Morphologica1 Study of lndo-European · Regenbogen)or as the first(e.g. arcobaleno),...
-
Upload
truongcong -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Morphologica1 Study of lndo-European · Regenbogen)or as the first(e.g. arcobaleno),...
The Journal(~f Humanities, Mθび’Univ.,レiol. 11(March 31,2005ノ,25-38
《ln〔量ividual Research》
‘Arc,,‘God-Bow,,‘Sky-Bow,-
Morphologica1 Study of lndo-European ‘Rainbow,
Nakamura Koichi
27
‘Arc,,‘God・Bow,,‘Sky・Bow,-
Morphologica1 Study of lndo・European‘Rainbow,
Nakamura Koichi
‘Rainbow’is expressed in various ways in Indo-European. Most of the
words are more concerned with the form, i.e. the shape of an arc, rather than
colours. Some languages use‘bow’or compound words containing‘bow’as
the second element(e.g. Regenbogen)or as the first(e.g. arcobaleno),
whereas others have words meaning exclusively‘rainbow’. Those words can
be classified according to their inner structure, i.e. whether they are simple
nouns, or compounds, and what the first half and the latter half of the
compounds literally mean.
1‘Bow,,‘arc, and their compounds
1.1.l Bow/arc
The earliest rainbow in India is with little doubt in A tharvaveda XV.1,
6-8:
ノsa ekavratya ’bhavatsa dhanur adatta tadev6ndradhanUh//
nllamasyodaram 16hitam pgStham// ノ ク ダ
nllenaivapriyam bhratgvya血pr6rnoti l6hitena/ ノdviSantaM vidhyatlti brahmavadilno vadanti//
(He became the sole Vratya;he took to himself a bow;that was
Indra’s bow. Blue is his belly, red【its】back. With the blue he
envelops a hostile cousin, with the red he pierces one hating him卜he
who knows thus】:so say the theologicians.)(Whitney)
The second word indicating here rainbow indradhanu’s-is a compound which
we will discuss in l.2.3.2. Thus, the words meaning‘bow’i.e. dhdnu-,
dhdnus-, and dhdnvan-can indirectly refer to‘rainbow’according to the
contexts in which they occur. Mayrhofer(1986-2001:774)says these go back
to PIE*誹4η一ur(Latin femur‘thigh’)in spite of Ernout-Meillet(1959)and
Walde-Hofmann(1938-54), both of which do not include Skt dha’nus-among
Nakamura Koichi is an associate professor in English at Meiji University. He
is the co-editor of The/1ncrene 〃”isse.’〆1 F∂ur一ルfanuscript Parallel Text,
1)reface and Part 1-4(Peter Lang),2003, and Part 5-8 with W()rdlists,2005.
28 Nakamura Koichi
cognates of fe〃zur. Sanskrit dictionaries give two, apparently unrelated
meanings to伽4ηπ5-and dhdnvan-,‘bow, and‘dry land, desert’. If there is
any connection between the two, it must be that both of them are slightly
curved;the former is quite obvious, while the latter begins to look like a curve
when we see it on a grand scale, in a bird’s-eye view on the Deccan, for
example.
Sanskrit has numerous synonyms for‘bow’..4アudha-was originally a
‘weapon’rather than a bow;it comes from>動伽‘to fight’. We have, as
other words that can mean both‘bow’and‘rainbow’,karmuka-and cdρa-,
both of which are fairly new(‘j廿ngere Sprache’)and have no etymology in
Mayrhofer(1986-2001).
Latin arcus, unlike ModEわow, seems to have shaken off its figurative-
ness when it meant‘rainbow’.Walde-Hofmann(1938-54)cites as its cognates
Gothic arhwaz〃α, Old Norseρr, Old Englishθα酌‘arrow’(all of which come
from*α功wδ), Russian paκuma‘a kind of willow’, Gk 6ρκεひθog‘juniper’.
卜Ernout-Meillet(1959)says that the names of arms generally‘have no etymol-
ogy’and that especially‘bow’did not belong to the weapons of aristocracy,
which, it postulates, is why‘bow/arc’, instead of showing homogeneous
correspondence, diverged into two language groups in Indo-European, i.e.,
the Latino-Germanic(arcus-arh waznのand the Indo-Hellenic(加一一メ6g).
