesecondtw

ocolumnsden

otedStasavageandyear.

Thedynastyto

whichthesedata

wereassigned

isprovided

inthecolumnden

otedDynasty.

TheStasavagedata

varies

every50years

beginningin

1250andtheva

nZanden

etal.

data

everycentury

starting

in1100.Thustheen

triesCastile1350den

ote

theparliamen

tdata

provided

byStasavageontheinterval[1350,1400).

Theva

nZanden

data

forthis

period

isthedata

thatcoverstheen

tire

period[1300,1400)andthesedata

are

assigned

toallrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1350,1400)in

thedynasties

den

oted“House

ofTrastamara”and“KingsofCastileandLeon”in

Morby(1989).

Page 9: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le4:

Parliaments

inW

estern

Euro

pe(M

orb

y,2)

Stasavage

Year

VanZanden

Year

Dynasty

Flore

nce

1400

House

ofM

edici(TheM

ediciand

their

Succeso

rsin

Flore

nce)

Flore

nce

1450

House

ofM

edici(TheM

ediciand

their

Succeso

rsin

Flore

nce)

Estate

s-Genera

l1100

Capetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Fra

nce

1250

Estate

s-Genera

l1200

Capetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Fra

nce

1300

Estate

s-Genera

l1300

Capetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Fra

nce

1300

Estate

s-Genera

l1300

House

ofValois(T

heKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Fra

nce

1350

Estate

s-Genera

l1300

House

ofValois(T

heKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Fra

nce

1400

Estate

s-Genera

l1400

House

ofValois(T

heKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Fra

nce

1450

Estate

s-Genera

l1400

House

ofValois(T

heKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Fra

nce

1450

Estate

s-Genera

l1400

Lin

eofOrleans(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

DietHesse

1200

Landgra

vesofHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

DietHesse

1300

Landgra

vesofHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

DietHesse

1400

Landgra

vesofHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

DietHesse

1400

Lin

eofUpperHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

Milan

1450

House

ofSforz

a(T

heVisconti

and

Sforz

ain

Milan)

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1100

House

ofHaute

ville-D

ukesofApulia(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1100

Kin

gsofNaplesand

Sicily(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Naples

1250

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1200

House

ofAnjou

-Kin

gsofNaples(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Naples

1250

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1200

House

ofHohenstaufen(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Naples

1300

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1300

House

ofAnjou

-Kin

gsofNaples(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Naples

1350

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1300

House

ofAnjou

-Kin

gsofNaples(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Naples

1400

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1400

House

ofAnjou

-Kin

gsofNaples(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Naples

1400

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1400

House

ofAra

gon(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Naples

1450

South

ern

Italy

and

Naples

1400

House

ofAra

gon(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

CortesofAra

gon

1100

House

ofNavarre(T

heKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

CortesofNavarre

1400

House

ofAlb

ret(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

CortesofNavarre

1400

House

ofAra

gon(T

heKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

Dietth

ePalatinate

1300

Electo

rsofth

ePalatinate

(Witte

lsbachsofth

ePalatinate

)Dietth

ePalatinate

1400

Electo

rsofth

ePalatinate

(Witte

lsbachsofth

ePalatinate

)CortesofPortugal

1100

Kin

gsofPortugal(TheKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Portugal

1250

CortesofPortugal

1200

Kin

gsofPortugal(TheKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Portugal

1300

CortesofPortugal

1300

Kin

gsofPortugal(TheKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Portugal

1350

CortesofPortugal

1300

House

ofAvis(T

heKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Portugal

1350

CortesofPortugal

1300

Kin

gsofPortugal(TheKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Portugal

1400

CortesofPortugal

1400

House

ofAvis(T

heKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Portugal

1450

CortesofPortugal

1400

House

ofAvis(T

heKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Saxony

1400

DietSaxony

1400

Electo

rsofSaxony(T

heHouse

ofW

ettin

)Saxony

1450

DietSaxony

1400

Alb

ertin

eLin

e-DukesofSaxony(T

heHouse

ofW

ettin

)Saxony

1450

DietSaxony

1400

Ern

estin

eLin

e-E

lecto

rsofSaxony(T

heHouse

ofW

ettin

)Parliaments

ofScotland

1100

House

ofDunkeld

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

Parliaments

ofScotland

1200

House

ofBalliol(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

Parliaments

ofScotland

1200

House

ofDunkeld

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

Parliaments

ofScotland

1200

House

ofNorw

ay(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

Parliaments

ofScotland

1300

House

ofBalliol(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

Parliaments

ofScotland

1300

House

ofBru

ce(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

ParliamentofScotland

1300

House

ofSte

wart(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

ParliamentofScotland

1400

House

ofSte

wart(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

Sicily

1100

Counts

ofSicily(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Sicily

1200

House

ofAra

gon

-Kin

gsofSicily(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Sicily

1300

House

ofAra

gon

-Kin

gsofSicily(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Sicily

1400

House

ofAra

gon

-Kin

gsofSicily(T

heKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1100

House

ofSte

nkil(T

heKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1100

House

ofSverk

erand

Erik(T

heKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1200

House

ofSverk

erand

Erik(T

heKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Sweden

1250

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1200

Folkung

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Sweden

1300

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1300

Folkung

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Sweden

1350

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1300

Folkung

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Sweden

1350

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1300

House

ofM

ecklenburg

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Sweden

1400

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1400

House

ofDenmark

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Sweden

1450

Riksd

ag

Sweden

1400

House

ofDenmark

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

Wurtte

mberg

1250

DietW

urtte

mberg

1200

Counts

ofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)W

urtte

mberg

1300

DietW

urtte

mberg

1300

Counts

ofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)W

urtte

mberg

1350

DietW

urtte

mberg

1300

Counts

ofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)W

urtte

mberg

1400

DietW

urtte

mberg

1400

Counts

ofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)W

urtte

mberg

1450

DietW

urtte

mberg

1400

DukesofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)

Notes:

Thenameandyearoftheparliamen

tprovided

inStasavage(2010)are

inthefirsttw

ocolumnsden

otedStasavageandYear.

Thenameandyearofthe

parliamen

tprovided

inva

nZanden

etal.

(2012)are

inthesecondtw

ocolumnsden

otedVanZanden

andYear.

Thedynastyto

whichthesedata

wereassigned

isprovided

inthecolumnden

otedDynasty.

TheStasavagedata

varies

every50years

beginningin

1250andtheva

nZanden

data

seteverycentury

starting

in1100.Thus,

theen

tryFrance

1350den

otestheparliamen

tdata

provided

byStasavageontheinterval[1350,1400).

ThevanZanden

data

forthis

periodis

thedata

thatcoverstheen

tire

period[1300,1400)andthesedata

are

assigned

toallrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1350,1400)in

thedynastyden

oted

“House

ofValois”in

Morby(1989).

Page 10: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le5:

PoliticalEntities[700,800)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire(1

1,9)

Slavsofth

eM

ora

va

Basin

South

Slavsofth

ePin

dusM

ounta

inKin

gdom

ofDomnonia

Slav

Lord

ship

sofBohemia

Sla

vic

Serb

Popula

tio

n(1

,46)

Prin

cip

ality

ofBulg

aria

(11,9)

Duchy

ofSpoleto

Kin

gdom

ofM

akuria

and

Nobatia

Duchy

ofBenevento(9

,11)

Kin

gdom

ofConnacht(1

,19)

Duchy

ofBavaria

Princip

ality

ofKartli

Duchy

ofAquitain

eKin

gdom

ofth

eM

auri

Population

ofth

eNare

nta

Basin

Milin

gSlavs

Kin

gdom

ofD

yfe

dand

Brychein

iog(1

,40)

Kin

gdom

ofLazica

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Pic

ts(1

3,11)

Duchy

ofSaxony

Lordship

softhe

Northern

UiN

eill(16,11)

Lom

bard

Kin

gdom

ofW

hole

Italy

(10,7)

Lordship

softhe

Southern

UiN

eill(9,12)

Danish

Populations

Kin

gdom

ofG

went(4

,29)

Avar

Confe

deracy(1

,19)

Tra

vunian

Slavs

Berb

erConfedera

cy

ofth

eAure

sM

ounta

ins

Kin

gdom

ofSeisyllwg

Visig

othic

Kin

gdom

ofTole

do(1

2,11)

Confedera

cy

ofth

eM

agyars

Duchy

ofVasconia

(1,5)

Lord

ship

ofth

eBru

cte

riLord

ship

ofBro

ere

cLord

ship

sofAirgialla

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Franks(8

,13)

Lord

ship

sofGota

land

Kin

gdom

ofEssex

Goth

sofCrimea

Kin

gdom

ofK

ent(8

,10)

Slav

Lord

ship

softh

eVah

Basin

Um

ayyad

Caliphate

ofIsla

m(8

,6)

Princip

ality

ofCara

nta

nia

Kin

gdom

ofRheged

Kin

gdom

ofStrath

clyde

Kin

gdom

ofN

orthum

bria

(16,6)

Kin

gdom

ofCorn

ouaille

Duchy

ofFrisia

Lord

ship

ofth

eBarb

agia

Abasgia

nPopula

tio

n(1

,44)

Princip

ality

ofth

eJebelNefu

saK

haganate

ofthe

Khazars(3

,12)

Masm

uda

Confe

deracy(1

,50)

Berb

erPrincip

ality

ofth

eOuarsenis

Mounta

ins

Kin

gdom

ofD

alria

da(6

,8)

Ezerite

Slavic

Population

GotlanderLord

ship

sK

ingdom

ofM

ercia

(9,17)

Gota

rCity

ofGro

bin

aK

ingdom

ofG

wynedd(3

,32)

Kin

gdom

ofPowys(3

,28)

Lord

ship

sofUlaid

hLordship

sofLaig

in(1

0,9)

Kin

gdom

ofM

umha

Kin

gdom

ofW

essex(5

,15)

Kin

gdom

ofCornwall(2

,8)

Kin

gdom

ofEast

Anglia(7

,21)

Lord

ship

sofVasterg

otland

Chro

vate

sSlavs

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear700are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[700,800)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

ofrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[700,800)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 11: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le6:

PoliticalEntities[800,900)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire(9

,12)

Slav

Severian

Population

Merehani,

Marharaii,Bohem

aniand

Fraganeo(2

,21)

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Pic

ts(1

3,6)

Bulg

aria

nK

hanate(9

,14)

Lordship

softhe

Northern

UiN

eill(2,14)

Kin

gdom

ofM

akuria

and

Nobatia

Lordship

softhe

Southern

UiN

eill(11,16)

Lord

ship

ofAkamir

Kin

gdom

ofG

went(3

,36)

Kin

gdom

ofConnacht(9

,11)

