Matter evolution in A+A collisions in the light of recent ALICE LHC

results

Yu. M. Sinyukov

Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics

NPQCD May 3 - 6, 2011

“Soft Physics” measurements

2

xL

t

A

A

ΔωK

p=(p1+ p2)/2

q= p1- p2

QS correlation function

Space-time structure of the matter evolution:

Landau, 1953

pp1

p2

Long

Side

OutBW

lengths of homogeneity in expanding system

Radial flow

xT

The evidences of space-time evolution of the thermal matter in A+A collisions:

Rough estimate of the fireball lifetime for Au+Au Gev:200s

In p+p all femto-scales are A+A is not some kind of superposition of the of order 1 fm ! individual collisions of nucleons of nuclei

The phenomenon of space-time evolution of the strongly

interactingmatter in A+A collisions

Particle number ratios are well reproduced in ideal gas model with 2 parameters: T, forcollision energies from AGS to RHIC: thermal+chemical equilibrium

What is the nature of this matter at the early collision stage?

Whether does the matter becomes thermal?

Collective expansion of the fireball.

Observation of the longitudinal expansion:

It was conformed by NA35/NA49 Collaborations (CERN), 1995 ! Observation of transverse (radial) collective flows:

Effective temperature for different particle species(non-relativistic case) : radial collective flowObservation of elliptic flows:

HYDRODYNAMICS !

Does hydro work at LHC

5

The ALICE experiment suggests that the quark-gluon plasma remains a strongly coupled liquid, even at temperaturesthat are 30% greater than what was available at RHIC.The plot shows the “elliptic flow parameter” v2 (a measure ofthe coupling in the plasma) at different heavy-ion collision energies, based on several experiments (including the new data from ALICE [1] )

E. Shuryak, Physics 3,105 (2010)

[1] K. Aamodt et al. (ALICE Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 252302 (2010).

?

6

Expecting Stages of Evolution in Ultrarelativistic A+A collisions

Early thermalization at 0.5 fm/c

0.2?(LHC)

Elliptic flows

tRelatively small space-time

scales, Rout /Rside ~ 1 (HBT puzzle)

Early thermal freeze-out: T_th Tch

150 MeV

8-20 fm/c

7-8 fm/c

1-3 fm/c

or strings

7

Interferometry radii Borysova, Yu.S., Akkelin,Erazmus, Karpenko: PRC 73, 024903 (2006)

8

Duration of particle emission is taken into account by means of enclosed freeze-out hypersurface:

vi =0.35

volumeemission

surfaceemissio

n

9

Ro/Rs ratio and initial flows

10

Collective velocities developed between =0.3 and =1.0 fm/c

Collective velocity developed at pre-thermal stage from proper time tau_0 =0.3 fm/c by supposed thermalization time tau_th = 1 fm/c for scenarios of partonic free streaming and free expansion of classical field. The results are compared with the hydrodynamic evolution of perfect fluid with hard equation of state p = 1/3 epsilon started at . Impact parameter b=0.

Yu.S. Acta Phys.Polon. B37 (2006) 3343; Gyulassy, Yu.S., Karpenko, Nazarenko Braz.J.Phys. 37 (2007) 1031. Yu.S., Nazarenko, Karpenko: Acta Phys.Polon. B40 1109 (2009) .

Central collisions

Collective velocity developed at pre-thermal stage from proper time =0.3 fm/c by supposed thermalization time tau_i = 1 fm/c for scenarios of partonic free streaming. The results are compared with the hydrodynamic evolution of perfect fluid with hard equation of state p = 1/3 epsilon started at . Impact parameter b=6.3 fm.

Collective velocities and their anisotropy developed between =0.3 and =1.0 fm/c

Non-central collisionsb=6.3 fm

13

Hydrodynamic expansion: gradient pressure acts

Free streaming:

Gradient of density leads to non-zero

collective velocities

For nonrelativistic gas

So, even if an

d

:

Yu.S. Acta Phys.Polon. B37 (2006) 3343; Gyulassy, Yu.S., Karpenko, Nazarenko Braz.J.Phys. 37 (2007) 1031.