Old Englishわogα‘bow’can mean‘rainbow’as does L arcus but the
citation of Bosworth-Toller(1898)from Leechdom is heofon〃can bogan with
‘heavenly’attached to it(See 1.2.2 for‘sky-bow’). OED explicitly says that
bow as‘rainbow, is‘mostly contextual or poetical for the compound,. The
first citation is from/Elfric Gen.ix.,where, actually, two forms(renboga and
Z)09α)are used:
13D∂et is,6∂et ic sette minne renbogan on wolcnum, and he by6
tacn mines weddes betwyx me and 6a∋re eor6an.
14ponne ic oferteo heofonan mid wolcnum,60nne aeteowa6 min
boga on 6am wolcnum.
(Arcum meum ponam in nubibus, et erit signum foederis inter me, et
inter terram. Cumque obduxero nubibus ccelum, apparebit arcus
meus in nubibus)
According to Lehmann(1986)OEわogαcomes from*bhewgh-(OE ノ伽gαη‘bow, flee,, OS伽gαη‘incline’, OHGわ’ogαη‘bend’). This root is
limited to Germanic and other languages have*bheu wg-with no aspiration at
the end(Skt bh uj’dt’‘bends’,肋吻’as‘arm’, OIr.わo一η一g’d‘break’). Cognate
Bogen is from Germanic*bug-oη‘bow’, an‘Instrumentalbildung zu g.
‘Arc,,‘God-Bow,,‘Sky-Bow’-Morphological Study of Indo-European‘Rainbow,29
*beug一α一‘biegen’(Kluge/Seebold(1989)). It also suggests that un-Germanic
cognate could be MIr. fidbocc‘Holzbogen’‘with expressive gemination or
assimilated auslaut’.
Russianδア∂αis‘arc, yoke, round,, not‘rainbow’, but corresponding
Ukrainian・duhd and Bulgarian dsga can mean rainbow, whereas Polish dega,
dega are exclusively rainbow(Vasmer(1976:378)).01d Russian/Church
Slavonic duga was rainbow, which’comes from Old Church Slavonicの8α(2μg,τ6ζov)・rainbow・.The peculiarity that all the maj or Slavonic languages
retain*d{)gαas‘rainbow’while Russian does not is explained by the fact that
the latter created, isolatedly even among Slavic, a new, most unique
compound paδア8αfor this phenomenon in the sky(see 1.2.5).
1.1.2 ‘Rainbow■colored arc,
This obviously poetic, analytic expression(curvamen arquatum)is in
ルletamorphoses XI:
induitur uelamina mille colorum
IriS et arquatO CaelUm Curvamine SignanS
tecta petit iussi sub nube latentia regis.(589-91)
(and Iris put on her cloak of a thousand hues, and trailing across the
sky in a rainbow curve, she sought the cloud-concealed palace of the
king of sleep.(Milller))
1.2 Compounds Sanskrit has most numerous words for rainbow. One of the reasons is
that Indra, for instance, has many epithets and they are used as the first
elements of the compounds, e.g. akharpdaladhanus for∫ηdrα{ノ加磁8-.
Common first elements are‘rain-’,‘god-,,‘sky-’but there are unique
elements especially among Romance dialects.
1.2.1 ‘Rain-bow,
We have in this category L arcus pluuius, ModE ra励ow, which comes
from OE regnわogα, and other Germanic equivalents, OIcel. rθgη一わ08’, OHG
regan一わogo(MHG rθgθη一わoge, ModG Regenbogen).
Besides rθgηわogα, Old English has scurboga‘shower-bow’(but only
once in O〃Eng〃Sh Concordancei:
Ge on wolcnumレaes
oft and gelome andgiettacen
magon sceawigan,レonne ic scurbogan
30 Nakamura Koichi
minne ieWe, peet iC mOnnUm paS
waere gelaeste,レenden woruld stande6.
(Genesis A 1538-42)
(Then you can constantly see the sign in the sky, when I show my
rainbow so that I may accomplish this agreement with men as long
as the world exists.)
This scurbogan must have been used out of necessity of alliteration, given the
presence of sceawigen in the same line, and as a compound it was transparent
and understood but we know it was not common, with no other examples
found in OE verse or prose.