Kin

gdom

ofSeisyllwg(3

,14)

Rustam

idIm

am

ate

ofTahert(6

,13)

Confe

deracy

ofthe

Magyars

inLevedia

(1,57)

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Danes

Slav

Polan

Lord

ship

sA

var

Confe

deracy

inD

ecay(1

,21)

Lordship

sofA

irgia

lla(5

,18)

Kin

gdom

ofA

sturia

s(4

,17)

Khanate

ofVolga

Bulgaria

Lordship

ofVasconia

(10,14)

Lord

ship

sofGota

land

Kin

gdom

ofth

eFra

nks

Kin

gdom

ofStrathcly

de(3

,9)

Abbasid

Caliphate

ofIsla

m(1

3,7)

Lord

ship

ofth

eBarb

agia

Kin

gdom

ofN

orthum

bria

(13,7)

Slav

Population

ofDiocleia

Kin

gdom

ofA

pkhazeti-Egrisi(7,15)

Barghawata

Kin

gdom

(2,38)

Khanate

ofthe

Khazars(1

,23)

Kin

gdom

ofD

alria

da(4

,9)

Norwegia

nLordship

s(1

,70)

GotlanderLord

ship

sK

ingdom

ofM

ercia

(13,7)

Gota

rCity

ofGro

bin

aK

ingdom

ofG

wynedd(4

,26)

Kin

gdom

ofPowys(3

,31)

Lord

ship

sofUlaid

hLordship

sofLaig

hin

(12,9)

Kin

gdom

ofM

um

ha(1

0,11)

Kin

gdom

ofW

essex(7

,17)

Kin

gdom

ofCornwall(1

,11)

Lord

ship

softh

eCro

ats

Prin

cip

ality

ofN

itra(8

,14)

Sla

vSerb

Popula

tio

n(6

,20)

Prin

cip

ality

ofBenevento(1

4,7)

Um

ayyad

Em

irate

ofA

l-A

ndalu

s(4

,23)

Population

ofth

eNare

nta

Basin

Teda

Lord

ship

sKin

gdom

ofGhana

Banu

Ifr

an

ofO

uargla

(1,74)

Emirate

ofSijilmassa

Obotrites

Sla

vs

Confe

deratio

n(2

,8)

Sla

vSorb

Popula

tio

n(1

,34)

Confedera

cy

ofth

eVeleti

Kin

gdom

ofD

yfe

d(3

,50)

Idrissid

Kin

gdom

ofM

aghrib

alA

qsa(7

,15)

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear800are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[800,900)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

ofrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[800,900)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 12: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le7:

PoliticalEntities[900,1000)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire(8

,18)

Emirate

ofTra

etto

Kin

gdom

ofBulg

aria

(3,27)

Pomera

nian

Lord

ship

sKin

gdom

ofM

akuria

and

Nobatia

OasisofZuila

Kin

gdom

ofConnacht(6

,18)

State

ofthe

Qarm

atia

ns(3

,31)

Duchy

ofLowerTao,underAdarn

ase

IVofIb

eria,Patriciu

sofIb

eria

Lord

ship

ofth

eRani

Rustam

idIm

am

ate

ofTahert(2

,3)

Jarld

om

ofO

rkney(8

,13)

Kin

gdom

ofProvence(4

,30)

Lordship

ofthe

Sudreys(1

,1)

Kin

gdom

ofItaly

(6,10)

Kin

gdom

ofYork(1

8,6)

Kin

gdom

ofD

enm

ark(5

,30)

Lord

ship

ofSarskoyeGoro

dishche

Kin

gdom

ofLeon,A

sturia

sand

Galicia

(13,10)

Lordship

softhe

Northern

UiN

eill(2,13)

Kin

gdom

ofPam

plo

na(5

,20)

Lordship

softhe

Southern

UiN

eill(14,12)

Kin

gdom

ofthe

West

Franks(7

,16)

Kin

gdom

ofU

pper

Burgundy(3

,40)

Abbasid

Caliphate

ofIsla

min

Baghdad(1

1,12)

Lordship

ofthe

Banu

Qasi(3,7)

Kin

gdom

ofN

orthum

bria

(14,4)

Tulu

nid

Em

irate

inEgypt(1

,1)

Kin

gdom

ofA

bkhazia

-Egrisi(5,20)

Lord

ship

ofTra

vunia

Khaganate

ofth

eKhazars

Lordship

ofZachlu

mia

(2,29)

Kin

gdom

ofN

orway(5

,16)

Kin

gdom

ofG

wynedd(8

,14)

Lord

ship

sofUlaid

h(9

,0)

Kin

gdom

ofLaig

hin

(10,9)

Kin

gdom

ofM

um

ha(9

,11)

Kin

gdom

ofEngla

nd(2

,7)

Kin

gdom

ofEast

Anglia(1

,14)

Duchy

ofCroatia

(6,12)

Kin

gdom

ofG

reat

Moravia

(7,18)

Prin

cip

ality

ofR

aska(6

,16)

Prin

cip

ality

ofBenevento(1

5,17)

Um

mayad

Em

irate

ofA

l-A

ndalu

s(3

,32)

Lord

ship

ofPagania

Teda

Lord

ship

sKin

gdom

ofGhana

Emirate

ofSijilmassa

Obotrites

Sla

vs

Confe

deracy(4

,36)

Confedera

cy

ofth

eVeleti

Idrissid

Kin

gdom

ofM

aghrib

alA

qsa(6

,8)

Prin

cip

ality

ofthe

Kie

van

Rus(4

,23)

Sta

teofth

eChurch

Aghla

bid

Em

irate

ofA

fric

a(2

,4)

Kin

gdom

ofth

eEast

Fra

nks

Kin

gdom

ofA

lban(8

,13)

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear900are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[900,1000)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

ofrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[900,1000)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 13: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le8:

PoliticalEntities[1000,1100)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire(1

6,6)

Kin

gdom

ofM

ide(1

0,10)

Em

pire

ofBulg

aria

(2,2)

Kin

gdom

ofM

organnwg(1

0,10)

Kin

gdom

ofM

akuria

and

Nobatia

Fatim

idCaliphate(3

,27)

Kin

gdom

ofA

rm

enia

(13,16)

Lord

ship

ofZachlu

mia

Kin

gdom

ofConnacht(8

,10)

Prin

cip

ality

ofH

ungary(9

,9)

Kin

gdom

ofKartli

and

Abkhazia

Duchy

ofPola

nd(4

,19)

Emirate

ofM

osu

lEm

irate

ofA

mid

a(4

,19)

Kin

gdom

ofProvence-B

urgundy(1

0,23)

Princip

ality

ofCapua

Lord

ship

ofGelou

Lam

tuna

Lordship

s(1

,31)

Kin

gdom

ofD

enm

ark(1

8,10)

Kin

gdom

ofD

eheubarth(1

1,9)

Kin

gdom

ofLeon(4

,22)

IbadiPopulation

Kin

gdom

ofPam

plo

na(8

,22)

Kin

gdom

ofAlania

Kin

gdom

ofthe

West

Franks(3

,28)

Kin

gdom

ofSarir

Abbasid

Caliphate

ofBaghdad

under

Buwaih

idR

ule

(5,9)

AdygheorCircassians

Kin

gdom

ofStrathcly

de(1

,16)

Khanate

ofVolga

Bulgaria

Khanate

ofth

eKhazars

Kin

gdom

ofSweden(8

,11)

Lordship

sofN

orway(9

,10)

Kin

gdom

ofAirgialla

Kin

gdom

ofUlaid

hK

ingdom

ofM

oray(5

,9)

Kin

gdom

ofM

um

ha(5

,21)

Khanate

ofKorchev

Kin

gdom

ofEngla

nd(8

,10)

Masm

uda

Tribes

Ahtu

mLord

ship

Prin

cip

ality

ofTm

utarakan(5

,4)

Kin

gdom

ofCroatia

(11,9)

Barg

hawata

Kin

gdom

Prin

cip

ality

ofBenevento(4

,22)

Em

irate

ofTbilisi(3,10)

Caliphate

ofCordoba(8

,2)

Prin

cip

ality

ofSale

rno(2

,25)

Lord

ship

ofPagania

Kin

gdom

ofK

anem

(2,33)

Kin

gdom

ofGhana

GuancheLord

ship

sin

theCanary

Islands

Obotrites

Sla

vs

Confe

deracy(7

,26)

Confedera

cy

ofth

eVeleti

Prin

cip

ality

ofthe

Kie

van

Rus(1

0,10)

Kin

gdom

ofth

eEast

Fra

nksand

Empireofth

eRomans

Kin

gdom

ofA

lban(9

,11)

Prin

cip

ality

ofK

akheti(2,15)

Lord

ship

sofPomera

nia

OasisofZuila

Qarm

atian

Lord

ship

sDuchy

ofth

eRani

Kin

gdom

ofO

rkney(7

,16)

Kin

gdom

ofA

ilech(6

,17)

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear1000are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1000,1100)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

of

rulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1000,1100)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 14: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le9:

PoliticalEntities[1100,1200)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire(6

,14)

Fatim

idCaliphate(5

,14)

Prin

cip

ality

ofA

ntio

ch(8

,14)

Seljuk

Sultanate

ofR

um

(5,19)

Prin

cip

ality

ofPolo

tsk(1

6,7)

County

ofEdessa

Kin

gdom

ofM

akuria

and

Nobatia

Kin

gdom

ofH

ungary(8

,11)

Kin

gdom

ofD

yflin

(9,6)

Lordship

ofA

ni(3,7)

Prin

cip

ality

ofSm

ole

nsk(8

,12)

Prin

cip

ality

ofJerusale

m(1

4,10)

Em

irate

ofA

leppo(1

8,6)

Kin

gdom

ofPola

nd(8

,13)

Kin

gdom

ofConnacht(5

,20)

Territory

ofth

eBanu

Sulaym

Tribe

Kin

gdom

ofG

eorgia

(5,18)

County

ofBarcelo

na(2

,33)

Em

irate

ofM

osul(12,14)

Em

irate

ofA

hla

t(8

,13)

Banu

Jam

iLordship

ofG

abes(5

,10)

Emirate

ofAmid

aK

ingdom

ofD

enm

ark(1

4,16)

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Alm

oravid

s(5

,8)

Kin

gdom

ofLeon

and

Castile(6

,30)

Lordship

ofPereyasla

v-R

us(1

2,6)

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Franks(4

,29)

Duchy

ofN

aple

s(2

,17)

Abbasid

Caliphate

ofBaghdad

under

Seljuk

Rule

(9,10)