:at

For thermal and non-thermal expansion

In the case of thermalization at later stage it leads to spectra anisotropy

Basic ideas for the early stage: developing of pre-thermal flows

Summary-1 Yu.S., Nazarenko, Karpenko: Acta Phys.Polon. B40 1109

(2009)

14

The initial transverse flow in thermal matter as well as its anisotropy are developed at pre-thermal - either partonic, string or classical field (glasma) - stage with even more efficiency than in the case of very early perfect hydrodynamics.

Such radial and elliptic flows develop no matter whether a pressure already established. The general reason for them is an essential finiteness of the system in transverse direction.

The anisotropy of the flows transforms into asymmetry of the transverse momentum spectra only of (partial) thermalization happens.

So, the results, first published in 2006, show that whereas the assumption of (partial) thermalization in relativistic A + A collisions is really crucial to explain soft physics observables, the hypotheses of early thermalization at times less than 1 fm/c is not necessary.

15

Phenomenological model of

pre-thermal evolutionAkkelin, Yu.S. PRC 81, 064901 (2010)

• If some model (effective QCD theory) gives us the energy-momentum tensor at time , one can estimate the flows and energy densities at expected time of thermalization , using hydrodynamic equation with (known) source terms.

• This phenomenological approach is motivated by Boltzmann equations, accounts for the energy and momentum conservation laws and contains two parameters: supposed time of thermalization and “initial” relaxation time .

where

IC:Eqs:

Matching of nonthermal initial conditions and hydrodynamic stage

16

HydroKinetic Model(HKM)

of A+A collisions

I. Matter evolution in chemically

equilibrated space-time zone

t

x

outt

Tch

Locally (thermally & chemically) equilibrated evolution and initial

conditions (IC)

IC for central Au+Au collisionsThe “effective" initial distribution is the one which

being used in the capacity of initial condition bring the averagehydrodynamic results for fluctuating initial conditions:I.

Initial rapidity profiles:

and are only fitting parameters in HKM

is Glauber-like profile

II. is CGC-like profile where

Equation of state in (almost) equilibrated zone

18

EoS from LattQCD (in form proposed by

Laine & Schroder, Phys. Rev. D73, 2006).MeV

Crossover transition, LattQCD is matched with an ideal chemically equilibrated multicomponent hadron resonance gas at

Particle number ratios

are baryon number and strangeness susceptibilities

F. Karsch, PoS CPOD07:026, 2007

t

x

outt

Tch

HKMII. Evolution of the

hadronic matter in non-equlibrated zone.

Decay of the system and spectra formation

Cooper-Frye prescription (CFp)

t

z

t

rconstrconstzt at : 22

f.o. 0zat )(:f.o. r

CFp gets serious problems: Freeze-out hypersurface contains non-space-like

sectors artificial discontinuities appears across

Sinyukov (1989), Bugaev (1996), Andrelik et al (1999); cascade models show that particles escape from the system about whole time of its evolution.

Hybrid models (hydro+cascade) and the hydro method of

continuous emission starts to develop.

)(r

f.o.

Hybrid models: HYDRO + UrQMD (Bass, Dumitru (2000))

t

z

t

r

constr

constzt

at

: 22hadr 0zat )(:hadr r

The problems:

the system just after hadronization is not so dilute to apply hadronic cascade models;

hadronization hypersurface contains non-space-like sectors (causality problem: Bugaev, PRL 90, 252301, 2003);

The average energy density and pressure of input UrQMD gas should coincide with what the hadro gas has just before switching.

At r-periphery of space-like hypsurf. the system is far from l.eq.