1.2.2 ‘Sky-bow/arc,
The word for‘rainbow’in Hittite is unknown;we have only a Sumero-
gram dTIR.∠42>.凡4,the middle part of which means‘sky(-god)’in Sumeri-
an. 噛
In spite of the absence in Skt texts, Turner (1962-66)postulates
*vidhradhanus-‘bow in the(clear)sky’based on the existence of bi40n‘rain-
bow’in Shina(northern Kashmir)and vitrti in Prasun. As far as the combina-
tion of‘sky, and‘bow, is concerned,*vTdhradhanus-is most plausible from
the viewpoint of the Indo-European concept of rainbow. Moreover, the first
half v配〃4-‘clear(sky)’is not new, as it is attested in.4 tharγ仰eda, though 『
only locative form is found.
We have the clearest case of‘sky-bow’in L arcus caelestis.・
Post necem Caesaris reuerso ab Apollonia et ingrediente eo urbem
repente liquido ac puro sereno circulus ad speciem caelestis arcus
orbem solis ambiit ac subinde Iuliae Caesaris filiae monumentum
fulmine ictum est.
(Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesaru〃195.1)
(As he was entering the city on his return from Apollonia after
Caesar’s death, though the heaven was clear and cloudless, a circle
like a rainbow suddenly formed around the sun’s disc, and straight-
way tomb of Caesar’s daughter Julia was struck by lightning。
(Rolfe))
Likewise we have a dozen occurrences of arcus caelestis in Plinius:
Namque ab exortu sideris cuiuscumque, sed nobilium maxime, aut
‘Arc’,‘God-Bow’,‘Sky-Bow,一 Morphological Study of lndo-European‘Rainbow,31
caelestis arcus, si non sequantur imbres, sed ros tepescat solis radiis,
medicamenta, non mella, gignuntur(Historia Naturalis 11.37)
(In fact, after rising of any constellation, but especially most
famous ones, or after appearance of rainbow, if they do not follow
the rain and the rose becomes warm because of the rays of the sun,
we get medicine not honey)
Old French arc del ciel, arc au ciel, and French arc-en-ciel belong to this
category. Wartburg(1922-)refers to L arcus caelestis, but does not directly
attribute the origin of these to this Roman compound, whereas Ray(1992)
explicitly says arc-en-ciel is the calque of caelestis arcus. This affirmation,
however, is rendered less valid by the observation of Wartburg(1922-)that
the‘verbindung der beiden subst.[arc and ciel]durch die prap. auBerhalb
Frankreichs nur noch piem.(arcancel, arean∬iel)’. Spanish uses a preposi-
tion:arco del cielo(cf. arco de Sanル名αr’吻in 1.2.3.3).
The Old English compound that belongs to this category is heofon〃c
boga:
Deos wyrtレe man iris illyricam and o6rum naman nemneレis
3ecweden iris illyrica of 6eere misenlicnysse hyre blostmena forレyレe
is 3e6uht p heo pone heofonlican bo3an mid hyre bleo3e efenleece se
is on leden iris 3ecweden’
(」乙eechdoms i.284,15)
(This wort, which is called iρig iλZvρiκil and by another name,
is called iris Illyrica, from the variegated show of its blossoms, since
it is thought that with its colour it matcheth the heavenly bow,
which in Latin is called iris)(Cockayne)
As we mention later, Classical Greek is one of the few languages that
possess the word that exclusively means‘rainbow’but Modern Greek has an
ordinary compound that belongs to this category:o渉ρdwoτ6ζo‘heavenly
bow’, whereas modern加δαcan mean‘rainbow, but has embraced a
medical connotation, just as other modern European languages.
Bulgarian dsga can mean‘rainbow, as we mentioned in 1.1.l but it
seems contextual and its ordinary form might be nebesna dsga‘heavenly
bow’.
32 Nakamura Koichi
1.2.3 God and saints
1.2.3.1 ‘God-bow,
This category is characteristic of Indic branch in Indo-European(devadhanus-, devacaρa-, salrakδrm uka-, suracOρa-, surの7udha-)but Semitic
does have an expressionτ6ζovτo∂θεo∂‘God’s bow’as we can observe in
Genesis.