Duchy

ofAmalfi

Princip

ality

ofM

oks

Emirate

ofth

eBalearicIslands

KhazarLord

ship

inDecay

IbadiPenta

polisofth

eM

zab

Kin

gdom

ofN

orway(1

1,17)

Banu

HilalTribesConfedera

tion

Duchy

ofPom

erelia(3

,19)

RepublicofRagusa

Kin

gdom

ofG

wynedd(1

2,23)

Domin

ionsofPisa

Kin

gdom

ofUlaid

hPrincip

ality

ofGalicja-V

olhynia

Kin

gdom

ofLaig

hin

(4,15)

RepublicofNovgoro

dKin

gdom

ofM

unster

Princip

ality

ofChern

igov

Kin

gdom

ofEngla

nd(6

,22)

Kin

gdom

ofA

ragon

and

Navarre(4

,33)

Duchy

ofA

pulia

and

Cala

bria

(10,17)

Lord

ship

ofValencia

Kin

gdom

ofKanem

Danishm

endid

Em

irate(1

3,8)

GuancheLord

ship

sin

theCanary

Islands

Emirate

ofKemakh-E

rzin

jan

Obotrites

Trib

es

Confe

deracy(1

,3)

Kin

gdom

ofKars

Confedera

cy

ofth

eLiu

tizians

Emirate

ofErz

uru

mPrin

cip

ality

ofthe

Kie

van

Rus(1

8,5)

Princip

ality

ofSaso

nSta

teofth

eChurch

Kin

gdom

ofTash

ir-D

zora

get

Zirid

Em

irate

ofIfr

iqiy

a(3

,13)

Lord

ship

ofSyunik

Em

pire

ofthe

Rom

ans(8

,16)

Vlach

Populations

Kin

gdom

ofScotla

nd(4

,27)

Hammadid

Kin

gdom

ofBejaia

Pom

erania

nLordship

s(4

,25)

Kin

gdom

ofAlania

Qarm

atian

Lord

ship

sin

Decay

Kin

gdom

ofSarir

Duchy

ofth

eRana

Emirate

ofDerb

ent

Em

irate

ofD

am

ascus(3

,12)

Khanate

ofVolga

Bulgaria

Prin

cip

ality

ofR

ostov-S

uzdal(3,15)

Kin

gdom

ofSweden(9

,11)

Kin

gdom

ofA

ilech(5

,12)

Kin

gdom

ofAirgialla

Kin

gdom

ofM

ide(1

7,7)

Kin

gdom

ofM

oray(1

,17)

RepublicofVenice

Kin

gdom

ofD

uklja(1

5,10)

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear1100are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1100,1200)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

of

rulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1100,1200)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 15: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le10:PoliticalEntities[1200,1300)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire(1

0,15)

Duchy

ofG

reater

Pola

nd(1

3,8)

Prin

cip

ality

ofA

ntio

ch(7

,12)

Seljuk

Sultanate

ofR

um

(16,6)

County

ofToulouse

Em

irate

ofDivriji

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Wallachia

ns

and

Bulg

aria

ns(1

1,8)

Beylik

ofA

hla

t(1

,1)

Alm

ohad

Caliphate(8

,7)

Kin

gdom

ofM

akuria

Artuqid

Em

irate

ofA

mid

a(2

,16)

Em

irate

ofK

harput(3

,10)

Kin

gdom

ofK

hwarezm

(1,9)

Kin

gdom

ofD

eheubarth(4

,17)

Curo

nian

Lord

ship

sK

ingdom

ofConnaught(9

,12)

Lordship

ofPereyasla

v-R

us(2

,4)

Pru

ssian

Lord

ship

sK

ingdom

ofG

eorgia

(10,13)

Em

irate

ofthe

Banu

Ghaniy

a(1

,3)

Sudovian

Lord

ship

sEmirate

ofShirvan

IbadiCities

Princip

ality

ofTmuta

rakan

Atabegs

ofA

zerbaijan(5

,28)

RepublicofRagusa

County

ofRevala

Em

irate

ofM

osul(6,8)

Domin

ionsofPisa

Latin

Kin

gdom

ofJeru

salem

Kin

gdom

ofD

enm

ark(1

3,21)

Kin

gdom

ofG

alicja

-Volh

ynia

(1,8)

Al-Da’w

aAl-Jadid

aK

ingdom

ofCastile(2

,2)

RepublicofNovgoro

dCounty

ofSakala

Kin

gdom

ofN

avarre(5

,18)

Princip

ality

ofChern

igov

County

ofRota

lia

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Franks(4

,23)

Crown

ofA

ragon(4

,29)

County

ofVironia

Abbasid

Caliphate

ofBaghdad

underSeljuk

Rule

Lord

ship

ofAlb

arracin

County

ofHarria

Lord

ship

ofM

oks

Emirate

ofErz

incan

County

ofJerv

iaRepublicofGenoa

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal(4,29)

County

ofOsilia

Norwegia

nLordship

s(8

,17)

Emirate

ofErz

uru

mD

uchy

ofPom

erelia(5

,23)

Lord

ship

ofSaso

nK

ingdom

ofG

wynedd(8

,12)

Emirate

ofJazira

Kin

gdom

ofPowysCyfeiliog

Princip

ality

ofPere

slavl-Ryazansk

iand

Muro

mK

ingdom

ofEngla

nd(2

,46)

Princip

altiy

ofNovgoro

d-S

eversk

Kin

gdom

ofR

aska(5

,19)

Princip

ality

ofPin

skand

Turo

vK

ingdom

ofK

anem

(10,21)

Kin

gdom

ofCyprus

inPersonalU

nio

nwith

the

Kin

gdom

ofJerusale

m(6

,17)

GuancheLord

ship

sin

theCanary

Islands

County

ofTripoli

Princip

ality

ofCra

cow

Duchy

ofM

asovia

(1,51)

Princip

ality

ofKiev

Lithuanian

Lord

ship

sFedera

tion

Sta

teofth

eChurch

Lord

ship

ofUgandi

Kin

gdom

ofthe

Rom

ans(9

,13)

Duchy

ofLower

Silesia

(1,35)

Kin

gdom

ofScotla

nd(4

,20)

Duchy

ofUpperSilesia

Kin

gdom

ofThomond

Kin

gdom

ofLeon

Lord

ship

ofCopnic

Kin

gdom

ofArm

enia

inCilicia

Kin

gdom

ofM

ann

and

theIsles

Emirate

ofSin

jar

Grand

Prin

cip

ality

ofV

ladim

ir-S

uzdal(26,7)

Vla

ch

Popula

tio

n(4

,16)

Kin

gdom

ofTir

Eogain

Kin

gdom

ofAlania

RepublicofVenice

Khanate

ofVolga

Bulgaria

Dom

inio

ns

ofthe

Ayyubid

s(6

,9)

Kin

gdom

ofSweden(8

,14)

Prin

cip

ality

ofPolo

tsk(6

,11)

Kin

gdom

ofAirgialla

Kin

gdom

ofH

ungary(6

,16)

Kin

gdom

ofPowysFadog

Princip

ality

ofSmolensk

OghuzTurk

Clans

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear1200are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1200,1300)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

of

rulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1200,1300)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 16: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le11:PoliticalEntities[1300,1400)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire

(10,12)

Prin

cip

ality

ofO

range

(3,34)

Giu

dic

ato

ofA

rborea(1

0,13)

Duchy

ofAthens(2

3,11)

Kin

gdom

ofBohem

ia(6

,19)

Kin

gdom

ofIm

ereti(2

,2)

County

ofSchwerin

Lord

ship

ofLodi

Tsardom

ofBulg

aria

(7,19)

Bahriy

ya

Mam

luk

Sultanate

ofEgypt(2

1,5)

Lord

ship

ofAre

zzo

Lord

ship

ofCre

mona

Beylik

ofM

ente

sePrin

cip

ality

ofPolo

tsk(5

,13)

Lord

ship

ofVolterra

Marg

ravate

ofBra

ndenburg

IlK

hanate

ofIran

(12,9)

Kin

gdom

ofH

ungary

(8,18)

RepublicofFlore

nce

Lord

ship

ofVero

na

Beylik

ofK

aram

an

(13,17)

Duchy

ofG

reater

Pola

nd

and

Poznan

(5,28)

RepublicofLucca

County

ofGorizia

Lord

ship

ofArg

veti

Territory

ofth

eBanu

Sulaym

Tribe

Monastic

State

ofthe

Teutonic

Knig

hts(1

1,9)

Beylik

ofO

sm

an

(4,21)

House

ofEste

(7,19)

Kin

gdom

ofBreifne(6

,18)

Mold

avia

nBanates(1

1,5)

Beylik

ofKare

siA

bdalw

adid

Kin

gdom

ofTle

mcen

(8,10)

Kin

gdom

ofSic

ily

(9,17)

Khanate

ofNogai

Beylik

ofG

erm

iyan

(4,21)

Lord

ship

ofCortona

County

ofFla

nders(4

,25)

Beylik

ofEsh

ref

Beylik

ofSahip

Ata

Lord

ship

ofBelluno

IbadiCities

Em

pire

ofTrebiz

ond

(11,8)

Beylik

ofHam

idK

ingdom

ofD

enm

ark

(16,16)

RepublicofRagusa

Princip

ality

ofKarv

una

Duchy

ofLutsk

Crown

ofCastile

(5,19)

RepublicofPisa

Lord

ship

ofZhyto

myr

Princip

ality

ofAnhalt

Kin

gdom

ofFrance

(8,14)

Kin

gdom

ofGalicia-V

olhynia

Lord

ship

ofSre

dna

Gora

Khanate

ofW

estern

Kip

chak

Frie

sla

nd

(7,4)

Ele

ctorate

ofTrie

r(6

,20)

Desp

ota

teofVid

inCounty

ofHolste

inRepublicofGenoa

Crown

ofA

ragon

(4,21)

RepublicofSiena

Co-P

rin

cip

ality

ofA

ndorra

(10,10)

Kin

gdom

ofN

orway

(3,23)

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal(4

,23)

Lordship

ofM

ilan

(8,15)

Kin

gdom

ofSweden

(4,22)

Kin

gdom

ofEngla

nd

(4,27)

Prin

cip

ality

ofPin

sk

and

Turov(3

,13)

Sultanate

ofBougie

Prin

cip

ality

ofA

chaia

(13,7)

Duchy

ofSaxe-L

auenburg

Countie

sofH

ain

aut

and

Holland

(10,17)

Lord

ship

ofDjerb

aEle

ctorate

ofColo

gne

(7,15)

Kin

gdom

ofR

aska

(5,21)

Kin

gdom

ofCyprus(7

,18)

Lord

ship

ofGro

sseto

Lord

ship

ofLovech

Kin

gdom

ofSic

ily

inN

aple

s(9

,21)

