SEBS Surface Energy Balance System for estimation of...

SEBS Surface Energy Balance System for

estimation of turbulent heat fluxes and evapotranspiration

Z. (Bob) SuInternational Institute for Geo-Information Science

and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands

[email protected][email protected], , www.itc.nl/wrswww.itc.nl/wrs

Monday 3 September 2007, Lecture D1La6

Monday 3 Sept 2007 Lecture D1La6 SEBS Z. (Bob) Su 2

Earth Observation of Water Cycle

Precipitation (100%)Water Storage

in Ice and Snow

Surface Runoff

InfiltrationEvaporation

(100%)

Groundwater Storage & Flow

River Discharge(35%)

Soil Moisture

RadiationRadiationVapour Transport

(35%)

Evaporation/Transpiration

(65%)

Condensation (65%)

Water ResourcesManagement


Learning Objectives

1. To understand basic ideas of the Surface Energy Balance System 2. To familiarize with the steps used in SEBS for the derivation of different flux terms 3. To understand the most critical processes in surface energy balance 4. To familiarize with the applications of SEBS


Wind

Solar Radiation

Land-Atmosphere Interactions - Terrestrial Water, Energy and Carbon Cycles

Sens

ible

Hea

t(d

i ffus

ion/

con v

ecti o

n)

Gas

es

Soil

He a

t(C

o ndu

ctio

n)

Ther

mal

radi

atio

n

Late

nt H

eat

(Pha

se c

hang

e)

Prec

ipita

tion

Biochemical Processes W

ater

&va

pour

Advection


Structure of the

atmospheric boundary

layer considered in

SEBS

Viscous sublayerTransition layerInertial sublayer

Atmospheric Surface Layer (ASL)

Planetary (Convective) Boundary Layer (PBL)

Roughness sublayer

~ 10 1~2 m

~ 10 -1~1 m

~ 10 -3 m

~ 10 2-3 m

Free Atmosphere

Wind profile

Blending height

PBL height

Interfacial sublayer


Corn

Bare Soil

Water Body

Garlic

Green Grass

Vineyard

Reforestation

Barrax Test Site, Spain

- Situated in the area of La Mancha, in the west of the province of Albacete, 28 km from Albacete- Geographic coordinates: 39º 3’ N; 2º 6’ W- Altitude (above sea level): 700 m


Solar Radiation

Atm

ospheric therm

al radiation

Reflected solar radiation

Surface thermal

radiation

Surface Radiation Balance

eTemperaturSurfaceTemissivityalbedo

:::

0

εα

( ) 401 TRRR lwdswdn ⋅⋅−⋅+⋅−= σεεα


Data from EAGLE/SPARC Campaign 2004, Barrax, Spain

Barrax 2004 Radiation @ Vineyard

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

SW_incSW_outLW_incLW_out


Wind

Surface Energy Balance Terms

H

G0

LE

LEHGRn ++= 0

Rn

( )[ ]scccn ffRG Γ⋅−+Γ⋅⋅= 10

[ ]cfT ,,, 0εα


Scintillometer Data from EAGLE/SPARC Campaign 2004, Barrax, Spain

Barrax 2004 Fluxes @ Vineyard

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203

RnetG_avgH-LASLE_Rest.


Menenti, 1980, Menenti, 1984,(two-layer combination eq.

for a drying soil)

Menenti, 1993(personal note doubting the success

of pure analytical approach)

Menenti & Choudhury, 1993extended Jackson et al., 1981, 1988’s

Crop Water Stress Index (surface scaling)to Surface Energy Balance Index

(PBL scaling with kB_1=2.3, Bw=2.9)(->applications Aral sea, Menenti et al. 2001)

Su, 2001, 2002 extended SEBI concept with the kB_1 model of Su, Schmugge, Kustas & Massman, 2001

and BAS of Brutsaert, 1999 (Surface and PBL scaling)Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS)

(->coupling to NWP fields: Jia et al. 2001, ATSR data->extension to parallel-source: Su & Rauwerda 2001, ATSR data->estimation of daily, monthly, annual evaporation: Li et al. 2001

->drought monitoring: Su et al. 2001, 2003)

Nieuwenhuis et al., 1989e.g. E=a+b*T0

Bastiaassen, 1995Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL)

(require simultaneous presence of absolute dry and absolute wet pixels

-> applications in irrigation management

Su, Pelgrum, Menenti, 1999correction in SEBAL for a theoretical problem and extension to include NWP fields with a up-scaling,

down-scaling scheme

Roerink, Su, Menenti, 2000Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index(fitting dry and wet limiting cases in data)

(S-SEBI)

Analytical vs (semi-)empirical approachRemote sensing of heat fluxes and evaporation - a brief history of the developments in the Netherlands