Several French dialects have ardi,α〃6’~, erめノ¢, which literally mean
‘arc-Dieu’.Wartburg(1922-)thinks that their origin is in Genesis and says we
should refer to the‘bericht der bibel Gott habe den regenbogen geschaffen als
denkmal seines willens, die sUndflut nicht zu erneuern’.
Likewise qepHblx(1993)(paδyea)refers to the popular Russian noun,
602Kbff Oy∂a(=Godly bow), which, he supposes, is also based upon Genesis.
See 1.2.5 below.
1.2.3.2 ‘lndra,s bow,
This compound is more specific. Indra is‘the god of the atmosphere and
sky;the Indian Jupiter Pluvius or lord of rain(who in Vedic mythology reigns
over the deities of the intermediate region or atmosphere;he fights against
and conquers with his thunderbolt[vaJ’剛the demons of darkness, and is in
general a symbol of generous heroism’and he‘was not originally lord of the
gods of the sky, but his deeds were most useful to mankind, and he was
therefore addressed in prayers and hymns more than any other deity, and
ultimately superseded the more lofty and spiritual Varupa’(Monier-
Williams), which is why Indra has innumerable epithets, which are then used
as the first elements of中e compounds:indrの7udha-, indradhantis-(Nepali
indradhanu, indradhanus), indrakOrmuka-, indracopa-(Meghadn ta ll.1),
sures’魔≠窒≠р?≠獅浮刀| (lndische Sprtiche 997), δkharpdaladhan us- and
δkha4dalacOρa-..4kha4dala-is already used in one of the hymns to Indra,
Rgveda VIII 17.12(which is inハlirukta iii.10):
グ ノ
Sacigo§acip{ij ana ayalh rapaya te sutah/ダ
akhap(翼ala pra hUyase//
t ノ
(Sacigu, Sacipajana, dieser ist fUr dich zur Lust gepreBt. Du
Akhapαala wirst gerufen.)(Geldner2)
1.2.3.3 Saints
Some French dialects have saints’names in the second elements:(bourg.)
arc Saint-Bernard(who, according to Wartburg(1922-)is‘St.-Bernard von
Clairvaux’),(pik. boul.)arc de St一ノ6an(who is John the Baptist),(boul.)αrc
de St-Michez(the Archange1, about which Wartburg(1922-)says this is
‘Arc,,‘God-Bow,,‘Sky-Bow,-Morphological Study of Indo-European‘Rainbow’33
because of the ‘popularitat des erzengels als besieger des teufels’, but the
conqueror of the devil, it seems, has nothing to do with rainbow itself. We
may infer from these dialectal compounds that people simply connected this
phenomenon to whomever they believed to be their guardians. One of the
Spanish dialects(Murcia)has arco de San Marn’n.
1.2.4 ‘Jewe1-bow,
ルlanidhanu-seems to have been less offensive than ordinary
indradhan u’s in Paraskara-Gζhya-satra(2.7.13):aparticular sort of Brahman
had to say manidhanu instead in order to avoid, presumably, pronouncing
the name of the supreme god.
1.2.5‘Joy・bow’
As we have seen above, many favorable aspects, excluding rainbow’s
being a precursor of rain, particularly in arid areas, come from Judeo-Chris-
tian context, from Genesis. This is most clearly demonstrated in the very
form of Russian rainbow:.ρα∂ア∂a. OCS hadのgα(葦刀G,τ6ζoγ)and 1ρks
(τ6ζov), which also meant‘rainbow’as in Sanskrit and Latin.1)ρgαis
retained in the second element of。ραδア∂a and it is the first element ra(d?一‘joy’
that is most extraordinary. This interpretation(*アαのgのis not unchallenged
and there is still room for discussion but so far, this is, according to Vasmer
(1979)‘the most plausible’,‘because of the magic formulas that begin with
paδア∂α’and Ukrainian 8ec2/zκa‘rainbow’(Russian Becenわldi‘joyful’), and
because of the parallel example of Lithuanian〃nksmyne‘rainbow’and
1〃7ksmas‘joy,.
qepHHx(1993)has the same opinion and adds,‘there are joyful impres-
sions attached to rainbow on account of the folklore and the ancient, popular
superstitions’. This‘folklore’is related to Christianity and that is also found
in French dialects as wel1(cf.1.2.3.1)but the fact that this word with‘joy’in
the first element in certain dialects around Old Russian penetrated into stan-
dard use is very peculiar from the viewpoint of the whole Indo-European.