Lord

ship

ofKra

nLord

ship

ofParm

aBeylik

ofTavas

Duchy

ofU

pper

Bavaria

(24,24)

County

ofCephallenia

and

Zante(7

,18)

Kin

gdom

ofM

ajo

rca

(2,16)

Beylik

ofLadik

Kin

gdom

ofG

ranada

(11,10)

Duchy

ofM

azovia

(9,31)

CountiesofAlb

on,Vienne,Gap

and

Embru

nBeylik

ofGoynuk

Kin

gdom

ofK

anem

(30,7)

Kin

gdom

ofLithuania

(6,25)

Fore

stCanto

ns

County

ofFreib

urg

(4,13)

Kin

gdom

ofM

ali

(11,8)

Ele

ctorate

ofSaxony(4

,16)

Lord

ship

ofNovara

Lord

ship

ofPisto

iaGuancheLord

ship

sin

theCanary

Islands

Giu

dicato

ofCara

lis

Marg

ravate

ofM

ontferrat

Duchy

ofN

axos(8

,15)

Duchy

ofM

ecklenburg

Lord

ship

ofAlessandria

County

ofAsti

County

ofN

am

ur(5

,18)

Princip

ality

ofLiegnitz

Giu

dicato

ofLogudoro

Duchy

ofBar(5

,33)

Perv

aneLord

ship

Kin

gdom

ofM

aghreb

(22,5)

IsfendiyarBeylik

Prin

ce-B

ishopric

ofLie

ge

(7,16)

County

ofValentinois

State

ofthe

Church

(10,10)

Lordship

sofG

logau(8

,14)

County

ofLuxem

burg

(4,27)

Beylik

ofKastam

onu

Hafsid

Caliphate

ofA

fric

a(1

1,11)

Giu

dicato

ofGallura

County

ofG

ueld

ers(1

0,12)

Lord

ship

ofSchweid

nitz

Sm

all

States

ofthe

Holy

Rom

an

Em

pire

(6,18)

County

ofSavoy

(5,23)

Margravate

ofBaden

(5,22)

Lord

ship

ofTortona

Kin

gdom

ofScotla

nd

(5,25)

Duchy

ofBrabant(3

,40)

PalatineElecto

rate

Ele

ctorate

ofM

ain

z(1

1,10)

Duchy

ofM

tiuleti

and

Here

tiD

uchy

ofBrunswick-L

uneburg

(9,24)

Duchy

ofLower

Bavaria

(10,26)

Archbishopric

ofR

iga

(8,15)

Duchy

ofPom

erania

-Wolg

ast(5

,19)

Landgravia

te

ofThurin

gia

and

Margravate

ofM

eissen(9

,38)

Lord

ship

ofBre

scia

BishopricofDorp

at

Lordship

ofM

antua

(4,20)

Lord

ship

ofPavia

Lord

ship

ofTre

viso

Bishopric

ofO

sel-W

iek

(6,17)

Kin

gdom

ofTir

Eogain

County

ofComo

Lord

ship

ofPadua

Bishopric

ofCourla

nd

(8,13)

RepublicofVenice

Lord

ship

ofBerg

amo

Habsburg

Dom

inio

ns(8

,19)

City

ofRiga

Duchy

ofLorrain

e(5

,26)

Lord

ship

ofPiacenza

Landgravia

te

ofH

esse

(4,27)

Kin

gdom

ofSic

ily

inN

aple

s(9

,21)

County

ofBurgundy

(3,29)

County

ofSovana

RepublicofSan

Marino

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear1300are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1300,1400)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

of

rulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1300,1400)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 17: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le12:PoliticalEntities[1400,1500)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Entity

(#

Rule

rs,D

uratio

n)

Rom

an

Em

pire(2

,14)

Sultanate

ofEgypt(1

9,5)

Duchy

ofBar(1

4,14)

Ele

ctorate

ofColo

gne(3

,31)

Crown

ofBohem

ia(5

,16)

County

ofW

urtte

mberg

Prin

ce-B

ishopric

ofLie

ge(4

,21)

ArchbishopricofPatras

Military

Hosp

itallerOrd

erofSt.

John

ofRhodes

Kin

gdom

ofH

ungary(5

,15)

Duchy

ofLuxem

bourg(3

,8)

Despotate

ofA

rta(3

,5)

Domin

ionsofEmir

Tim

ur

United

Kin

gdom

ofPola

nd

and

Lithuania

(3,22)

Duchy

ofG

ueld

ers(1

0,15)

Lordship

ofLesbos(4

,15)

Jalayirid

Sultanate

Territory

ofth

eBanu

Sulaym

Tribe

Margravate

ofBaden(4

,22)

Marg

ravate

ofSavona

Lord

ship

ofConnachtin

Mayo

Kin

gdom

ofBre

ifne

Ele

ctoralPala

tin

ate(4

,24)

County

ofProvence(3

,21)

Em

irate

ofK

aram

an(2

,14)

Kin

gdom

ofSicily

Duchy

ofLower

Bavaria

-Landshut(3

,25)

Lord

ship

ofAegin

aand

Salam

ine

Kin

gdom

ofG

eorgia

(7,14)

City

ofGalata

Habsburg

Dom

inio

ns(7

,37)

Despotate

ofEpirus(4

,17)

House

ofEste(3

,21)

Kin

gdom

ofBosnia

(4,8)

Landgravia

te

ofH

esse(6

,23)

Beylik

ofTekke

Abdalw

adid

Kin

gdom

ofTle

mcen(1

1,9)

Emirate

ofM

ard

inRepublicofSan

Marino

County

ofN

am

ur(6

,18)

Lord

ship

ofCortona

Marg

ravate

ofBusseto

Duchy

ofAthens(8

,8)

Lordship

ofZeta(7

,11)

Lord

ship

ofBera

tIb

adiCitiesofth

eM

zab

County

ofGorizia

and

Gra

disca

Kin

gdom

ofG

ranada(1

7,5)

Kalm

ar

Unio

n(3

,24)

Emirate

ofGafsa

and

Tozeur

Sublim

eO

ttom

an

State(1

0,12)

Ele

ctorate

ofM

ain

z(7

,12)

Emirate

ofth

eZab

RepublicofRagusa

Beylik

ofG

erm

iyan(3

,9)

Tse

zorDid

oPopulation

Crown

ofCastile(4

,32)

Princip

ality

ofNovgoro

dOssetian

Population

Vyatk

aTerritory

Kin

gdom

ofN

avarre(6

,32)

Small

Lord

ship

softh

eOka

Basin

Dzurd

zuk

orChechen

Lord

ship

sO’S

ullivan

Beare

Lord

ship

Kin

gdom

ofFrance(4

,23)

Ele

ctorate

ofTrie

r(5

,17)

AdygheorCircassians

Archbishopric

ofR

iga(5

,18)

Kin

gdom

ofLein

ster

Crown

ofA

ragon(4

,26)

Princip

ality

ofAnhalt

Bishopric

ofD

orpat(9

,12)

Earldom

ofDesm

ond

Kin

gdom

ofPortugal(4,22)

Lord

ship

ofConnachtin

Sligo

Underth

eO

ConorSligo

Bishopric

ofO

sel-W

iek(7

,22)

Kin

gdom

ofEngla

nd(8

,12)

Princip

ality

ofPere

slavl-Ryazansk

iKin

gdom

ofTir

Eogain

Bishopric

ofCourla

nd(5

,19)

Kin

gdom

ofN

aple

s(8

,11)

Countie

sofH

ain

aut

and

Holland(2

,15)

Lord

ship

ofPadua

City

ofRiga

Duchy

ofU

pper

Bavaria

-Munich(5

,13)

Kin

gdom

ofCyprus(5

,12)

Lord

ship

ofCro

iaOffi

ceofGazaria

Kin

gdom

ofK

anem

(29,5)

County

ofCephallenia

and

Zante(2

,25)

Princip

ality

ofYaro

slavl

Maona

ofChiosand

Phocaea

Kin

gdom

ofM

ali(3

,21)

Ele

ctorate

ofSaxony(5

,28)

Beylik

ofDulkadir

GuancheLord

ship

sin

theCanary

Islands

Prin

cip

ality

ofTheodoro(5

,12)

Territorie

softhe

Gold

en

Horde

inConflic

t(2

,21)

Duchy

ofM

ecklenburg

County

ofSavoy(7

,9)

County

ofTende

Kin

gdom

ofM

aghreb(1

,25)

Duchy

ofBrabant(2

,11)

Mac

Carthy

Mor

Lordship

(2,38)

State

ofthe

Church(1

2,8)

Duchy

ofBrunswick-L

uneburg(1

4,20)

Duchy

ofLower

Bavaria

inStraubin

g(3

,12)

Hafsid

Caliphate

ofA

fric

a(6

,15)

Landgravia

te

ofThurin

gia

and

Margravate

ofM

eissen(1

,33)

Duchy

ofBrunswick-W

olfenbuttel(5,27)

Sm

all

States

ofthe

Holy

Rom

an

Em

pire(6

,20)

County

ofSovana

RepublicofPsk

ov

Kin

gdom

ofScotla

nd(4

,27)

Giu

dic

ato

ofA

rborea(6

,11)

Princip

ality

ofM

assera

no

Kin

gdom

ofThomond

Republic

ofFlo

rence(5

,14)

RepublicofKoto

rD

uchy

ofPom

erania

ofStettin

(1,45)

Princip

ality

ofRostov

Lord

ship

ofM

atand

Vum

enesti

County

ofM

antua(4

,28)

Monastic

Sta

teofth

eTeuto

nic

Knights

Desp

ota

teofValona

Gra

nd

Duchy

ofVladim

irPrin

cip

ality

ofW

allachia

(35,2)

UpperPalatinate

Kin

gdom

ofTir

Conaill

Em

pire

ofTrebiz

ond(3

,15)

Co-P

rin

cip

ality

ofA

ndorra(5

,19)

RepublicofVenice

Prin

cip

ality

ofTver(5

,17)

Lord

ship

ofKarp

ath

os

Duchy

ofLorrain

e(4

,19)

Duchy

ofM

ilan(6

,16)

Lordship

ofPio

mbin

o(7

,16)

Lordship

softhe

House

ofBurgundy(5

,20)

Fore

stCanto

ns

Lordship

ofM

onaco(2

,24)

Princip

ality

ofOra

nge

Margravate

ofM

ontfe

rrat(5

,20)

Prin

cip

ality

ofA

chaia

(2,15)

Notes:

Thepopulationofen

tities

intheyear1400are

derived

from

theGIS

layer

“sovereignstates”

inNussli

(2011).

