STUDIES ON SQUARE WAVE ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY · PDF fileSTUDIES ON SQUARE WAVE ANODIC...
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α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εF ο υο υο υο υο υ n δ εδ εδ εδ εδ ε r ’ s δ α ψ δ α ψ δ α ψ δ α ψ δ α ψ S ρ ερ ερ ερ ερ ε c i ααααα l I s s u εεεεε
I S S U E N O . 3 0 9 • O C T O B E R 2 0 0 9 • 349
S T U D I E S O N S Q U A R E W A V E A N O D I C S T R I P P I N G
V O LT A M M E T R Y F O R D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F T R A C E L E V E L S
O F G A L L I U M E M P L O Y I N G B I - F I L M E L E C T R O D E
J . V. K a m a t , N . G o p i n a t h , H . S . S h a r m a a n d S . K . A g g a r w a l
F u e l C h e m i s t r y D i v i s i o n
Introduction
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry is an established
electrochemical method and has been exploited in
the past, for estimation of metallic impurities at trace
as well as sub trace levels, employing mercury-drop
electrode [1,2]. However, because of the toxicity of
mercury, alternative electrode material, such as Bi-
film is being explored, for trace determination.
Recently, Wang et al have adopted Bi-film electrode
for electroanalytical determination of trace metals [3].
Bi-films can be formed on different carbonaceous
substrates such as carbon fibers [4, 5], printed inks
[6], carbon paste [7] or glassy carbon [8]. In this
communication, we present Square Wave Anodic
Stripping Voltammetric (SWASV) studies, on the
determination of Gallium at microgram levels,
employing Bi-Film on Gc electrode in acetate buffer.
Experimental
All voltammetric experiments were performed with
Autolab PGSTAT30 / General-Purpose Electrochemical
System. A three electrode voltammetric cell having a
GC disc of 3 mm diameter as the working electrode,
GC rod as a counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (3M NaCl)
as reference electrode was employed and 10 mL of
acetate buffer (pH = 4 .6) was used, as a supporting
electrolyte in the present studies. The GC working
electrode was polished with 0.05 mM alumina slurry
on a felt pad, prior to each new set of SWASV
experiment. The standard gallium stock solution was
prepared, by dissolving high purity gallium metal in
AR grade concentrated HCl, under reflux conditions
and stocked in a standard glass flask. The test solutions
were prepared from this standard Ga solution prior to
carrying out SWASV experiments.
Preparation of Bi-film on GC surface
Bi-film on polished GC electrode was prepared by
electrodeposition of Bi at -1.1 V from 1mM Bi (III)
solution in acetate buffer under stirring conditions.
The deposited bismuth was then stripped by sweeping
the potential of the electrode from -1.1V to + 0.4V
and a stripping peak of Bi was observed at –0.028 V.
On the basis of these investigations, a conditioning
potential of +0.4V was applied to remove Bi-film from
GC surface, prior to each new SWASV experiment.
Results and Discussion
In situ deposition of the Bi film and Ga was carried
out on the GC surface, by spiking the acetate buffer
with 1μg of Bi (III) and 0.8 μg of Ga. The stripping
voltammogram was recorded by scanning the
electrode between -1.1V and -0.5V, applying square
wave waveform which resulted in the sharp undistorted
T h i s p a p e r w a s c o n f e r r e d t h e B e s t P a p e r A w a r d ( 2 nd p r i z e ) i n t h e
P o s t e r S e s s i o n a t t h e D i s c u s s i o n m e e t o n E l e c t r o n a l y t i c a l Te c h n o l o g i e s
D M - E L A N T E - 2 0 0 8 a t M u n n a r, K e r a l a , h e l d d u r i n g F e b r u a r y 2 5 - 2 8 , 2 0 0 8
350 • I S S U E N O . 3 0 9 • O C T O B E R 2 0 0 9
α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εD R . H O M I B H A B H A C E N T E N A R Y Y E A R
stripping peak of Ga at -0.9V. Further studies were
carried out to optimize experimental parameters,
conditioning time (Tc), deposition potential (E
d),
deposition time (Td), SW frequency and SW amplitude.
Renewal of GC surface is an essential requirement for
obtaining reproducible values of peak current. SWASV
experiments were therefore carried out, to optimize
the conditioning time for the removal of the Bi-film
and target metal from GC surface. It is obvious from
Fig.1, that 120 s of conditioning time, is optimum for
the removal of the film. Next experiments were
performed by varying deposition potential from
-1.0 V to -1.5 V. In Fig. 2 SWASV peak current of Ga
is plotted as a function of deposition potential. It is
seen from the figure, that peak current Ipa increases
initially with Ed,
up to -1.1 V and then levels off at
higher values of Ed. This shows that a deposition
potential of -1.1 V is most optimum for
preconcentration of gallium. In Fig. 3, effect of
deposition time (Td) on the SWASV peak current is
presented. It can be seen that peak current, increases
linearly with deposition time from 60 s to 180 s and
at higher Td, Ip
levels off. This shows, that deposition
time of 180 s is optimum. In the next course of
investigation, the effect of SW modulation amplitude
(DE) on Ip was studied and the results are presented in
Fig. 4. It is seen from the figure, that Ip attains a
maximum value at 60 mV amplitude, which is
optimum for further studies. On the basis of above
Fig.1: SWASV peak current ( Ip
) as a function ofconditioning time ( T
c) for the removal of Bi-film from
GC surface at
the conditioning potential +0.4 V
Fig.2: Ip as a function of deposition potential (E
d). Test
solution 1μM Ga, deposition time 180 s, equilibrationperiod 30 s, SW frequency 25 Hz, SW modulationamplitude 60 mV, step potential 5mV, scan potentialrange –1.1V to - 0.5V.