)(r

t

HYDRO

UrQMD

UrQMDhadrhadr

The initial conditions for hadronic cascade models should be based on non-local equilibrium distributions

Possible problems of matching hydro with initially bumping IC

The example of boost-invariant hydroevolution for the bumping IC with four narrow high energy density tubes (r= 1 fm) under smooth Gaussian background (R=5.4 fm)

RIDGES?

Continuous Emission Hydrokinetic approach

t

x

outt

F. Grassi, Y. Hama, T. Kodama (1995)

The evolution of the single finite system of hadrons cannot be split into the two compo-nents: expansion of the interacting locally equi-librated medium and a free stream of emitted particles, which the system consists of. Such a splitting, accounting only for the momentum-energy conservation law, contradicts the unde-rlying dynamical equations such as a Boltzmann one.

Yu.S. , Akkelin, Hama: PRL 89 , 052301 (2002)

Yu.S. , Akkelin, Hama: PRL 89 , 052301 (2002); + Karpenko: PRC 78, 034906 (2008).

Hydro-kinetic approach

MODEL• is based on relaxation time approximation for emission function of relativistic finite expanding system;

• provides evaluation of emission function based on escape probabilities with account of deviations (even strong) of distribution functions [DF] from local equilibrium;

o accounts for conservation laws: back reaction of the particle emission to the hydro-evolution at the particle emission;

Complete algorithm includes: • solution of equations of ideal hydro;• calculation of non-equilibrium DF and emission function in first approximation;• solution of equations for ideal hydro with non-zero left-hand-side that accounts for conservation laws for non-equilibrium process of the system which radiated free particles during expansion;• Calculation of “exact” DF and emission function; • Evaluation of spectra and correlations.

and are G(ain), L(oss) terms for p. species

Boltzmann eqs (differential form)

Probability of particle free propagation(for each component )

Boltzmann equations and probabilities of particle free propagation

84

Boltzmann eqs (integral form)

Spectra and Emission function

Index

is omitted

everywhere

Spectrum

Relax. time approximation for emission function (Yu.S. , Akkelin, Hama PRL, 2002)

For (quasi-) stable particles

Kinetics and hydrodynamics below Tch =165 MeV

For hadronic resonances

&where

Equation of state in non-equilibrated zone

EoSMeV

Pressure and energy density of multi-component Boltzmann gas

At hypersurface the hadrons are in chemical equilibrium with some barionic chemical potential which are defind from particle number ratio (conception of chemical freeze-out). Below we account for the evolution of all N densities of hadron species in hydro calculation with decay resonances into expanding fluid, and compute EoS dynamically for each chemical composition of N sorts of hadrons in every hydrodynamic cell in the system during the evolution. Using this method, we do not limit ourselves by chemically frozen or chemically equilibrated evolution, keeping nevertheless thermodynamically consistent scheme.

EoS used in HKM calculations for the top RHIC energy

The gray region consists of the set of the points corresponding to the different hadron gas compositions at each occurring during the late nonequilibrium stage of the evolution.

88

System's decoupling and spectra formation

Emission function

For pion emission

is the total collision rate of the pion, carrying momentum p with all the hadrons h in the system in a vicinity of point x. is the space-time density of pion production caused by gradual decays during hydrodynamic evolution of all the suitable resonances H including cascade decays

The cross-sections in the hadronic gas are calculated in accordance with UrQMD .

Iu. Karpenko, Yu.S. PRC 81, 054903 (2010)

PARAMETERS for the RHIC TOP ENERGY

In CGC approach at RHIC energies this energy density corresponds to the value

Fitting parameter at

In CGC approach at RHIC energies the value is used (T. Lappi, J.Phys. G, 2008)

Max initial energydensity

Initial transverse flows

Glauber IC 16.5 GeV/fm3 0.22

CGC IC 19.5 GeV/fm3 0.21

Parameter “absorbs” unknown portion of the prethermal flows, the viscosity effects in the QGP and, in addition, the event-by-event fluctuations of the initial conditions which also lead to an increase of the “effective” transverse flows in the observed inclusive spectra.