Entity

names

are

those

given

inthe

columnlongnamein

Nussli(2011).

Allrulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1400,1500)are

included

.Iden

tified

entities

are

inbold

andthenumber

of

rulers

assumingpow

erontheinterval[1400,1500)andtheav

eragedurationsin

each

iden

tified

entity

are

provided

inparentheses.

Page 18: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le13

:Dynasties[0,600)

Western

Europe

[0,1

00)

TheFiveGood

Empero

rs(T

heRoman

Empire)

TheFlavian

Empero

rs(T

heRoman

Empire)

TheJulio-C

laudian

Empero

rs(T

heRoman

Empire)

Mean

11.08(1

3)

Western

Europe

[100,2

00)

TheFiveGood

Empero

rs(T

heRoman

Empire)

TheSeveri

(TheRoman

Empire)

Mean

12.75(8

)W

estern

Europe

[200,3

00)

Diocletian

and

theTetrarchy

(TheRoman

Empire)

The‘G

allic

Empire’(T

heRoman

Empire)

TheSeveri

(TheRoman

Empire)

TheSold

ier-Empero

rs(T

heRoman

Empire)

Mean

3.6(3

9)

Western

Europe

[300,4

00)

Diocletian

and

theTetrarchy

(TheRoman

Empire)

Dynasty

ofConstantine(T

heRoman

Empire)

Dynasty

ofTheodosius(T

heRoman

Empire)

Dynasty

ofValentinian

(TheRoman

Empire)

TheVisigoth

icKin

gdom

(TheVisigoth

icKin

gdom)

Western

Roman

Empero

rs(T

heRoman

Empire)

Mean

9.36

(25)

Western

Europe

[400,5

00)

AmalHouse

(TheOstro

goth

icKin

gdom)

Hasd

ing

House

(TheVandalKin

gdom)

House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

Kin

gdom

ofKent(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Mero

vin

gian

House

(TheFra

nkish

Kin

gdom)

TheVisigoth

icKin

gdom

Western

Roman

Empero

rs(T

heRoman

Empire)

Mean

13.27(3

3)

Western

Europe

[500,6

00)

AmalHouse

(TheOstro

goth

icKin

gdom)

Hasd

ing

House

(TheVandalKin

gdom)

House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

Kin

gdom

ofBern

icia

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Kin

gdom

ofDiera

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Kin

gdom

ofKent(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Kin

gdom

ofNorthumbria

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Kin

gdom

ofW

essex

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Mero

vin

gian

House

(TheFra

nkish

Kin

gdom)

TheLombard

Kin

gdom

TheVisigoth

icKin

gdom

Mean

13.57(6

7)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[t,t+100)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe.

Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.

Page 19: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le14:Dynasties[600,900)

Western

Europe

[600,7

00)

Isla

m[6

00,7

00)

House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

TheM

arw

anid

s(T

heUm

mayad

Caliphs)

Kin

gdom

ofKent(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheRightly-G

uid

ed

Caliphs

Kin

gdom

ofM

erc

ia(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheSufyanid

s(T

heUm

mayad

Caliphs)

Kin

gdom

ofNorthumbria

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Kin

gdom

ofW

essex

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

Mero

vin

gian

House

(TheFra

nkish

Kin

gdom)

TheLombard

Kin

gdom

(TheLombard

Kin

gdom)

TheVisigoth

icKin

gdom

(TheVisigoth

icKin

gdom)

Mean

10.91(7

5)

8.11

(9)

Western

Europe

[700,8

00)

Isla

m[7

00,8

00)

Caro

lingian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheAlAl-Julanda

House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

TheCaliphsin

Iraq

and

Baghdad

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

Kin

gdom

ofKent(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheFirst

Lin

eofYazid

iShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

Kin

gdom

ofM

erc

ia(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheId

risids

Kin

gdom

ofNorthumbria

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheM

arw

anid

s(T

heUm

mayad

Caliphs)

Kin

gdom

ofW

essex

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheRustamid

sKin

gsofAsturias(T

heKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheSpanish

Umayyads

Mero

vin

gian

House

(TheFra

nkish

Kin

gdom)

TheLombard

Kin

gdom

TheVisigoth

icKin

gdom

Mean

10.65(7

5)

11.52(2

3)

Western

Europe

[800,9

00)

Isla

m[8

00,9

00)

Caro

lingian

House

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheAghlabid

sCaro

lingian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheBanijurids

First

House

ofFlanders

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheCaliphsin

Iraq

and

Baghdad

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

House

Inigo

(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheDulafids

House

ofAlp

in(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheFirst

Lin

eofYazid

iShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

House

ofAutu

n(B

urg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheHash

imid

sHouse

ofAuverg

ne(T

heDuchy

ofAquitain

e)

TheId

risids

House

ofRouerg

ue(T

heCounty

ofToulouse

)TheLayth

idBra

nch

(TheSaffarids)

House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

TheLin

eofth

eKawusiyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofUrg

ell

(TheCounty

ofBarc

elona)

TheM

idra

rids

House

ofW

elf

(TheKin

gdom

ofJura

neBurg

undy)

TheQara

mati

Rulers

House

ofW

essex

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheRassid

Lin

e(T

heZaydiIm

am

s)House

ofW

estfold

(TheKin

gdom

ofNorw

ay)

TheRustamid

sKin

gdom

ofGwynedd

(ThePrincip

ality

ofW

ales)

TheSajids

Kin

gdom

ofKent(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheSamanid

sKin

gdom

ofM

erc

ia(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheSpanish

Umayyads

Kin

gdom

ofNorthumbria

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheTulu

nid

sKin

gdom

ofW

essex

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheYu’fi

rids

Kin

gsofAsturias(T

heKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheZiyadid

sRobertian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheM

edievalKin

gdom

ofItaly

Mean

16.52(7

9)

14.89(7

4)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[t,t+100)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe

whereasIslamic

dynastiesare

provided

inthecolumnmarked

Islam.Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.

Page 20: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le15:Dynasties[900,1000)

Western

Europe

Isla

mCapetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

The’A

nnazid

sCaro

lingian

House

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheAghlabid

sCaro

lingian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheCaliphsin

Iraq

and

Baghdad

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

Castile(T

heCounty

ofCastile)

TheFatimid

sFirst

House

ofAnjou

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheFirst

Lin

eofYazid

iShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

First

House

ofDenmark

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheGhaznawid

sFirst

House

ofFlanders

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheGre

atQaghansofth

eUnited

Kin

gdom

(TheQara

khanid

s)First

House

ofHolland

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheHasa

nuyid

sFirst

House

ofNorm

andy

(TheDuchy

ofNorm

andy)

TheHash

imid

sHouse

ofAlp

in(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheId

risids

House

ofAutu

n(B

urg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheIk

hsh

idid

sHouse

ofBabenberg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheIlyasids

House

ofFra

nconia

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheJustanid

sHouse

ofJim

eno

(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheKalb

ids

House

ofNante

s(T

heDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheKhalafid

Bra

nch

(TheSaffarids)

House

ofPoitiers

(TheDuchy

ofAquitain

e)

TheLayth

idBra

nch

(TheSaffarids)

House

ofRazes(T

heDuchy

ofAquitain

e)

TheLin

ein

Aleppo

and

Northern

Syria

(TheHam

danid

s)House

ofRennes(T

heDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheLin

ein

Azerb

aijan

(TheSallarids)

House

ofRouerg

ue(T

heCounty

ofToulouse

)TheLin

ein

Daylam

(TheSallarids)

House

ofSaxony

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheLin

ein

Fars

(TheBuyid

s)House

ofSaxony

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheLin

ein

Iraq

(TheBuyid

s)House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

TheLin

ein

Jib

al(T

heBuyid

s)House

ofUrg

ell

(TheCounty

ofBarc

elona)

TheLin

ein

Kirman

(TheBuyid

s)House

ofVerm

andois

(TheCounty

ofChampagne)

TheLin

ein

Mosu

l(T

he’U

qaylids)

House

ofW

elf

(TheKin

gdom

ofJura

neBurg

undy)

TheLin

ein

Mosu

land

Jazira

(TheHam

danid

s)House

ofW

essex

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheLin

ein

Nisib

in(T

he’U

qaylids)

House

ofW

estfold

(TheKin

gdom

ofNorw

ay)

TheLin

eofth

eKawusiyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofth

eM

ose

lle(T

heCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheM

a’m

unid

sofGurg

anj(T

heKhwara

zm

Shahs)

House

ofth

eM

ose

lle(T

heDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheM

ain

Lin

ein

Ganja

(TheShaddadid

s)Kin

gdom

ofGwynedd

(ThePrincip

ality

ofW

ales)

TheM

arw

anid

sKin

gdom

ofM

erc

ia(A

nglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheM

azyadid

sKin

gdom

ofNorthumbria

(Anglo-S

axon

Kin

gdoms)

TheM

idra

rids

Kin

gsofLeon

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheM

uhta

jids

Liu

tpold

ing

House

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheNumayrids

Robertian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheQaghansin

Farg

hana

(TheQara

khanid

s)Robertian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheQara

mati

Rulers

TheM

edievalKin

gdom

ofItaly

TheRassid

Lin

e(T

heZaydiIm

am

s)Yngling

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheRawwadid

sTheRustamid

sTheSajids

TheSamanid

sTheShiraziDynasty

(TheSultansofKilwa)

TheSim

jurids

TheSpanish

Umayyads

TheTulu

nid

sTheYu’fi

rids

TheZiyadid

sTheZiyarids

Zirid

Govern

ors

ofth

eM

aghrib

Mean

18.56(1

41)

13.91(1

89)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[900,1000)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe

whereasIslamic

dynastiesare

provided

inthecolumnmarked

Islam.Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.