LlepHbix(1993)says,‘in the Biblical legends(Genesis 9.13-)the appearancc of
rainbow‘from the clouds’was a commemorated end of the Flood,[and】the
rainbow appeared as a visible representation of‘divine favour’and‘forgive-
ness of the human race,,.‘From this,, he says,‘the popular, ancient appella-
tion of rainbow【became】<<6∂2κろ∬δア∂α>>’. This‘Godly bow’is actually
older than paδア∂αwhich he says is a comparatively new formation(‘cpaB-
HHTeJlbHo Ho3八Hee HoBoo6pa30BaHHe’)on the base∂ア∂αand was originally
“paδo一δン3α.
34 Nakamura Koichi
1.2.6 Arcobaleno:‘f}訊sh・bow, o『‘whale・bow,?
Dante used solelyακo as‘rainbow’, which is in line with the Latin
tradition and later a unique compound, apparently of popular origin, was
born. Italian arcobaleno, is, according to Devoto(1968),‘incr[ocio】diαrco
balenante eわα1θ〃o,, the base of which is balenare,‘verbo denom[inale】da
balena, nel senso delPapparire improvviso di un animale fantastico’. Latin
わα〃aena, the parent of balena, is not the borrowing from Gkφ畝αごvαbut
derived from the same origin, supposedly Illyrian(Ernout-Meillet(1959)).
Devoto’s conjecture is challenged by Cortelazzo-Zolli(1999)on the
ground that baleno is an instantaneous phenomenon, whereas arcobaleno as
such lasts much longer than baleno, and those two words cannot be related to
each other. It is suggested that arcobaleno is in fact‘whale-bow, the
‘rainbow’being by the‘fantasia popolare’‘una rappresentazione zoomorfa’
and that there are many such examples particularly in Romance languages
and also in non Indo-European(though no examples are given);the shape of
the back of a whale(balena)is indicative of that of the rainbow(arcobaleno),
and the change from feminine(balenのto masculine(-baleno)is due to the
first masculine element arco-or‘una sovrapposizione secondaria di加1θηo
‘lampo”. As far as the Indo-European languages are concerned, the use of
animals for‘rainbow’is absolutely unique and one might wonder whether a
whale has really something to do with this phenomenon. We can only say,
however, that‘popular, imagination in the fifteenth century Italy could have
connected‘rainbow, with‘whale’;the first citation coincides with the time of
Christopher Columbus and Bartholomeu Dias, when people,s interests in the
sea seem to have increased. Even so, in both of the above interpretations, the
influence of bale〃o‘flash’, direct or otherwise, seems most probable。
1.2.7 ‘Evening-bow,
Some of the French dialects have‘arc du soir,:(HPyr.)ardubrβspe,
(bearn.)arquet de la brespade,(Hte-Loire)arserau(Wartburg(1922-)).
Likewise, Portuguese hasαrco-da-vθ1加.
1.2.8 ‘lris-bow,
Spanish arco iris seems to be morphologically redundant. As we have
seen and will see, no language uses both‘arc, and‘iris’for‘rainbow’.
II Other elements/wo『ds
It is Greek and Old Church Slavonic that possess words which
exclusively refer to rainbow.
‘Arc,,‘God-Bow,,‘Sky-Bow’-Morphological Study of Indo-European‘Rainbow,35
2.1 ‘Curved,
Many of the words mentioned above etymologically meant‘curved, but
the principal meaning changed into something different, such as‘bow’or
‘arc’.GreekのτρJg, cognate with ModE wire, is one of such examples but it
is unique in that it meant only‘rainbow’and then developed into the name of
the Goddess. The frequency as the Goddess is obviously higher than that as a
rainbow;there are two examples, for instance, in Euripides and those two
both mean Iris, who happens to introduce herself in Hercules Furens 822-4:
ecrpσεTτεハ勿κτ~)gτ}7Vδ’(うρ(bvτεg b’κγOソOV
Adiσoαv,γsρovτεg,ぬμe Tbv eεdiv z(NTplv
TIPiV.π6λεiγδρo渉δSv 》}κoμεvβλ(解OG
(Fear not:this is the child of Night ye see,
Madness, grey sires;Ihandmaid of the Gods,
Iris. We came not for city,s hurt)(Way)
So far we have observed three Spanish compounds, arco del cielo, arco
iris and arco de San Mαπz力but besides these, iris alone can be used, which
comes not directly from Gk but via L iris.
