1

Sapienza Università di RomaFacoltà di Lettere e Filosofia

Filologia Classicaa.a. 2018/19

GIANFRANCO AGOSTI

La satira nella Seconda Sofistica: Luciano1. Introduzione

Suda λ 683 Adler

Λουκιανός, Σαμοσατεύς, ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς βλάσφημος ἢ δύσφημος, ἢ ἄθεοςεἰπεῖν μᾶλλον, ὅτι ἐν τοῖς διαλόγοις αὐτοῦ γελοῖα εἶναι καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶνθείων εἰρημένα παρατίθεται. γέγονε δὲ ἐπῖ τοῦ Καίσαρος Τραιανοῦ καὶἐπέκεινα. ἦν δὲ οὗτος τοπρὶν δικηγόρος [Bis accusatus; Apologia 15] ἐνἈντιοχείᾳ τῆς Συρίας, δυσπραγήσας δ' ἐν τούτῳ ἐπὶ τὸ λογογραφεῖνἐτράπη καὶ γέγραπται αὐτῷ ἄπειρα. τελευτῆσαι δὲ αὐτὸν λόγος ὑπὸκυνῶν, ἐπεὶ κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐλύττησεν‧ εἰς γὰρ τὸν Περεγρίνου βίονκαθάπτεται τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸν βλασφημεῖ τὸν Χριστὸν ὁπαμμίαρος. διὸ καὶ τῆς λύττης ποινὰς ἀρκούσας ἐν τῷ παρόντι δέδωκεν,ἐν δὲ τῷ μέλλοντι κληρονόμος τοῦ αἰωνίου πυρὸς μετὰ τοῦ Σατανᾶγενήσεται.

2

Eunapio, VS 454, p. 4 Giangrande

3

4

Ἀνεγνώσθη Λουκιανοῦ ὑπὲρ Φαλάριδος καὶ νεκρικοὶ καὶ ἑταιρικοὶ διάλογοι διάφοροι, καὶ ἕτεροιδιαφόρων ὑποθέσεων λόγοι, ἐν οἷς σχεδὸν ἅπασι τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων κωμῳδεῖ, τήν τε τῆςθεοπλαστίας αὐτῶν πλάνην καὶ μωρίαν καὶ τὴν εἰς ἀσέλγειαν ἄσχετον ὁρμὴν καὶ ἀκρασίαν, καὶτῶν ποιητῶν αὐτῶν τὰς τεραώδεις δόξας καὶ ἀναπλάσεις, καὶ τὸν ἐντεῦθεν πλάνον τῆςπολιτείας, καὶ τοῦ ἄλλου βίου τὴν ἀνώμαλον περιφορὰν καὶ τὰς περιπτώσεις, καὶ τῶνφιλοσόφων αὐτῶν τὸ φιλόκομπον ἦθος καὶ μηδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν ὑποκρίσεως καὶ κενῶνδοξασμάτων μεστόν· καὶ ἁπλῶς, ὡς ἔφημεν, κωμῳδία τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐστὶν αὐτῷ ἡ σπουδὴ ἐνλόγῳ πεζῷ.Ἔοικε δὲ αὐτὸς τῶν μηδὲν ὅλως πρεσβευόντων εἶναι· τὰς γὰρ ἄλλων κωμῳδῶν καὶ διαπαίζωνδόξας, αὐτὸς ἣν θειάζει οὐ τίθησι, πλὴν εἴ τις αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐρεῖ τὸ μηδὲν δοξάζειν.Τὴν μέντοι φράσιν ἐστὶν ἄριστος, λέξει εὐσήμῳ τε καὶ κυρίᾳ καὶ τῷ ἐμφατικῷ διαπρεπούσῃκεχρημένος, εὐκρινείας τε καὶ καθαρότητος μετά γε τοῦ λαμπροῦ καὶ συμμέτρου μεγέθους, εἴτις ἄλλος ἐραστής. Συνθήκη τε αὐτῷ οὕτως ἥρμοσται ὥστε δοκεῖν τὸν ἀναγινώσκοντα μὴλόγους λέγειν, ἀλλὰ μέλος τι τερπνὸν χωρὶς ἐμφανοῦς ᾠδῆς τοῖς ὠσὶν ἐναποστάζειν τῶνἀκροατῶν. Καὶ ὅλως, ὥσπερ ἔφημεν, ἄριστος ὁ λόγος αὐτῷ καὶ πρέπων ὑποθέσεσιν, ἃς αὐτὸςἔγνω σὺν τῷ γελοίῳ διαπαῖξαι.Ὅτι δὲ αὐτὸς τῶν μηδὲν ἦν ὅλως δοξαζόντων, καὶ τὸ τῆς βίβλου ἐπίγραμμα δίδωσινὑπολαμβάνειν. Ἔχει γὰρ ὧδε· «Λουκιανὸς τάδ´ ἔγραψα, παλαιά τε μωρά τε εἰδώς· / μωρὰ γὰρἀνθρώποις καὶ τὰ δοκοῦντα σοφά, / κοὐδὲν ἐν ἀνθρώποισι διακριδόν ἐστι νόημα· /ἀλλ´ ὃ σὺθαυμάζεις, τοῦθ´ ἑτέροισι γέλως».