Page 21: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le16:Dynasties[1000,1100)

Western

Europe

Isla

mCapetian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

Anush

tigin

Shih

na

(TheKhwara

zm

Shahs)

Capetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Hammadid

sofQal’atBaniHam

mad

Castile(T

heCounty

ofCastile)

Taifa

Rulers

ofM

ajorc

aCounts

ofSavoy

(TheHouse

ofSavoy)

The’A

bbadid

sofSeville

Counts

ofSicily

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

The’A

mirid

sofValencia

Ezzonid

House

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

The’A

nnazid

sFirst

House

ofAnjou

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheAftasidsofBadajoz

First

House

ofDenmark

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheAlm

ora

vid

sFirst

House

ofFlanders

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheBanu

Birzalin

Carm

ona

First

House

ofHolland

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheBanu

Khazru

nin

Arc

os

First

House

ofNorm

andy

(TheDuchy

ofNorm

andy)

TheBanu

Mujahid

ofDenia

and

Majorc

aHouse

ofAlp

in(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheBanu

Sum

adih

ofAlm

eria

House

ofBabenberg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheCaliphsin

Iraq

and

Baghdad

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

House

ofBlois

(TheCounty

ofChampagne)

TheDhu

’l-N

unid

sofToledo

House

ofBoulogne(T

heCountry

ofEdessa)

TheFatimid

sHouse

ofBoulogne(T

heDuchy

ofLowerLorrain

e)

TheFirst

Lin

eofYazid

iShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

House

ofBoulogne(T

heKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheFirst

Lin

eofth

eBanu

Hatim

(TheHam

danid

s)House

ofBurg

undy

(TheKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

TheGhaznawid

Govern

ors

(TheKhwara

zam

Shahs)

House

ofChate

nois

(TheDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheGhaznawid

sHouse

ofCorn

ouaille

(TheDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheGre

atQaghansofth

eUnited

Kin

gdom

(TheQara

khanid

s)House

ofDenmark

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheGre

atQaghansofth

eW

estern

Kin

gdom

House

ofDunkeld

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheGre

atSeljuqsin

Persia

and

Iraq

House

ofFlanders

(TheCounty

ofHain

ault)

TheHammudid

sofCeuta

House

ofGatinais

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheHammudid

sofM

alaga

House

ofHaute

ville

(ThePrincip

ality

ofAntioch)

TheHasa

nuyid

sHouse

ofHaute

ville-D

ukesofApulia

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheHash

imid

sHouse

ofJim

eno

(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheHudid

sin

Sara

gossa

House

ofLeon

(TheKin

gdom

ofGalicia)

TheJahwaridsofCord

ova

House

ofLuxemburg

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheKakuyid

sHouse

ofLuxemburg

(TheDuchy

ofLowerLorrain

e)

TheKalb

ids

House

ofM

ora

y(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheLin

ein

Aleppo

and

Northern

Syria

(TheHam

danid

s)House

ofNavarre(T

heKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

TheLin

ein

Ani(T

heShaddadid

s)House

ofNavarre(T

heKin

gdom

ofSobra

rbe)

TheLin

ein

Daylam

(TheSallarids)

House

ofNavarre(T

heKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheLin

ein

Fars

(TheBuyid

s)House

ofNord

heim

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheLin

ein

Iraq

(TheBuyid

s)House

ofNorm

andy

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheLin

ein

Jib

al(T

heBuyid

s)House

ofPoitiers

(TheDuchy

ofAquitain

e)

TheLin

ein

Kirm

an

(TheBuyid

s)House

ofRennes(T

heDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheLin

ein

Mosu

l(T

he’U

qaylids)

House

ofRouerg

ue(T

heCounty

ofToulouse

)TheLin

ein

Nisib

in(T

he’U

qaylids)

House

ofSaxony

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheLin

ein

Tikrit(T

he’U

qaylids)

House

ofSaxony

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheLin

eofth

eIspahbadhiyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofSte

nkil

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheLin

eofth

eKawusiyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofSvend

Estridse

n(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheM

a’m

unid

sofGurg

anj(T

heKhwara

zm

Shahs)

House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

TheM

ain

Lin

ein

Ganja

(TheShaddadid

s)House

ofUrg

ell

(TheCounty

ofBarc

elona)

TheM

arw

anid

sHouse

ofVerd

un

(TheDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheM

azyadid

sHouse

ofVerd

un

(TheDuchy

ofLowerLorrain

e)

TheM

irdasids

House

ofW

elf

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheM

ukra

mid

sHouse

ofW

essex

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheNajahid

sHouse

ofW

estfold

(TheKin

gdom

ofNorw

ay)

TheNasrid

s(T

heM

aliksofNim

ruz)

House

ofth

eM

ose

lle(T

heCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheNizari

Ism

a’ilisin

Persia

House

ofth

eM

ose

lle(T

heDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheNumayrids

Kin

gdom

ofGwynedd

(ThePrincip

ality

ofW

ales)

TheQaghansin

Farg

hana

(TheQara

khanid

s)Kin

gsofLeon

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheRassid

Lin

e(T

heZaydiIm

am

s)M

arg

ravesofBaden

(TheHouse

ofZahringen)

TheRawwadid

sRobertian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheRulers

ofM

urc

iaSalian

House

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheSamanid

sSalian

House

(TheDuchy

ofLowerLorrain

e)

TheSeljuqsofKirm

an

Salian

House

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheSeljuqsofRum

Yngling

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheSeljuqsofSyria

TheShiraziDynasty

(TheSultansofKilwa)

TheSpanish

Um

ayyads

TheSulayhid

sTheTujibid

sin

Sara

gossa

TheYazani(T

heRulers

ofKanem

)TheZirid

sofGra

nada

TheZiyadid

sTheZiyarids

TheZura

y’ids

Zirid

sofKairouan

Mean

16.30(1

76)

12.56(2

70)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[1000,1100)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe

whereasIslamic

dynastiesare

provided

inthecolumnmarked

Islam.Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.

Page 22: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le17:Dynasties[1100,1200)

Western

Europe

Isla

mCapetian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

Anush

tigin

Shih

na

(TheKhwara

zm

Shahs)

Capetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

Hammadid

sofQal’atBaniHam

mad

Counts

ofSavoy

(TheHouse

ofSavoy)

Nizari

Isma’ilisin

Syria

Counts

ofSicily

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheAhmadilis

DukesofAustria

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheAlm

ohads

DukesofBavaria

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheAlm

ora

vid

sFirst

House

ofFlanders

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheAta

begsofYazd

First

House

ofHolland

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheBanu

Ghaniya

First

House

ofNorm

andy

(TheDuchy

ofNorm

andy)

TheBegtigin

ids

House

ofAnjou

(TheDuchy

ofNorm

andy)

TheBurids

House

ofAnjou

(TheKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheCaliphsin

Iraq

and

Baghdad

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

House

ofAustria

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheEld

iguzid

sHouse

ofBabenberg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheFatimid

sHouse

ofBarc

elona

(TheCounty

ofPro

vence)

TheFirst

Lin

eofYazid

iShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

House

ofBarc

elona

(TheKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

TheFirst

Lin

eofth

eBanu

Hatim

(TheHam

danid

s)House

ofBlois

(TheCounty

ofChampagne)

TheGhaznawid

sHouse

ofBlois

(TheDuchy

ofNorm

andy)

TheGovern

ors

forth

eDelh

iSultans(T

heGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofBlois

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheGre

atQaghansofth

eW

estern

Kin

gdom

House

ofBoulogne(T

heKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheGre

atSeljuqsin

Persia

and

Iraq

House

ofBurg

undy

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheHazara

spid

sHouse

ofChate

nois

(TheDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheHudid

sin

Sara

gossa

House

ofCorn

ouaille

(TheDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheLin

ein

Aleppo

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofCourtenay

(TheCountry

ofEdessa)

TheLin

ein

Ani(T

heShaddadid

s)House

ofDenm

ark

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheLin

ein

Bamiyan

(TheGhurids)

House

ofDunkeld

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheLin

ein

Damasc

us(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofFlanders

(TheCounty

ofHain

ault)

TheLin

ein

Damasc

us(T

heZangid

s)House

ofGatinais

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheLin

ein

Divrigi(T

heM

engujekid

s)House

ofHain

ault

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheLin

ein

Egypt(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofHaute

ville

(ThePrincip

ality

ofAntioch)

TheLin

ein

Erz

incan

(TheM

engujekid

s)House

ofHaute

ville-D

ukesofApulia

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheLin

ein

Hamat(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofHohenstaufen

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheLin

ein

Him

s(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofHohenstaufen

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheLin

ein

Hisn

Kayfa

(TheArtuqid

s)House

ofHohenstaufen

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheLin

ein

Jazira

(TheZangid

s)House

ofJim

eno

(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheLin

ein

Khartpert

(TheArtuqid

s)House

ofLim

burg

(TheDuchy

ofLowerLorrain

e)

TheLin

ein

Malaty

a(T

heDanishm

endid

s)House

ofLorrain

e(T

heCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheLin

ein

Mard

in(T

heArtuqid

s)House

ofLouvain

(TheDuchy

ofBra

bant)

TheLin

ein

Mayyafariqin

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofLusignan

(TheKin

gdom

ofCypru

s)TheLin

ein

Sin

jar(T

heZangid

s)House

ofNamur(T

heCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheLin

ein

Sivas(T

heDanishm

endid

s)House

ofNavarre(T

heKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

TheLin

ein

Yemen

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofNavarre(T

heKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheLin

eofth

eBanu

’l-Q

ubayb

(TheHam

danid

s)House

ofNorm

andy

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheLin

eofth

eIspahbadhiyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofNorm

andy

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheM

ahdid

sHouse

ofPlanta

genet(T

heDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheM

ain

Lin

ein

Ghur(T

heGhurids)

House

ofPlanta

genet(T

heKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheM

ain

Lin

ein

Mosu

land

Aleppo

(TheZangid

s)House

ofPoitiers

(TheDuchy

ofAquitain

e)

TheM

azyadid

sHouse

ofPoitiers

(ThePrincip

ality

ofAntioch)

TheNajahid

sHouse

ofReth

el(T

heCountry

ofEdessa)

TheNasrid

s(T

heM

aliksofNim

ruz)

House

ofReth

el(T

heKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheNizari

Isma’ilisin

Persia

House

ofRouerg

ue(T

heCounty

ofToulouse

)TheQaghansin

Farg

hana

(TheQara

khanid

s)House

ofSte

nkil

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheRassid

Lin

e(T

heZaydiIm

am

s)House

ofSupplinburg

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheRulers

inValencia(Inte

rregnum

)House

ofSvend

Estridse

n(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheRulers

ofCord

ova

House

ofSverk

erand

Erik

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheRulers

ofM

urc

iaHouse

ofToulouse

(TheCounty

ofTripoli)

TheSalghurids

House

ofUiNeill(T

heHigh

Kin

gsh

ipofIreland)

TheSaltuqid

sHouse

ofUrg

ell

(TheCounty

ofBarc

elona)

TheSecond

Lin

eofth

eBanu

Hatim

(TheHam

danid

s)House

ofW

elf

(TheDuchy

ofBavaria)

TheSeljuqsofKirm

an

House

ofW

elf

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheSeljuqsofRum

House

ofW

estfold

(TheKin

gdom

ofNorw

ay)

TheSeljuqsofSyria

House

ofth

eM

ose

lle(T

heCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheShiraziDynasty

(TheSultansofKilwa)

Kin

gdom

ofGwynedd

(ThePrincip

ality

ofW

ales)

TheSokmenid

SlaveCom

manders

(TheShah-I

Arm

anid

s)Kin

gsofCastile(T

heKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheSokmenid

s(T

heShah-I

Arm

anid

s)Kin

gsofLeon

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheYazani(T

heRulers

ofKanem

)Kin

gsofNaplesand

Sicily

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheZura

y’ids

Kin

gsofPortugal(T

heKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

Zirid

sofKairouan

Lord

sofFerrara

(TheEstein

Ferrara

and

Modena)

Marg

ravesofBaden

(TheHouse

ofZahringen)

Salian

House

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

Mean

20.24(2

00)

14.40(2

65)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[1100,1200)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe

whereasIslamic

dynastiesare

provided

inthecolumnmarked

Islam.Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.

