PRODUCTION

^-^High Temperature Strength™ Scientists Look àt Molybdenum

MOLYBDENUM

TITANIUM

HARDENA8* Ξ INVAR

NICKEL ALLOYS

STAINLESS STEELS

ALUMINUM ALLOYS

MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

Black Areas Mark Upper Limits For Substantial Strength

Ο IOO0 2 0 0 0 MELTING POINT- °R.

3 0 0 0 40OO A"· -

5000

Metals Ready for Space Vehicles Supersonic aircraft and missiles to provide materials for future space vehicles, says Inco's LaQue

^-*High Temperature Strength™ Scientists Look at Molybdenum

MOLYBDENUM

TITANIUM

HARDENA8* Ξ INVAR

NICKEL ALLOYS

STAINLESS STEELS

ALUMINUM ALLOYS

MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

Black Areas Mark Upper Limits For Substantial Strength

Ο IOO0 2 0 0 0 MELTING POINT- °R.

3 0 0 0 40OO A"· -

5000

XYNSWKRS TO MANY PROBLEMS of ma­terials for space vehicles will come from answers to similar problems for supersonic aircraft and long range missiles, according to Frank L. LaQue of International Nickel. These latter craft operate under conditions that are more severe in many ways than those expected in space flight, LaQue says.

Earth-bound industrial plants will benefit as much as, or even more than, celestial journeyers, L a Q u e told the Age of Space Conference sponsored by Southern Research Institute. Already, alloys designed for working parts of jet engines find use in superheaters, piping, and turbines for new power plants.

Principal materials problems pre­sented by space travel involve heat effects. Heat sources include:

• Combustion of propelling fuel. • Aerodynamic heat, ο Sun heat.

• A tmospheres a n d Heat . Com­bustion of rocket fuels cause much corrosion. Ceramics, cermets, and modified graphites, when used as coat­ings, and linings for combustion cham­bers and nozzles, reduce this problem.

Aerodynamic heat ing relates to velocity of travel, but the relationship is not simple. Maximum beating oc­curs—by stagnation—along the leading edges of wings or guiding vanes of a missile, or at the nose of a conical sec­tion. (Stagnation heat comes from bringing air to rest from a high veloc­ity.) Even meager data presently available indicate tha t stagnation tem­peratures well above the melting points of many common metals will b e reached at relatively low fluid veloci­ties.

• Meta ls W e a k e n a t High Tempera ­tu res . Metals known to us today have disappointingly low temperatures at which they retain their strength as com­

pared to their melting p>oints> LaQue says. Prolonged heating changes alloy structures—redissolving 03r agglomerat­ing s trengthening compounds formed during some previous heat treatment— and retempers alloys ^hardened by phase changes achieved fc>y quenching. Adding metallic oxides o r other com­pounds in sintered powder mixtures could make alloys less subject to these weakening effects, LaQu«s feels.

Iron, nickel, and coba_lt base alloys in wrought form can carry high loads for long periods at températures u p to at least 1500° F . Molyrodenum, chro­mium, and possibly zrhenium and tungsten base alloys offer the greatest prospect of extending ithis limit, he declares.

Of these, rnolybdenurm receives the most attention. Althougia molybdenum retains its strength above3 temperatures of 700° F. , it oxidizes rajpidly and sub­limation of the resulting oxide follows. For use at h igher temperatures, the re ­fore, molybdenum mus-at be shielded from the atmosphere. PIT ogress to date has been a imed at developing such protective coatings for molybdenum as:

• Nickel-chromium alloy cladding. • Combinat ion of electro deposited

chromium and nickel. • Sprayed or vapor deposited meta l s

and ceramics. LaQue expects that molybdenum cari be protected so that it ^will carry high loads at temperatures «over 2000° F . for a useful period.