Fig. 3: Ip as
a function of deposition time (Td), under the
experimental conditions as shown in Fig. 2 anddeposition potential of -1.1V.
mentioned studies, further SWASV experiments were
carried out with the optimized parameters; Ed
-1.1V, Tc 120 s, T
d 180 s, SW frequency 25 Hz, SW
amplitude 60 mV.
Validation of optimized experimental parameters was
evaluated, by performing ten individual SWASV
experiments at 1mg level of Ga. The relative standard
deviation was found to be better than
α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εF ο υο υο υο υο υ n δ εδ εδ εδ εδ ε r ’ s δ α ψ δ α ψ δ α ψ δ α ψ δ α ψ S ρ ερ ερ ερ ερ ε c i ααααα l I s s u εεεεε
I S S U E N O . 3 0 9 • O C T O B E R 2 0 0 9 • 351
2%. The proportionality between Ip and concentration
of Ga in 1 μM to 4 μM range was verified. Ip was
observed to increase linearly with Ga concentration,
as shown in Fig. 5 and a correlation coefficient of
0.998 was obtained. A few determinations of Ga at
0.2mg level were carried out by standard addition
approach and the results obtained are encouraging.
Further work on the determination of gallium at μM
concentration of gallium and interference of zinc in
gallium determination are being pursued.
Conclusion
SWASV studies, carried out employing Bi-film
electrode will be useful for gallium determination at
sub microgram level.
References
1. J.V. Kamat, N. Gopinath and S.K. Aggarwal,
Nuclear and Radiochemistry Symposium,
Amritsar, India (2005) 507.
Fig. 4: Ip as a function of SW amplitude (ÄE) under the
experimental conditions shown in Fig.3Fig. 5: I
p as a function of Ga concentration in 1μM -
4 μM range in acetate buffer, also shown (inset) SWASVfor increasing concentration of Ga . Other conditions,as in Fig.3
2. T.K. Bhardwaj, H. S. Sharma and S.K. Aggarwal,
J. Nucl. Materials 360 (2007) 215.
3. J. Wang, J. M. Lu, S.B. Hocevar, P.A.M. Farias,
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Sci. Pap. Univ. Pardubice, Ser. A-9 (2003) 5.
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352 • I S S U E N O . 3 0 9 • O C T O B E R 2 0 0 9
α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξα β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξφ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ ε φ γ η ι ϕ κ λ μ ν ο π θ ρ σ τ υ ϖ ω ξ ψ ζ α β χ δ εD R . H O M I B H A B H A C E N T E N A R Y Y E A R
Dr. S.K. Aggarwal is Head, Fuel Chemistry Division, BARC since July 2005 and is also a
Professor of Chemistry at the Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI). He joined the 16th
Batch of BARC Training School in 1972 and received the Homi Bhabha Award. He did his
Ph.D. from Mumbai University and his post-doctoral training at University of Virginia, USA.
Dr. Aggarwal was honoured with the Eminent Mass Spectrometrist Award by the Indian
Society for Mass Spectrometry (ISMAS) in 1996 and was recently conferred with the DAE
Special Contributions award 2006. He is a specialist in the field of atomic mass spectrometry
and alpha spectrometry and is interested in various mass spectrometric techniques. His
other areas of interest include laser-based analytical techniques, Electrochemistry, X-ray spectroscopy and Separation
techniques like HPLC, solvent extraction etc. He has more than 100 publications in reputed International Journals
and is a recognized Ph.D. Guide of the Mumbai University and of HBNI.
A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S
Dr. J. V. Kamat obtained her M. Sc. Degree from Mumbai University. She joined BARC in
1982. After joining, she obtained her Ph. D. (Chemistry) from Mumbai University. Her
main field of research is electroanalytical chemistry of actinides. She is involved in developing
and employing various Electroanalytical Techniques for different applications in the nuclear
fuel cycle. She is the Treasurer of the Indian Society for ElectroAnalytical Chemistry (ISEAC).
Mr. N. Gopinath received M.Sc. degree from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati in
1973. He joined Radiochemistry Division, BARC in 1977. Presently he is working in Fuel
Chemistry Division, BARC. Since he joined BARC, he has been actively involved in the field
of quality assurance of nuclear fuel materials and has developed new electroanalytical
methodologies for determination of nuclear fuel materials. He has authored a good number
of research papers in the field of electroanalytical chemistry of nuclear materials. Presently
he is involved in the studies on exploitation of the significant electro catalytic properties of
nanomaterials for analytical purposes. He is the Secretary of the Indian Society for
ElectroAnalytical Chemistry (ISEAC).
Dr. H.S. Sharma joined Radiochemistry Division, BARC in 1978, after completing D.Phil.
from University of Allahabad and is presently Head, Electrochemistry Section, Fuel Chemistry
Division, BARC. His major fields of interest include development of analytical methodologies
for precise and accurate determination of actinides in nuclear fuel materials and
electrochemical synthesis of conducting-polymers and nano-scale materials and their
characterization employing spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. He has contributed
significantly to the development of coulometric method for precise and accurate
determination of U and Pu in nuclear fuel materials. He has introduced voltammetric and Electrochemical
Quartz Crystal Microbalance techniques in electrochemical research. Dr. Sharma was recently awarded Prof. S.
S. Sandhu Award (2007- 2008) by the Indian Chemical Society, for his outstanding contribution in Electrical
Research.