Page 23: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le18:Dynasties[1200,1300)

Western

Europe

Isla

mCapetian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

SultansofKanem

(TheRulers

ofKanem

)Capetian

House

(TheCounty

ofArtois)

TheAlm

ohads

Capetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheAta

begsofYazd

Counts

ofSavoy

(TheHouse

ofSavoy)

TheBahri

Lin

e(T

heM

am

luks)

Counts

ofUrb

ino

(TheM

onte

feltro

and

Della

Rovere

inUrb

ino)

TheBeysofAlanya

Counts

ofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)TheCaliph

inAleppo

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

DukesofAustria

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheCaliphsin

Cairo

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

DukesofBavaria

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheCaliphsin

Iraq

and

Baghdad

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

First

House

ofHolland

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheChaghata

yid

sFolkung

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheEld

iguzid

sHouse

ofAnjou

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheFirst

Lin

eofYazid

iShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

House

ofAntioch-L

usignan

(TheKin

gdom

ofCypru

s)TheGovern

ors

forth

eDelh

iSultans(T

heGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheGovern

ors

ofBalb

an’s

Lin

e(T

heGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdom

ofM

ajorc

a)

TheGre

atQaghansofth

eW

estern

Kin

gdom

House

ofAvesn

es(T

heCounty

ofHain

ault)

TheHafsid

sHouse

ofBalliol(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheHazara

spid

sHouse

ofBarc

elona

(TheCounty

ofPro

vence)

TheIl

Khanid

sHouse

ofBarc

elona

(TheKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

TheJandarOghullari

House

ofBlois

(TheCounty

ofChampagne)

TheKarts

House

ofBrienne(T

heKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheKeita

Kin

gsofM

ali

House

ofChampagne(T

heKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheKhaljis

(TheDelh

iSultans)

House

ofChate

nois

(TheDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheLin

ein

Aleppo

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofCourtenay

(TheEmpireofConstantinople)

TheLin

ein

Bamiyan

(TheGhurids)

House

ofCypru

s(T

heKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheLin

ein

Damasc

us(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofDampierre(T

heCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheLin

ein

Divrigi(T

heM

engujekid

s)House

ofDre

ux

(TheDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheLin

ein

Egypt(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofDunkeld

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheLin

ein

Erz

incan

(TheM

engujekid

s)House

ofFlanders

(TheEmpireofConstantinople)

TheLin

ein

Hamat(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofFra

nce(T

heCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheLin

ein

Him

s(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofFra

nce(T

heCounty

ofToulouse

)TheLin

ein

Hisn

Kayfa

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofFra

nce(T

heKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheLin

ein

Hisn

Kayfa

(TheArtuqid

s)House

ofHabsb

urg

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheLin

ein

Jazira

(TheZangid

s)House

ofHabsb

urg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheLin

ein

Khartpert

(TheArtuqid

s)House

ofHain

ault

(TheCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheLin

ein

Mard

in(T

heArtuqid

s)House

ofHain

ault

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheLin

ein

Mayyafariqin

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofHohenstaufen

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheLin

ein

Shahra

zur(T

heZangid

s)House

ofHohenstaufen

(TheKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheLin

ein

Sin

jar(T

heZangid

s)House

ofHohenstaufen

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheLin

ein

Yemen

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofLim

burg

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheLin

eofth

eIspahbadhiyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofLouvain

(TheDuchy

ofBra

bant)

TheLin

eofth

eKin

khwariyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofLusignan

(TheKin

gdom

ofCypru

s)TheLu’lu’idsin

Mosu

lHouse

ofM

ontferrat(T

heKin

gdom

ofJeru

salem)

TheM

ahdali

Sayyid

s(T

heSultansofKilwa)

House

ofNassau

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheM

ain

Lin

ein

Ghur(T

heGhurids)

House

ofNorw

ay

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheM

ain

Lin

ein

Mosu

land

Aleppo

(TheZangid

s)House

ofPlanta

genet(T

heDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheM

arinid

sHouse

ofPlanta

genet(T

heKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheM

ente

sheOghullari

House

ofPoitiers

(ThePrincip

ality

ofAntioch)

TheM

ihra

banid

s(T

heM

aliksofNim

ruz)

House

ofRouerg

ue(T

heCounty

ofToulouse

)TheNabhaniRulers

ofPate

House

ofSvend

Estridse

n(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheNasrid

sHouse

ofSverk

erand

Erik

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheNasrid

s(T

heM

aliksofNim

ruz)

House

ofVisconti

(TheVisconti

and

Sforz

ain

Milan)

TheNizari

Isma’ilisin

Persia

House

ofW

elf

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)TheOttomans

House

ofW

estfold

(TheKin

gdom

ofNorw

ay)

TheParw

ana

Oghullari

Kin

gdom

ofGwynedd

(ThePrincip

ality

ofW

ales)

TheQara

man

Oghullari

Kin

gsofCastileand

Leon

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheQutlughkhanid

sKin

gsofCastile(T

heKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheRassid

Lin

e(T

heZaydiIm

am

s)Kin

gsofPortugal(T

heKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

TheRasu

lids

Landgra

vesofHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

TheRulers

ofM

urc

iaLin

eofLowerBavaria

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheRulers

ofth

eUnited

Princip

ality

(TheBadusp

anid

s)Lin

eofUpperBavaria

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheSahib

Ata

Oghullari

Lord

sofFerrara

(TheEstein

Ferrara

and

Modena)

TheSalghurids

Marg

ravesofBaden

(TheHouse

ofZahringen)

TheSaltuqid

sOld

Lin

eofBru

nsw

ick

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)TheSeljuqsofRum

Old

Lin

eofLuneburg

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)TheShamsi

SlaveKin

gs(T

heDelh

iSultans)

Princip

ality

ofW

ales(T

hePrincip

ality

ofW

ales)

TheShiraziDynasty

(TheSultansofKilwa)

TheSokmenid

SlaveCom

manders

(TheShah-I

Arm

anid

s)TheYazani(T

heRulers

ofKanem

)TheZayyanid

sM

ean

20.43(1

95)

10.74(2

76)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[1200,1300)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe

whereasIslamic

dynastiesare

provided

inthecolumnmarked

Islam.Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.

Page 24: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le19:Dynasties[1300,1400)

Western

Europe

Isla

mAlb

ertin

eLin

e(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

SultansofKanem

(TheRulers

ofKanem

)Capetian

House

ofAnjou

(TheCounty

ofPro

vence)

TheAq

Qoyunlu

Capetian

House

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheAsh

rafOghullari

Capetian

House

(TheCounty

ofArtois)

TheAydin

Oghullari

Capetian

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheBahri

Lin

e(T

heM

am

luks)

Capta

ins-Genera

lofM

antu

a(T

heGonzaga

inM

antu

a)

TheBeysofAlanya

Counts

ofSavoy

(TheHouse

ofSavoy)

TheBurjiLin

e(T

heM

am

luks)

Counts

ofUrb

ino

(TheM

onte

feltro

and

Della

Rovere

inUrb

ino)

TheCaliphsin

Cairo

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

Counts

ofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)TheChaghata

yid

sDukesofAnjou

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheDulghadir

Oghullari

DukesofLuxemburg

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheEre

tna

Oghullari

DukesofM

ilan

(TheVisconti

and

Sforz

ain

Milan)

TheFaru

qiRulers

ofKhandesh

DukesofSavoy

(TheHouse

ofSavoy)

TheFirst

Lin

eofYazid

iShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

Electo

rsofth

ePalatinate

(Witte

lsbachsofth

ePalatinate

)TheGerm

iyan

Oghullari

Folkung

House

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheGovern

ors

ofBalb

an’s

Lin

e(T

heGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofAnjou

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheHafsid

sHouse

ofAntioch-L

usignan(T

heKin

gdom

ofCypru

s)TheHamid

Oghullari

House

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheHazara

spid

sHouse

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdom

ofM

ajorc

a)

TheIl

Khanid

sHouse

ofAvis

(TheKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

TheIn

ju’ids

House

ofBalliol(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheJalayirid

sHouse

ofBarc

elona

(TheKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

TheJandarOghullari

House

ofBavaria

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheKarts

House

ofBourb

on

(TheDuchy

ofBourb

onnais)

TheKeita

Kin

gsofM

ali

House

ofBru

ce(T

heKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheKhaljis

(TheDelh

iSultans)

House

ofBurg

undy

(TheCounty

ofArtois)

TheLin

ein

Hamat(T

heAyyubid

s)House

ofChate

nois

(TheDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheLin

ein

Hisn

Kayfa

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofDampierre(T

heCounty

ofFlandre

s)TheLin

ein

Mard

in(T

heArtuqid

s)House

ofDre

ux

(TheDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheLin

eofBatu

’ids(T

heKhansofth

eGold

en

Hord

e)

House

ofEvre

ux

(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheLin

eofIlyasShah

(TheGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofFra

nce(T

heCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheLin

eofOrd

a(T

heKhansofth

eGold

en

Hord

e)

House

ofFra

nce(T

heCounty

ofChampagne)

TheLin

eofShah

Mir

Swati

(TheSultansofKash

mir)

House

ofFra

nce(T

heKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheLin

eofth

eKin

khwariyya

(TheBawandid

Ispahbadhs)

House

ofHabsb

urg

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheM

ahdali

Sayyid

s(T

heSultansofKilwa)

House

ofHain

ault

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheM

arinid

sHouse

ofLancaster(T

heKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheM

ente

sheOghullari

House

ofLim

burg

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheM

ihra

banid

s(T

heM

aliksofNim

ruz)

House

ofLouvain

(TheDuchy

ofBra

bant)

TheM

uzaffarids

House

ofLuxemburg

(TheDuchy

ofBra

bant)