Pion, kaon and proton emission densities (Gaussian IC, vacuum c.s.)

93

T=145 MeV

T=80 MeV

At the point of maximal pion emission

P

Conclusion for RHIC The HKM allows one to restore the initial conditions and space-time

picture of the matter evolution in central Au + Au collisions at the top RHIC energy.

The analysis, which is based on a detailed reproduction of the pion and kaon momentum spectra and measured femtoscopic scales, demonstrates that basically the pictures of the matter evolution and particle emission are similar at both Glauber and CGC IC with, however, different initial maximal energy densities: it is about 20% more for the CGC IC.

The process of decoupling the fireballs created in Au + Au collision lasts from about 8 to 20 fm/c, more than half the fireball’s total lifetime. The temperatures in the regions of the maximal emission are different at the different transverse momenta of emitting pions: T ≈ 75–110 MeV for pT = 0.2 GeV/c and T ≈ 130–135 MeV for pT = 1.2GeV/c.

A comparison of the pion and kaon emissions at the same transverse mass demonstrates the similarity of the positions of emission maxima,

which could point out to the reason for an approximate mT-scaling.

Iu. Karpenko, Yu.S. PLB 688, 50 (2010)

Predictions for LHC and comparison with the ALICE results

essentially non-flat initial energy density distributions (Gaussian, Glauber, CGC);

more hard transition EoS, corresponding to cross-over (not first order phase transition!);

fairly strong transverse flow at the late stage of the system evolution. It is caused by:

developing of flows at very early pre-thermal stage;

additional developing of transv. flow due to shear viscosity (Teaney, 2003);

effective increase of transv. flow due to initially bumping structure (Grassy, Hama, Kodama – 2008) ;

+ correct description of evolution and decay of strongly interacting

and chemically/thermally non-equilibrated system after hadronisation!

Karpenko, Yu.S. PRC 81, 054903 (2010)

The following factors allows to describe the space-time scales of emission and Rout/Rside

ratio:Akkelin, Hama, Karpenko, Yu.S, PRC 78, 034906 (2008)

Initial conditions for different collision energies

Fitting parameter at

Glauber IC Max initial energydensity

Initial transverse flows

SPS top energy

9.0 GeV/fm3

0.17

RHIC top energy

16.5 GeV/fm3 0.25

LHC-1 40 GeV/fm3 0.25

LHC-2 40 GeV/fm3 0.25

Parameter “absorbs” unknown portion of the prethermal flows, the viscosity effects in the QGP and, in addition, the event-by-event fluctuations of the initial conditions which also lead to an increase of the “effective” transverse flows in the observed inclusive spectra.

For sqrt(s)=2.76 ATeV

For LHC-1

Pion spectra at top SPS, RHIC and two LHC energies in HKM

Side- radii at top SPS, RHIC and two LHC energies in HKM

The ALICE Collaboration, Phys. Lett. B696, 328 (2011)

Out- radii at top SPS, RHIC and two LHC energies in HKM

100

- Long-radii at top SPS, RHIC and two LHC energies in HKM

~20% less

Out-to-side ratio

Comparison with others model predictions

The ratio as function on initial energy

density

12

1

2

At some p

For details see Iu. Karpenko, Yu.S. PLB 688, 50 (2010)

Emission functions for top SPS, RHIC and LHC

energies

LHC HBT Puzzle (?)

Hybrid HKM (first results)

107

Nantes July 15, 2009

108

Role of non-dissipative stage in formation of large Vint at LHC

Conclusion for femtoscopy at LHC

The main mechanisms, that were considering as explaning the paradoxical behavior of the interferometry scales, are conformed experimentally by ALICE LHC.

In particular, decrease of ratio with growing energy and saturation of the ratio at large energies happens due to a magnification of positive correlations between space and time positions of emitted pions and a developing of pre-thermal collective transverse flows.