(Radiometric observables) (r0, T0),(RS observables or estimates) (fc, LAI, hc),

(Surface observation, radiosonds, NWP fields) (TPBL, VPBL, PPBL, qPBL, Rs, Rld)

Schematic representation of SEBS

Preprocessing to derive radiation balance terms

Submodel to derive roughness length for heat transfer(Su, Schmugge, Kustas, Massman, 2001)

Energy balance terms(Rn, G0, H, λE, Λ)

Energy balance at limiting cases (Menenti, Choudhury,1993)

Submodel to derive stability parameters (ASL scaling or PBL scaling, Brutsaert, 1999)


Remote sensing of heat fluxes and evaporation - SEBS Single source, SEBS Parallel-source

Hs

Rahv Rahs

Hv

Tv Ts fc

Wind

T0


SEBS Basic EquationsSu, 2002, HESS, 6(1),85-99

wetdry

wetr HH

HH−−

−=Λ 1

GRE

GRE

n

wetr

n −⋅Λ

=−

=Λλλ

( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ Δ+⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −⋅−−=

γγρ

10ee

rC

GRH s

ew

pnwet

0

0 ,0

GRH

orHGRE

ndry

dryndry

−=

≡−−=λ

wetnwet

wetnwet

EGRHorHGRE

λλ

−−=−−=

0

0 ,

wet

wet

wetr E

EEEE

λλλ

λλ −

−==Λ 1

EHGRn λ++= 0

( ) ( )( )GRE

GRH

n

n

−⋅Λ=−⋅Λ−=

λ1


Wind, air temperature, humidity(aerodynamic roughness,

thermal dynamic roughness)H

G0

LERn

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛Ψ+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

Ψ−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −=

Lz

Ldz

zdz

kuu m

mmm

00

0

0* ln

( )1

00

0

00* ln

−

⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛Ψ+⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

Ψ−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −−=

Lz

Ldz

zdzCkuH h

hhh

ap θθρ

kgHuC

L vp θρ 3*−=

[ ]?,, 000 hm zdz

Energy Balance Residual Method - Turbulent Heat Fluxes

[ ]?,, quTa


The scalar roughness height for heat transfer

The within-canopy wind speed profile extinction coefficient,

( )22*2 huu

LAICn dec

⋅=

( ) ( )( ) 21

*2

2*

10*

214

sst

hz

huu

sccn

t

d fkBC

kfff

ehu

uC

kCkBm

ec

−

−

− +⋅⋅

+−

=

( ) [ ]4.7lnRe46.2 41*

1 −=−skB

( )100 exp/ −= kBzz mh


SEBS - The Surface Energy Balance System

SEBS Core Modules

Boundary Layer Similarity Theory

Roughness for Heat Transfer

Surface Energy Balance Index

Meteorological Data

Boundary Layer Variables

Remote Sensing Data

VIS

NIR TIR

Input Output

EvaporativeFraction

Turbulence Heat Fluxes

Actual Evaporation


General Methodology••

Atmospheric models RSDEM

SYNOPS,Climatology

SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)Preprocessing Postprocessing

Regional parameters Ta, τ, L↓

RS

DEM

Cloud cover

Evaporative Fraction, soil moisture


RSDEM

Preprocessing

RS

DEM

Regional Atmospheric State

Numerical Weather Prediction models

Atmospheric sounding,In-situ meteorological

Observation

NOAA/AVHRR, LANDSAT, ASTER,METEOSAT, AATSR, MODIS,

DN ⇒ Radiance/Reflectance at sensor⇓

Radiance/Reflectance at surface⇓

Albedo, temperature, vegetation cover, emissivity, incoming radiation, roughness


SEBS plug-in in BEAM


SEBS plug-in in BEAM - Roughness height for momentum transfer

These are default values and need to be adjusted according to actual phenological stage.


Results from SEBSSensible Heat

AHS 15 July 2004(A. Gieske)

Sensible HeatASTER 18 July

2004WM^-2


Some applications


Application to the Urumqi River Basin, NW China


0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

Apr

. 7th

May

1st

Jun.

18t

h

Jul.

17th

Aug

.16t

h

Sep.

