Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872
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7/19/2009 1 Atomic and Molecular Structure Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Source: Corbis Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872
Transcript of Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872
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Atomic and Molecular Structure Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Source: Corbis
Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872
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ATOMS
MASS CHARGEMASS CHARGE
nucleus proton 1 +1
neutron 1 0
electron 0 -1
CHEMISTRY
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CHEMISTRY
Most chemistry yis in the
electrons
CHEMISTRY
Most chemistry yis in the
electrons
(the outer shell electrons)
CHEMISTRY
Most chemistry yis in the
electrons
(the valenceelectrons)
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Electronic transitions in the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom
E h
(wavelength) x (frequency) = speed [m/s]
λν = c [108 m/s]
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E = h ν
E h
A change between two discrete energy levels emits a photon of light.
E h
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A typical aerial shell used in afireworks display
Massive star in Pistol Nebula
Source: NASA
QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1 2n Shell 1,2,…
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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1 2n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
Three representations of the hydrogen 1s
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Representation of the 2p orbitals.
Representation of the 2p orbitals.
A cross section of the electron probability distribution for a 3p orbital.
X
Representation of the 3d orbitalsX
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Representation of the 3d orbitalsX Representation of the 4f orbitals
in terms of their boundary surfaces.X
QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1 2n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
m “Direction” of l -l +lml Direction of l -l,….,+l
QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1 2n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
m “Direction” of l -l +lml Direction of l -l,….,+l
s Spin ±½
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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
So how many differentelectrons are possiblefor a given l value?for a given l value?
QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
l ml spin totall ps 0 0 ±½ 1p 1 -1,0,1 ±½ 6d 2 -2,-1,0,1,2 ±½ 10f 3 -3, -2,-1,0,1,2,3 ±½ 14
X 2X 2
2262610261014
X 2X 2
2262610261014
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X 2X 2
2262610261014
X 2X 2
2262610261014
QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1 2n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
m “Direction” of l -l +lml Direction of l -l,….,+l
s Spin ±½
Wolfgang Pauli
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Wolfgang Pauli PAULI PRINCIPLE
• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERSSAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS
PAULI PRINCIPLE
• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERSSAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS
• Consequence:AUFBAU
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s1
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The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s1
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p1
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The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p2
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p2
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p3
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The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p4
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p5
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
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The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
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The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Electron configurations for potassium through krypton.
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The orbitals filled for elements in various parts
The orbitals filled for elements in various parts
X
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–71 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–72
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X
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12a–73
The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and
partial electron configurations
The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and
partial electron configurationsX
The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and
partial electron configurations
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The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and
partial electron configurations
The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and
partial electron configurations
A form of the periodic table recommended by IUPAC CHEMISTRY
Full shells make the happiest
atoms
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CHEMISTRY
Full shells make the most stable
atoms
Special names for groups in the periodic table
Special names for groups in the periodic table (cont’d) X
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The values of first ionization energy for the elements in the first five periods.
The values of first ionization energy for the elements in the first five periods.
The electron affinity for atoms among the first 20 elements that form stable, isolated X- ions.X
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The radius of an atom (r) is defined as half the distance between the nuclei in a molecule
consisting of identical atoms.
Radial probability distributionsX Atomic radii (in picometers)
for selected atoms.
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X