V Other Problems a n d Solutions. Under some circumstances, designers may provide for actual surface melt ing of a small amount of zrnetal in a ve­hicle. This technique w^ould be l imited by a need for sufficient mass with high enough thermal conductivity, density, and specific hea t to se=rve a s a "heat

i- sink." Here, high thermal stresses :h must be avoided. d Other severe thermal stresses will t- result from cooling off t h e inside while i- outer surfaces get hot. A combination n. of low coefficient of thermal expansion :o and high strength will give least ther-p mal stress. Tungsten asnd t h e platinum -- group metals may pro^e best for this tg purpose, L a Q u e points out. a T h e "emissivity" of i i i e vehicle's skin

c- will also help to maintain a heat bai­rn ance. Color and surrface roughness c- control emissivity. A «dull black outer ly surface gives maximuioi cooling by ra­ti- diation. A. highly polished and gold ts plated interior surface minimizes heat >e irradiated t o inner conopartrnents. :i- Erosion is another problem. Pre­

liminary experiments and theoretical a- computations indicate that either an ^e extra thickness of meta l or an expend-at able shield will solve erosion problems. n- No substantial deterioration through

7 0 C & E N J U N E 2 4, 1 9 5 7

Kodak reports to laboratories on: f i l l ing other people's tank cars modi fy ing the spectral distribution of radiant e n e r g y . . . h o w photocopying f rays red tape

Synthetic magniloquence

By such graphics as above, we have for some years preached to the chemical industry that folly lies in attempting larger-than-laboratory-scale organic syntheses that we can be persuaded to perform instead.

That we have not specified what types of synthesis we can under­take means what it implies—that we claim ALL of synthetic organic chemistry for our province. This is big talk, but from a big operator magniloquence can be credible even if boorish and even if not every proposal «consummated as a trans­action, what with one thing o r another.

Though there has been no limit on scope, there has been one of volume, but we have not dwelt on it.* Now our purpose is to an­nounce that for the following m o ­lecular manufacturing operations the volume limit is, for practical purposes, off:

Acetylation, aldol-type conden­sations, anhydride formation, de­hydration (of aldols or ketols, cata-

*The world-famed price list of some 3600 East­man Organic Chemicals covers only those we stock in laboratory quantities. A copy may be obtained from Distillation Products Industries, Rochester 3, Ν. Υ. (Division of Eastman Kodak Company).

lytically or thermally), dehydrogen-ation (of primary or secondary al­cohols, in liquid- or vapor-phase reaction)» esterification (solids or liquids, saturated c r unsaturated, with monohydric or polyhydric al­cohols, with monobasic or poly-basic acids), hydrogénation (of un­saturated aldehydes to saturated aldehydes, partial or complete as ordered—deftly done on a huge scale), oxidation (of aldehydes, al­cohols, and aromatic compounds to acids containing nothing inor­ganic other than residual catalyst).

NO need to trouble deciding which of our divisions to approach with such prop­ositions in synthesis. Just write Mr. Charles Z. Casey Main Office, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, Ν. Υ. He'll see that it gets to the right man, and quickly.

Filters: plea and offer Once every few years a queer sense of obligation compels us to spend our hard-earned money on adver­tising to acquaint the next cadre of technical people with the existence of Kodak Wratten Filters. Of these precisely dyed little sheets of gelatin we offer at present 116 different species, and though in truth they make little direct contribution to our prosperity, they do seem to contribute to the convenience of those who desire to modify the spectral distribution of radiant energy by simple and reasonably reproducible means.

The data book fciKodak Wratten FiIters,"" which describes them all in the fullest, most quantitative spectrophotometric and colorimet-ric detail, has recently appeared in its 19th edition. Kodak dealers sell it for 75e. The one niggardly favor we would ask in return for our magnanimity in selling the filters is that before an order is placed, this edition, and not cne of its 18 pred­ecessors, be consulted for current specifications and designations.

Verifax improfundus Think. Thought need not be pro­found to be worthwhile.