2.2 ‘Red,
R6勧α一‘red’is used in MOnava一伽αr用α㍍5〃α138 to indicate a‘imper-
fect rainbow’followed by an ordinary rainbow(indradhanu’s-):
vidyuto’≦animeghaMSca rohitendradhanU血si ca/
ulkanirghataketaMSca jyoti血Sy uccavacani ca//
(Lightenings, thunderbolts and clouds, imperfect(rohita)and
perfect rainbows, falling meteors, supernatural noises, comets, and
heavenly lights of many kinds)(BUhler)
R6勧α一is, according to BUhler(1886:15),‘said to be an imperfect rain-
bow which appears to be straight’. This word is not particularly classical,
since we have some occurrences in Rgveda. It comes from PIE*hlreudh‘be
red,(Mayrhofer(1986-2001)), the cognates of which are Gk澄ρε6θω‘make
red’,彦ρveρ6G‘red’(L ruber, OCS*rsdrs), L r〃わ161〃5‘dark red’, OE reod
and many more(Pokorny(1959)(reudh-)).
2。3 ‘To press/ben“, in Ba量to薗Slavic
OCSのgαis exclusively for‘rainbow, as we mentioned in l.1.1,whereas
36 Nakamura Koichi
‘bow’as a weapon was always lpks(τ6ζov)..Dρgαis a‘nominal derivation
with o-grade, from Proto-Slavic verb*degt”that has been faintly preserved’
(AKa八eMH∬HayK(1978:99), which cites only Baltic cognates, e.9. Latvian
danga‘corner’, dandzis‘rim’. Vasmer(1950-58)adds Old Prussian da〃gus
‘sky, palate’, and Lithuanian 6茄g〃‘disappear’and 6θガg”‘cover’. On the
basis of Pokorny(1959), however, qepHLIx(1993)relates it to other branch-
es, e.g. OHG tungen‘load’, OIr. dingim‘1-press’,and finally PIE*dhengh-
‘press, oPPress, bend’.Surely sky can have been felt oPPressive in the north-
ern parts of the continent and the change from‘press’to‘sky’can make sense
when we take the climate of the land of Balto-Slavic race into consideration;
Mediterranean peoples could not have had this sort of derivations under
clear, blue sky with no clouds.
Notes
1
2
Professor Watanabe(Osaka University)1ed my attention to this Old
English word.
Akhandala here is, according to Geldner(1951), a‘proper name and not
particular names of lndra but the names of the uncle of the Rsi’.
Works Cited
AKa八eMH∬HayK CCCP,1978,9THMo∬or四ecKH営c皿oBapb c∬a6朋cKHx ∬3HKoB:Hpac皿a朋HcKHh皿eKc田ecKH亘ΦoH八, BblHycK 5, MocKBa:
HayKa.
Andrusyshen, C.H. and J.N.Krett,1955,しlkrain ia〃-English 1)ictionary,
Saskatoon:University of Saskatchewan.
BoHHoBa, CHe>KaHa etα1。, AHr∬曲cKo-6sJlrapcKH peqHHK,2001, TspHoBo:
Gaberoff.
BUhler, G. trans.,1886, The Laws of Manu, Oxford:Clarendon Press.
qepHblx, n.月.,1993, HcTopHKo-3TvaMonor四ecl(H並c∬oBapb coBpeMeHHo-
ro pyccKoro宜3LIKa:13560 c∬oB, MocKBa:143八aTe肪cTBo,,PyccKH並 ヲヲ ∬3HK .
Cortelazzo, Manlio and Paolo Zolli,1979-88,1)izionario etimologico de〃α
〃ngua”α〃ana, Bologna:Zanichelli.
Crawford, S.J. ed., The Old Englishレセ澗’oηqプthe、Heptateuch.°A1Jlfric’s
Treatise on the Old andハ「ew Testa〃zent and his Preface’o Genesis,
Oxford:OUP.
Devoto Giacomo l9682 Avviamento a〃a etimologia ita〃α〃α.’dizionario
θ伽010g’co, Firenze:Felice Le Monnier.