Fozio, Bibliotheca cod. 128, p. 102 Henry

De Dea Syr. 1 Lightfoot

5

Quomodo hist. conscr. 24 •τὸ δὲ καὶ παρὰ τοὺς τόπους αὐτοὺς ψεύδεσθαι οὐ παρασάγγας μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ σταθμοὺς ὅλους, τίνι τῶν καλῶν ἔοικεν; εἷς γοῦν οὕτω ῥᾳθύμως συνήγαγε τὰ πράγματα, οὔτε Σύρῳ τινὶ ἐντυχὼν οὔτε τὸ λεγόμενον δὴ τοῦτο τῶν ἐπὶ κουρείῳ1 τὰ τοιαῦτα μυθολογούντων ἀκούσας, ὥστε περὶ Εὐρώπου λέγων οὕτως ἔφη, “Ἡ δὲ Εὔρωπος κεῖται μὲν ἐν τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ σταθμοὺς δύο τοῦ Εὐφράτου ἀπέχουσα, ἀπῴκισαν δὲ αὐτὴν Ἐδεσσαῖοι.” καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀπέχρησεν αὐτῷ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἐμὴν πατρίδα τὰ Σαμόσατα ὁ αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ βιβλίῳ ἀράμενος ὁ γενναῖος αὐτῇ ἀκροπόλει καὶ τείχεσι μετέθηκεν ἐς τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν, ὡς περιρρεῖσθαι αὐτὴν ὑπ᾿ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν ποταμῶν, ἑκατέρωθεν ἐν χρῷ παραμειβομένων καὶ μονονουχὶ τοῦ τείχους ψαυόντων. τὸ δὲ καὶ γελοῖον εἴ σοι νῦν, ὦ Φίλων, ἀπολογοίμην ὡς οὐ Παρθυαίων οὐδὲ Μεσοποταμίτης σοι ἐγὼ, οἷ με φέρων ὁ θαυμαστὸς συγγραφεὺς ἀπῴκισε.

6

7

8

Σαμόσατα

The Princeton encyclopedia of classical

sites, ed. R. Stillwell, W. L. McAlister

MacDonald, M. Holland,. Princeton, N.J.

Princeton University Press. 1976

[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/

text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:ent

ry=samosata]

9

Samosata, Adriano, 117-138 ADΦΛA/ΣAMO/MHTPO/KOM.

10

Mellink, Machteld J., “Samsat (Samosata), Turkey,” Bryn Mawr Collections, http://brynmawrcollections.org/home/items/show/9336.

11

Mellink, Machteld J., “Samsat (Samosata), Turkey,” Bryn Mawr Collections, http://brynmawrcollections.org/home/items/show/9324

12

Mellink, Machteld J., “Samsat (Samosata), Turkey,” Bryn Mawr Collections,

http://brynmawrcollections.org/home/items/show/9333.

13

Mellink, Machteld J., “Samsat (Samosata), Turkey,” Bryn Mawr Collections, http://brynmawrcollections.org/home/items/show/9352

14

The reader of the vast majority of Lucian’s works would bewholly unable to tell from what part of the Greek world hecame

(Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East 31BC-AD 337, Princeton 19963, 454)

More recently, however, Lucian’s Syrianness has come todominate discussion of his work once again, as thepostcolonial critique has caused scholars of the ancient worldto embrace Lucian—often productively but sometimesreductively—as an early imperial paradigm of the “ethno-cultural hybrid.” … Syrianness and, by extension,barbarianness are, for Lucian, authorial strategies.

(Daniel Richter, Lucian of Samosata, in D. Richter, W.A. Johnson (eds.)The Oxford Handbook of the Second Sophistic, Oxford 2017, )

15

Anderson, G. 1976. Lucian: Theme and Variation in the Second Sophistic. Leiden.Anderson, G. 1994. Sage, Saint and Sophist: Holy Men and Their Associates in the Early Roman Empire. London and New York.Baldwin, B. 1973 Studies in Lucian. Toronto.Betz, H. D. 1961. Lukian von Samosata und das neue Testament. Berlin.Billault, A., ed. 1991. Lucien de Samosate. Lyon.Bompaire, J. 1958. Lucien écrivain: Imitation et création. Paris.Bowersock, G. W. 1969. Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire. Oxford.Bowie, E. L. 1970. “Greeks and Their Past in the Second Sophistic.” P&P 46: 3–41.Branham, 1989. B. Unruly Eloquence: Lucian and the Comedy of Traditions. Cambridge.Deferrari, R. J. 1916. Lucian’s Atticism: The Morphology of the Verb. Princeton, NJ.Jones, C. P. 1986.. Culture and Society in Lucian, Cambridge, MA.Konig, J. P. 2006. “The Cynic and Christian Lives of Lucian’s Peregrinus.” In The Limits of Biography, edited by B.Mcging and J. Mossman, 227–254. Swansea.Lightfoot, J. L., ed. 2003. Lucian, “On the Syrian Goddess.” Oxford.Ní Mheallaigh, K. 2014. Reading Fiction with Lucian: Fakes, Freaks, and Hyperreality. Cambridge.Richter, D. S. 2005. “Lives and Afterlives of Lucian of Samosata.” Arion 13: 75–100.Swain, S. 1996. Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD50–250. Oxford.Whitmarsh, T. 2001. Greek Literature and the Roman Empire: The Politics of Imitation. Oxford.