TheNabhaniRulers

ofPate

House

ofLuxemburg

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheNasrid

sHouse

ofM

ecklenburg

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheOttomans

House

ofM

ontfort

(TheDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheParw

ana

Oghullari

House

ofNorw

ay

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheQadiBurh

an

al-Din

Oghullari

House

ofPlanta

genet(T

heKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheQara

Qoyunlu

House

ofPomera

nia

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheQara

man

Oghullari

House

ofSte

wart

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheQutlughkhanid

sHouse

ofSvend

Estridse

n(T

heKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheRamadan

Oghullari

House

ofSweden

(TheKin

gdom

ofNorw

ay)

TheRasu

lids

House

ofTra

stamara

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheRulers

atAhsa

nabad-G

ulb

arg

a(T

heBahm

anid

s)House

ofValois

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheRulers

inSamark

and

(TheTim

urids)

House

ofValois

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheRulers

inW

estern

Persia

(TheTim

urids)

House

ofVisconti

(TheVisconti

and

Sforz

ain

Milan)

TheRulers

ofth

eUnited

Princip

ality

(TheBadusp

anid

s)House

ofW

itte

lsbach

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheSarb

adarids

Kin

gsofCastileand

Leon

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheSaru

khan

Oghullari

Kin

gsofPortugal(T

heKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

TheSecond

Lin

eofShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

Landgra

vesofHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

TheSeljuqsofRum

Leopold

ineLin

e(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheSharq

iSultansofJawnpur

Lin

eofLowerBavaria

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheSultansofM

a’b

ar

Lin

eofLowerBavaria-L

andsh

ut(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheTajal-Din

Oghullari

Lin

eofLowerBavaria-S

traubin

g(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheTughlu

qid

s(T

heDelh

iSultans)

Lin

eofUpperBavaria

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheZayyanid

sLin

eofUpperBavaria-Ingolsta

dt(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

Lin

eofUpperBavaria-M

unich

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

Lord

sofFerrara

(TheEstein

Ferrara

and

Modena)

Marg

ravesofBaden

(TheHouse

ofZahringen)

Mid

dle

Lin

eofBru

nsw

ick

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)M

iddle

Lin

eofLuneburg

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)Old

Lin

eofBru

nsw

ick

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)Old

Lin

eofLuneburg

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)Valois

House

ofAnjou

(TheCounty

ofPro

vence)

Mean

21.63(2

04)

11.29(3

43)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[1300,1400)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe

whereasIslamic

dynastiesare

provided

inthecolumnmarked

Islam.Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.

Page 25: The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political ......Ispahbadhs (Bosworth 1996, p. 162), the Bawandid Ispahbadhs before 839 CE (Bosworth 1996, p. 165), the Justanids before 805

Tab

le20:Dynasties[1400,1500)

Western

Europe

Isla

mAlb

ertin

eLin

e-DukesofSaxony

(TheHouse

ofW

ettin

)TheLin

eofSayyid

Husa

yn

Shah

(TheGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

Alb

ertin

eLin

e(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

SultansofKanem

(TheRulers

ofKanem

)Counts

ofUrb

ino

(TheM

onte

feltro

and

Della

Rovere

inUrb

ino)

The’A

dil

Shahis

Counts

ofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)TheAq

Qoyunlu

DukesofAnjou

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofAnjou)

TheAsk

iyas(T

heKin

gsofSonghay)

DukesofBavaria

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheAydin

Oghullari

DukesofFerrara

(TheEstein

Ferrara

and

Modena)

TheBarid

Shahis

DukesofLuxemburg

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheBeysofAlanya

DukesofM

ilan

(TheVisconti

and

Sforz

ain

Milan)

TheBurjiLin

e(T

heM

am

luks)

DukesofSavoy

(TheHouse

ofSavoy)

TheCaliphsin

Cairo

(TheAbbasid

Caliphs)

DukesofUrb

ino

(TheM

onte

feltro

and

Della

Rovere

inUrb

ino)

TheDomin

ation

ofth

eHabash

is(T

heGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

DukesofW

urtte

mberg

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)TheDulghadir

Oghullari

Electo

rsofBra

ndenburg

(TheHouse

ofHohenzollern

)TheFaru

qiRulers

ofKhandesh

Electo

rsofSaxony

(TheHouse

ofW

ettin

)TheGerm

iyan

Oghullari

Electo

rsofth

ePalatinate

(Witte

lsbachsofth

ePalatinate

)TheHafsid

sErn

estin

eLin

e(T

heHouse

ofW

ettin

)TheHazara

spid

sHouse

ofAlb

ret(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheIm

ad

Shahis

House

ofAnjou

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheJalayirid

sHouse

ofAnjou(T

heDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheJandarOghullari

House

ofAntioch-L

usignan(T

heKin

gdom

ofCypru

s)TheKhansfrom

theLin

eofRulers

ofKazan

(TheKhansofQasim

ov)

House

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheKhansfrom

theLin

eofRulers

ofth

eCrim

ea

(TheKhansofQasim

ov)

House

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdom

ofNaplesand

Sicily)

TheKhansofAstra

khan

House

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheKhansofKazan

House

ofAra

gon

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheKhansofth

eCrim

ea

(TheGiray

Khans)

House

ofAvis

(TheKin

gdom

ofPortugal)

TheLin

ein

Hisn

Kayfa

(TheAyyubid

s)House

ofBavaria

(TheCounty

ofHolland)

TheLin

ein

Mard

in(T

heArtuqid

s)House

ofBourb

on

(TheDuchy

ofBourb

onnais)

TheLin

eofDhu

’l-N

un

Beg

House

ofBurg

undy

(TheDuchy

ofBra

bant)

TheLin

eofIlyasShah

(TheGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofDenmark

(TheKin

gdom

ofSweden)

TheLin

eofIlyasShah

Restore

d(T

heGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofFoix

(TheKin

gdom

ofNavarre)

TheLin

eofOrd

a(T

heKhansofth

eGold

en

Hord

e)

House

ofGrimald

i(T

hePrincip

ality

ofM

onaco)

TheLin

eofRaja

Ganesa

(TheGovern

ors

and

SultansofBengal)

House

ofHabsb

urg

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheLin

eofShah

Mir

Swati

(TheSultansofKash

mir)

House

ofHabsb

urg

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheLin

eofth

eGhuris(T

heSultansand

Rulers

ofM

alw

a)

House

ofHabsb

urg

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheLin

eofth

eKhaljis

(TheSultansand

Rulers

ofM

alw

a)

House

ofLancaster(T

heKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheLodis

(TheDelh

iSultans)

House

ofLuxemburg

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheM

ahdali

Sayyid

s(T

heSultansofKilwa)

House

ofM

edici(T

heM

ediciand

their

Succeso

rsin

Flore

nce)

TheM

arinid

sHouse

ofM

ontfort

(TheDuchy

ofBrittany)

TheM

ente

sheOghullari

House

ofOld

enburg

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheM

ihra

banid

s(T

heM

aliksofNim

ruz)

House

ofSforz

a(T

heVisconti

and

Sforz

ain

Milan)

TheM

ush

a’sha’ids

House

ofSte

wart

(TheKin

gdom

ofScotland)

TheNabhaniRulers

ofPate

House

ofTra

stamara

(TheKin

gdom

ofAra

gon)

TheNasrid

sHouse

ofTra

stamara

(TheKin

gdomsofLeon

and

Castile)

TheNew

Lin

eofSultans(T

heRulers

ofKanem

)House

ofTudor(T

heKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheNizam

Shahis

House

ofValois

(Burg

undy

and

theLow

Countries)

TheOttomans

House

ofValois

(TheKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheQara

Qoyunlu

House

ofVaudemont(T

heDuchy

ofLorrain

e)

TheQara

man

Oghullari

House

ofW

ettin

(TheCounty

and

Duchy

ofLuxemburg

)TheQutb

Shahis

House

ofW

itte

lsbach

(TheHoly

Roman

Empire)

TheRamadan

Oghullari

House

ofYork

(TheKin

gdom

ofEngland)

TheRasu

lids

House

ofth

ePalatinate

(TheKin

gdom

ofDenmark

)TheRulers

inKhura

san

(TheTim

urids)

Landgra

vesofHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

TheRulers

inKuju

r(T

heBadusp

anid

s)Lin

eofCalenberg

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)TheRulers

inM

uhamm

adabad-B

idar(T

heBahm

anid

s)Lin

eofLowerBavaria-L

andsh

ut(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheRulers

inNur(T

heBadusp

anid

s)Lin

eofLowerBavaria-S

traubin

g(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheRulers

inSamark

and

(TheTim

urids)

Lin

eofOrleans(T

heKin

gdom

ofFra

nce)

TheRulers

inW

estern

Persia

(TheTim

urids)

Lin

eofStu

ttgart

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)TheRulers

ofM

alacca

Lin

eofSty

ria

(TheM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheRulers

ofth

eUnited

Princip

ality

(TheBadusp

anid

s)Lin

eofTyro

l(T

heM

ark

and

Duchy

ofAustria)

TheSayyid

s(T

heDelh

iSultans)

Lin

eofUpperBavaria-Ingolsta

dt(T

heW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheSecond

Lin

eofShahs(T

heSharw

an

Shahs)

Lin

eofUpperBavaria-M

unich

(TheW

itte

lsbachsofBavaria)

TheSharq

iSultansofJawnpur

Lin

eofUpperHesse(T

heHouse

ofHesse)

TheShib

anid

sLin

eofUra

ch

(TheHouse

ofW

urtte

mberg

)TheSis

(TheKin

gsofSonghay)

Lin

eofW

olfenbuttel(T

heHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)TheSultansofAcheh

Lord

sofFerrara

(TheEstein

Ferrara

and

Modena)

TheSultansofGujara

tM

arg

ravesofBaden

(TheHouse

ofZahringen)

TheTahirid

sM

arq

uisesofM

antu

a(T

heGonzaga

inM

antu

a)

TheTajal-Din

Oghullari

Mid

dle

Lin

eofBru

nsw

ick

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)TheTekkeOghullari

Mid

dle

Lin

eofLuneburg

(TheHouse

ofBru

nsw

ick-L

uneburg

)TheTughlu

qid

s(T

heDelh

iSultans)

Valois

House

ofAnjou

(TheCounty

ofPro

vence)

TheW

attasids

TheZayyanid

sM

ean

19.92(1

89)

11.10(3

48)

Notes:

Dynastiesin

Western

Europewithatleast

onerulerassumingpow

erontheinterval[1400,1500)are

provided

inthecolumnden

otedWestern

Europe

whereasIslamic

dynastiesare

provided

inthecolumnmarked

Islam.Themeandurationoftheserulers

isprovidein

therow

den

otedmeanandthenumber

oftheserulers

isprovided

inparentheses.


Αναιρέσεις, τ. 17, Νοέμβρης 1996

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208 ΜΑΡΤΙΟΣ 1996

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206 ΙΑΝΟΥΑΡΙΟΣ 1996

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