Ernou, Alfred and Antoine Meillet,196741)ictionnaire⑳アη010g’g〃θ6θla
‘Arc,,‘God-Bow’,‘Sky-Bow’-Morphological Study of Indo-European‘Rainbow’37
langue 1α’加θ.・histoire des〃zots, Paris:Klincksieck.
Frisk, Hj armar, 1960-72, Griechisches etymologisches 〃”o”rterbuch,
Heidelberg:Carl Winter.
Geldner Karl F.,1951,Der R ig一レ’eda aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsch tibersetzt
und mit einem laufenden Kommen tar versehen, Cambridge,
Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.
Kluge, Friedrich and Elmar Seebold,1989, Deutches etymologisches
砺δがerbuch,22nd ed. Berlin/New York:de Gruyter.
Mandlik, V. N.,1886, Manava-1)harma Sastra Ilnstitutes qプManul,
Bombay:Ganpat Krishnaji’s Press.
Mayrhofer, Manfred, 1986-2001, Eり,mologisches Wδrterbuch des
A〃indoarischen, Heidelberg:Carl Winter.
Miller, Frank Justus, revised by G.P.Goold,1984,0vid.°」Metamorphoses,
Cambridge, Massachusetts and London:}larvard University Press.
Pokorny, J.,1959, Indoger〃ianisches eリノ〃zologisches Wδrterbuch, Bern:
Francke.
Ray, Allain,1992, Dたtionnaire historique de la langue frangaise, Paris:Le
Robert.
Real Academia Espaiola,1)iccionario de la lengua espantvola, Madrid.
Sadnik L. and R. AitzetmUller l 955 Handwδrterbuch zu den a〃kかchen-
slaγischen Texten, Heidelberg:Carl Winter.
Satrup, Lakshman,1920-27, Theノ>igantu and the〈Jirukta, Deli:Motilal
Banarsidass.
Turner,1962-66,ノ4 Comparative」D’ct’onatッof the Indo-.4っノan Languages,
Oxdord:OUP.
Vasmer M.1950-58 R u∬isches⑳mologisches PVδrterbuch, Heidelberg:
Carl winter.
Walde, Alois and Johann B. Hofmann,1938-54, Lateinisches ⑳mologisches Wδrterbuch, Heidelberg:Carl Winter.
Wartburg, Walther von,1922-, Franzδsisches etymologisches Wδrterbuch.°
eine Darste〃ung des 9α〃oアo〃2anischen Sprachschatzes. Bonn:Schroed-
er, Klopp;Basle:Helbing&Lichtenhahn, Zbiden.
Way, Arthur S.,1912, Euripides III, Cambridge and London:Harvard
University Press and William Heineman.
Whitney, W.D.,1905 A tharγa-veda-saMhita Translated into English i・vith
α”~cα1and Exegetたα1 CommentaryわツWi1〃am l)wig〃Whitn(ワ,
Revised and EditedわッCha〃es Rockwe〃Lanman(Harvard Oriental
Series, vol.7)Cambridge, Massachusetts:HUP.
38 Nakamura Koichi
《Arcobaleno》in indoeuropeo
Parole che significano《arcobaleno》in indoeuropeo si possono dividere
in quelle che originalmente corrispondevano al nome《arco》(latino arcus,
sanscrito 6加磁5-), quelle composte che hanno come primo elemento《dio》
(e.9.sanscrito devadhanus-)o《pio99ia》(tedesco、Regθ〃わogen)einfine quelle
che significavano soltanto《arcobaleno》come greco iris e slavo antico dpga.
Ci sono le lingue che anche esprimono<<arcobaleno》con due parole, e.g.
1atino caelestisαrc〃5 e inglese antico heofon〃cわ09α. Il russo possiede una
unica parola rα伽gα, interpretazioni della quale non sono decisive ma il
primo elemento(ra(d7-)si potrebbe considerare con ogni probabilita come
《gioia》che viene dall’episodio del diluvio in Genesi. Etimologia diακoわα1θ一
no in italianoξ∋discutibile;alcuni credono che baleno venga daわalena con il
cambiamento di genere sotto l,influenza diαrco-, altri hanno l’opinione che
baleno sia《lampo》che conわα1θηαdivide la caratteristica di apparire
lmprovvlsamente.