OPTICAL ANALYTIC METHODS

OPTICAL ANALYTIC METHODS

SOURAL Ivo amp VALENTOVAacute Marie

Characterization of electromagnetic radiation

Energy E = [J]

Wavelength λ = [m]

Frequency f = [Hz] ν = [Hz]

Wave number ν = [m-1]

Light speed (in vacuum)c = 29979108 ms

Planckacutes constant h = 662510-34 Js

E = h f

c= f λ

Types of optic methods

1) Without energy change refractometry polarimetry nephelometry turbidimetry

2) With energy changeAAS UV-VIS and IR spectrometry NMR AES

RefractometrySnellacutes law

light refraction

sinsin

n

Refractometryprincipal - detection of limiting angle

applications - verifying purity of liquid materials

Polarimetryground on ability of a chemical substances to rotate

the plane of polarized lightoptically active substanceschiral centerchiral carbon

Polarimetry to the left

(levorotatory) to the right

(dextrorotatory)optical enantiomerspolaroscopes

Polarimetrydextrorotatory and levorotatory mixture - racemic

mixtureaeasured quantity

helliphellip optical rotation

lhellip thickness of OAS layer (dm)

chelliphellip mass concentration (gcm3)

helliphellip specific optical rotation

applications - sugar and food industry (optical activity of sacharides) farmacy and biochemistry (detecting of steroids vitamins alkaloids)

lcD

20

αα

20

Dα

Absorption Emission Spectrometry (AES)

ground on observating emission of electromagnetic radiation of free atoms in gas state

measured quantities - (quality) intensity I (mvall) (quantity)

intensityBoltzmanacutes law

0NN e

0

0

hchE

eG

G

e

kT

Ee

NN

e

e

AES

Flame acetylene ndash airMonochromator selection of Detector measuredetects intensity Nebulizer reduce sample to a fine spray Applications ndash detection of K+ Na+ Ca2+

(more elements when H2O2 is used)

Atomic absorption spectrometry

Atomic absorption spectrometry is ground on observation of electromagnetic radiation of free atoms in gas state

Measured quantities - (quality) absorbance A (quantity)

Absorbance follows Bouger-Lambert-Beeracutes law

Application detection of metallic elements

clεA λ

AAS

Source of radiance lamp with empty cathode composed from measured element

Flame acetylene ndash air Monochromator selection of Detector measuredetect intensity Nebulizer reduce sample to a fine spray

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Characterization of electromagnetic radiation

Energy E = [J]

Wavelength λ = [m]

Frequency f = [Hz] ν = [Hz]

Wave number ν = [m-1]

Light speed (in vacuum)c = 29979108 ms

Planckacutes constant h = 662510-34 Js

E = h f

c= f λ





light refraction

sinsin

n















lcD

20

αα

20

Dα





0NN e

0

0

hchE

eG

G

e

kT

Ee

NN

e

e

AES








clεA λ

AAS



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light refraction

sinsin

n















lcD

20

αα

20

Dα





0NN e

0

0

hchE

eG

G

e

kT

Ee

NN

e

e

AES








clεA λ

AAS



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lcD

20

αα

20

Dα





0NN e

0

0

hchE

eG

G

e

kT

Ee

NN

e

e

AES








clεA λ

AAS



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0NN e

0

0

hchE

eG

G

e

kT

Ee

NN

e

e

AES








clεA λ

AAS



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AES








clεA λ

AAS



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clεA λ

AAS



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AAS



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OPTICAL ANALYTIC METHODS

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