This is one of α series of reports on the meny products and services wi th which the Eastman Kodak Company and its divisions are. . . serving laboratories everywhere

Think of that Verifax Copier which by now, surely, your organi­zation has provided for your con­venience. Many a stately house of cards, stuck together with red tape, has crashed to earth since the Veri­fax Age dawned. Think. Have a few stimuli :

• Where the conservation of time anç^ stenographic labor overrides cerernc^aj^^^^mply jots or types a s u c c i ^ / r ^ ^ B ^ U i i ^ c # r O T of an i n t o r n f e g ^ e r , Sigfcr v^rariém, rhakejBo^rV^rifaxtogQficçpnas that to the correspolKfêltt, pand files the original. Those whose fiature de­mands some vestige of ceremony can buy a self-inking stamp like the above from R. A. Stewart & Co., 80 Duane Street, New York 7, Ν. Υ.

• Wherever a collection of origi­nal documents or records must be kept inviolate, there belongs a Veri­fax Copier in case anyone should need to know what is on the 27th sheet in the 37th folder of the 47th drawer. And if some of it is none of his business, that part can be temporarily blocked out before copying by affixing a bit of the thin and easily removed No. 750 White "Scotch" Tape.

• Ofttimes the man or office who creates something of value on a piece of paper cannot bother with the petty problems of the hewers of wood and drawers of water who have to take the precious piece of paper and make hay with it. Now if they could arrange t o get hold of it for the minute required to run off a few Verifax copies—

• if the copies a r e made on Veri­fax Translucent Copy Paper, they can be used as "masters" for that reproduction machine they have out in the drafting department.

• Some laboratories use the Veri­fax offset method to run off copies of the tables of contents of each day's tide of technical journals, to be circulated and checked by those who see something they ought to read.

Think, think. The nearest Verifax dealer, // one should be needed, can be located through the Yellow Pages of your telephone directory.

Price quoted is subject to change without notice.

J U N E 2 4 . 1 9 5 7 C & E N 7 1

Kodak

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P R O D U C T I O N

molecular collisions, or "sputtering," is anticipated.

Because w e are aware of heat and other problems of space travel and ot properties of the zmetals w e can use , w e can avoid many time-consuming ex­periments, LaQue says. A n d it is un­likely that space travel wi l l b e de layed by a materials or fabrication problem, he concludes.

• Se l -Rex Corp. h a s developed what it calls D o p e d Gold Processes by which it can better electroplate gold onto ger­manium and silicon semiconductors . The company a d d s antimony or other Group III or V eLements t o the bath. The result, according to Sel-Rex: plate at room temperature; reproducibly pro­duce uniform deposits of the right thickness directly from t h e bath.

• Fine s ized silica ^els , w h e n added to adhesive formulations, can increase bond strength markedly, according to Davison Chemical. An example: ad­dition of 5% of Syloid 7 5 , a n interme­diate density gel, to synthet ic rubber solvent type adihesives ups bond strength from 85 t o 20OO, according to Davison data.

• Five a n d a half miles o f s team piping at Esso's Bay way, N. J . , refinery have a new jacket—aluminirm alloy 3003— to protect it froxn t h e area's com­bined marine-in d-ustrial atmosphere. Besides defending the piping against weather and corrosion, the jacketing plus insulation ha've reduced heat loss to about 5% of that from bare pipe, Esso says.

• T e x a s B u t a d i e n e & C h e m i c a l is us ing a hydraulic system t o operate prod­uct valves in its ne^v Houston butadiene processing plant (C&EN, June 10. page 1 9 ) . The sys tem, des igned and installed by Rivett-, Inc., Boston, Mass., is one tenth the s i z e and has one tenth the control wiring of a s imilar electrical control system, Rivett says.

• Sales of ultrasonic e q u i p m e n t are expected to have a tenfold increase -to $ 1 5 0 million t o $250 mi l l i on -an-nually in 1 0 yea.rs, according to Rob­ert L. Rod, president o f Acoustica As­sociates. Rod, address ing a meet ing of the Acoustical Society of America last month, pointed to c leaning, liquid level control, metal w o r k i n g (drills, grinders, and friction reducing de­vices ) , and chemical and physical proc­essing as some of t h e areas t o watch for increasing use of ultrasonics.

7 2 C & E N J U N E 2 4. 1 9 5 7

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