2nd

Oct

. 2nd

Dai

ly e

vapo

ratio

n (m

m)

Changji, measured

Mengjin, calculated

0

40

80

120

160

200

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug Oct

Nov

Mon

thly

eva

pora

tion

(mm

)

Wulapo Station, measured

Wulapo Reservoir, calculated

Comparison to measurements (water surfaces)


0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Apr JulOct

Mon

thly

eva

pora

tion

(mm

)

Chaiwopu Lake

Eas t mountain

Salt Lake

Mengjin Reser voir

Deser t

Wulapo Reser voir

River plain

Chaiwopu Bas in

Gobi P lain

Monthly evaporation from different surfaces in the Urumqi River Basin


Spatial Distribution of Annual Evaporation over the Urumqi River Basin

••NorthNorth


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Ea (mm/a)Field measurements

Ea

(mm

/a)

SEB

S-H

AN

TS

1. Desert2. Gobi Plain3. Mid-mountain4. Salt Lake5. Chaiwopu Basin6. Forest zone7. Bayi Reservoir8. Mengjin eservoir9. Chaiwopu Lake

12

3

4

5

6

78

9


Applications to the Netherlands (Methods to determine z0m)


Monthly evaporation during 1995


Annual evaporation in 1995


Validation of Atmospheric Models at Regional Scales

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

50 150 250 350

H measured

H E

stim

ated

Tomelloso, RMSD=16.1 W m-2Lleida, RMSD=40.4 W m-2

Badajoz, RMSD=18.3 W m-2

RMSD = 25.6 W m-2

Scintillometer measurements, retrievals by SEBS using ATSR data and RACMO PBL fields, and

simulation by RACMO (Jia, Su, vd Hurk, Moene, Menenti, de Briun, 2002),


Conclusions

– The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) is briefly introduced.

– SEBS is scale invariant, so that it can be applied easily to different scales. Data of high or low spatial resolution from all sensors in the visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared frequency ranges can be used in the system.

– Based on a set of case studies, SEBS has proven to be capable toestimate turbulent heat fluxes and evaporation from point to continental scale with acceptable accuracy for low vegetation.

– The results demonstrate that SEBS algorithm can be used for spatial-temporal estimation of actual evaporation with an acceptable accuracy.


References/Further Readings

– Z. Su, 2002, The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 6(1), 85-99.

– Z. Su, A. Yacob, Y. He, H. Boogaard, J. Wen, B. Gao, G. Roerink, and K. van Diepen, 2003, Assessing Relative soil moisture with remote sensing data: theory and experimental validation, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28(1-3), 89-101.

– L. Jia, Z. Su, B. van den Hurk, M. Menenti, A. Moene, H.A.R. De Bruin, J.J.B.Yrisarry, M. Ibanez, A. Cuesta, 2003, Estimation of sensible heat flux using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and ATSR measurements, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28(1-3), 75-88.

– Z. Su, 2005, Estimation of the surface energy balance. In: Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences : 5 Volumes. / ed. by M.G. Anderson and J.J. McDonnell. Chichester etc., Wiley & Sons, 2005. 3145 p. ISBN: 0-471-49103-9. Vol. 2 pp. 731-752.

• H. Su, E.F. Wood, M.F. McCabe, Z. Su, 2007, Evaluation of remotely sensed evapotranspiration over the CEOP EOP-1 reference sites, Journal of Meteorological society of Japan, 85A, 439-459.

• Y. Oku, H. Ishikawa, Z. Su, 2007, Estimation of Land Surface Heat Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau Using GMS Data, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46(2): 183-195.


EAGLE2006EAGLE2006(8 June (8 June –– 2 July 2006)2 July 2006)

EAGLE Netherlands MultiEAGLE Netherlands Multi--purpose, Multipurpose, Multi--Angle and MultiAngle and Multi--sensor, sensor, InIn--situ, Airborne and Space Borne Campaigns over Grassland and Foresitu, Airborne and Space Borne Campaigns over Grassland and Forestst

ESA, Italy ESA, Italy ITC, The Netherlands ITC, The Netherlands

University of Valencia, Spain University of Valencia, Spain INTA, Spain INTA, Spain

ITRES, Canada ITRES, Canada DLR, Germany DLR, Germany

WUR / ALTERRA, The Netherlands WUR / ALTERRA, The Netherlands LSIIT, FranceLSIIT, France

NLR, The NetherlandsNLR, The NetherlandsKNMI, The Netherlands KNMI, The Netherlands

WUR / Meteorology Group, The NetherlandsWUR / Meteorology Group, The NetherlandsRIVM, The Netherlands RIVM, The Netherlands

WH Stichtse Rijnlanden, The NetherlandsWH Stichtse Rijnlanden, The NetherlandsMIRAMAP, The Netherlands MIRAMAP, The Netherlands

University of Washington, USA University of Washington, USA University of South Carolina, USA University of South Carolina, USA

ISAFoMISAFoM, Italy , Italy Utrecht University, The Netherlands Utrecht University, The Netherlands StaatsbosbeheerStaatsbosbeheer, The Netherlands , The Netherlands

FugroFugro, The Netherlands, The Netherlands

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