Some underestimate of overall value of the radii (“interferometry volume” probably can be solved in HKM by switching to UrQMD at the temperatures 130-140 MeV.

Viscosity in QGP should be included in the model.

Non-thermal stage at the late times play an important role at LHC.

Event by event analysis.

THANK YOU !

110

BACK UP SLIDES

Momentum transverse spectra of protons in HKM for top RHIC energy and different types of profiles (CGC and Glauber) of initial energy density without and with including of the mean field effect for protons (12% of the proton transverse rapidity field off in the interval (0-1))

Generalized Cooper-Frye prescription:

IF for each momentum p, there is a region of r where the emission function

has asharp maximum with temporal width .

The width of the maximum, which is just the relaxation time ( inverse of

collision rate), should be smaller than the corresponding temporal homogeneity length of the distribution function: (1% accuracy!!!)

Then the momentum spectra can be presented in Cooper-Frye form despite it is, in fact, not sadden freeze-out and the decaying region has a finite temporal width . Also, what is important, such a generalized Cooper-Frye representation is related to freeze-out hypersurface that depends on momentum p and does not necessarily encloses the initially dense matter.

Akkelin, Hama, Karpenko, Yu.S, PRC 78, 034906 (2008)Yu.S., Akkelin, Karpenko Act. Phys. Polon. 40, 1025 (2009)

The pion emission function for different pT in hydro-kinetic model (HKM)The isotherms of 80 MeV is superimposed.

The pion emission function for different pT in hydro-kinetic model (HKM). The isotherms of 135 MeV (bottom) is superimposed.

Transverse momentum spectrum of pi− in HKM, compared with the sudden freeze-out ones at temperatures of 80 and 160 MeV with arbitrary normalizations.

Dnepropetrovsk May 3 2009 NPQCD-2009117

Saddle point approximation

Emission density

Spectrum

where

Normalization condition

Eqs for saddle point :

Physical conditions at

Dnepropetrovsk May 3 2009

NPQCD-2009118

Cooper-Frye prescription

Spectrum in new variables

Emission density in saddle point representation

Temporal width of emission

Generalized Cooper-Frye f-la

Nov 3-6

RANP08119

Generalized Cooper-Frye prescription:

119

r

t

0

Escape probability

Yu.S. (1987)-particle flow conservation; K.A. Bugaev (1996) (current form)

Nov 3-6

RANP08120

Momentum dependence of freeze-out

Here and further for Pb+Pb collisions we use:

initial energy density

EoS from Lattice QCD when T< 160 MeV, and EoS of chemically frozen hadron gas with 359 particle species at T< 160 MeV.

Pt-integrated

Dnepropetrovsk May 3 2009

NPQCD-2009121

Conditions for the utilization of the generalized Cooper-Frye prescription

i) For each momentum p, there is a region of r where the emission function has a

sharp maximum with temporal width .

ii) The width of the maximum, which is just the relaxation time ( inverse of collision rate), should be smaller than the corresponding temporal homogeneitylength of the distribution function: 1% accuracy!!!iii) The contribution to the spectra from the residual region of r where the saddle point method is violated does not affect essentially the particle momentum spectrum.

Then the momentum spectra can be presented in Cooper-Frye form despite it is, in fact, not sadden freeze-out and the decaying region has a finite temporal width . Also, what is very important, such a generalized Cooper-Frye representation is related to freeze-out hypersurface that depends on momentum p and does not necessarily encloses the initially dense matter.

iiii) The escape probabilities for particles to be liberated just from the initial hyper-surface t0 are small almost in the whole spacial region (except peripheral points)

122

Conclusions

The CFp might be applied only in a generalized form, accounting for thedirect momentum dependence of the freeze-out hypersurface corresponding to the maximum of the emission function at fixed momentum p in an appropriate region of r.