Newscripts by Κ. Μ. Reese

Biology called "sexist"

Dolores E. Keller of Pace College, New York, N.Y., has advanced the thesis that, "Biology is a sexist discipline" (1). The thrust of her argument will be evident in a brief excerpt: "Even the bacteria reinforce male supremacy con­cepts: male Escherichia coli harbor the sex factor and therefore are F+; females lack this factor and so are F - .. what justification do we have for assigning gender to organisms when there is no genetic basis for sex? Why must passive, recipient, negative cells be female? Why must active, donor, positive cells be male? Surely the perpetuation of stereo­typed gender roles and their transforma­tion into biological terminology is in­accurate, unscientific, and sexist."

Sounds reasonable. At any rate, this department did a quick mental survey of chemistry and found no obvious sexist nomenclature. Chemical engineering seems relatively clean, too. The engi-

Letters War research

SIRS: Since the end of World War I, I've seen many groups led down the Utopian road we all wish for—no need for war.

For any group to advocate any policy of refusal to help defend his country is of itself as untenable as a policy of planned suicide would be.

Although it is wrong to commit murder, it is not wrong to defend or stand up for what is good. Sins of omission are just as bad as sins of commission. The policy of not pre­paring to or trying to protect what is good is the same as killing it. Refusal to do war re­search is murder.

Furthermore, ACS has no right or occa­sion for advocating any such policy as in­fluencing people to not defend our country. Refusal to do war research is for a chemist just the same as for an infantryman to re­fuse to use a gun.

We are trained to use our knowledge for good, and defending one's country is good and never gets out of style.

R. Bradt Warsaw, Ind.

SIRS: The letter (C&EN, June 19, page 44) concerning a proposed amendment to the Society's Bylaws relative to war research indicates a lack of knowledge of economic facts and of the functions of government and the responsibilities of its citizens.

The average graduate in chemistry is not prepared for work in a specific field al­though he may be interested in one or more. He therefore accepts employment that is available and learns whether or not such employment has a continuing interest. Un­less financially capable he has little oppor­tunity to choose a field.

War is not a desired state among moral nations or people. It is the natural result of the inability of our Government to establish

neers deal on occasion with male and female couplings, but one suspects that they borrowed the expressions from the plumbers.

(1) Keller, D. E., "Cell Chauvinism," BioScience, 22,397(1972).

Jane Austen's hair probed

A much-needed gap, as a phrase maker once put it, has been filled by J. A. Swift of Unilever Research, who has studied Jane Austen's hair with a scan­ning electron microscope. Dr. Swift and Dr. A. C. Brown did the work at Uni­lever's Isleworth Laboratory in Middle­sex, England. The project came about in this manner:

Novelist Austen (1775-1817) be­queathed a lock of her hair to her niece, Fanny Knight. In 1949 the Jane Austen Society acquired the hair, which was mounted between two glass disks in a gilt frame, and since then has exhibited it in the museum at Chawton in Hamp­shire. The society grew concerned re­cently that the hair had deteriorated to a degree and asked Dr. Swift to examine

by diplomatic means the protection and peaceable living of our citizens. When our Government in due process decides war is necessary it is the duty of each citizen to support that decision by service whether military, production, research, or financial.

The proposed amendment is not in the best interests of the Society or of the United States, and should not be adopted.

Harry D. Darlington Lakeview, Ark.

SIRS: Since I cannot possibly keep up with every action or proposed action of the ACS Council who are in theory my representa­tives, I must express my gratitude to Jan S. Krouwer et al. for writing to you to ask that all members support the proposed amend­ment to the Society's Bylaws which would discourage members from working in war research.

I am unequivocally opposed to any such amendment and feel that anyone who would propose and support such an amendment is misguided if not downright traitorous.

As much as I dislike war and all its de­struction I still must be realistic enough to realize that it is essential that many of our scientists must continue war research in order that our nation remain strong enough to discourage foreign aggression.

Since most scientists are also realists it seems to me that it is probable that most members of ACS feel as I do that it is not the business of the Society to go on record for or against war-related research, but more a matter for the individual member to search his own conscience and proceed accord­ingly.

Hance H. Hamilton Dallas, Tex.

SIRS: This letter does not concern itself with the morality or immorality of war-re­lated research. Its main concern is the ten­dency of today's Left to push very hard for the politicalization of all groups and socie­ties. Jan S. Krouwer, with three cosigners, urges the Society to adopt an amendment opposing war-related research. He cor-

it. He did so, using only a few fibers in order to preserve most of the lock of hair intact.

His results indicate that Miss Austen did not brush or comb her hair very much in her last three years. Dr. Swift notes the writer's niece Caroline's re­mark that, "She always wore a cap— such was the custom of ladies who were not quite young—at least of a morning but I never saw her without one." The cap, he speculates, might be consistent with the habits of a person little con­cerned with the outward appearance of her hair.

Dr. Swift also found microorganisms on the hair. He believes, in fact, that Miss Austen's hair provided the first ex­ample of direct association between Malassesia furfur and the Pityrosporum genus. (It had been suggested earlier that Malassesia furfur is an evasive mycelial form of yeasts of the Pity­rosporum genus, and particularly of Pityrosporum orbiculare.)

(1) Swift, J. Α., "Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Jane Austen's Hair," Nature, 238, 161 (1972).

rectly observes that although science may be neutral, scientists can be political. While, however, there are ample opportunities under our present form of government for the politically likeminded scientists to form or join any political organizations they may desire, a drive is on to deny to those whose reason for joining a society is other than political the opportunity of belonging to a nonpolitical society. Depriving those who wish to join a professional, athletic, or other group, from doing so unless they endorse a given political stand, is depriving them of a basic freedom. It also evokes memories of another era and another movement.

Those scientists who believe that a boy­cott of war-related research in the U.S. will help the cause of peace are undoubtedly as sincere and well meaning as those who firmly believe that the first condition to world peace is to keep this country at least on par with other military powers (whose actions our peace movement can, unfortunately, not influence). While providing an oppor­tunity for a dialogue between these two fac­tions, it is not the role or purpose of this Society to urge or pressure any of its mem­bers to abandon their position for one they consider morally and politically unsound.

Walter Vink Purdy's Station, Ν. Υ.

SIRS: I simply cannot let the letter from Krouwer et al. go unchallenged. I have been privileged to be associated with a part of our national defense effort for 16 years. I have seen many of the inventions and inno­vations made for weapon applications used successfully for completely peaceful pur­poses. The maintenance of a good defense system is essential for the freedom cur­rently experienced in this country by indi­viduals and organizations alike. We can be independent and follow our own desires only so long as we can prevent others from imposing their desires on us. Certainly this must be evident to Krouwer et al. Since

Continued on page 42

52 C&EN August 14, 1972

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42 C&EN August 14, 1972

LETTERS Continued from page 52

allowing our country to become weaker than our competitors would assure the loss of our ability to choose our own course, I can only hope that the proposed amend­ment touted by Krouwer et al. is a bad joke and will be treated as such by the ACS Council. An adequate defense must stand first on the nation's list of priorities, so that the other items on the list will have a chance of receiving attention. We really need to have our best minds focused on the maintenance of our country's defenses. It is certainly a worthy cause that a chemist may be proud to serve.

Mina L. Carnicom Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M.

SIRS: In the C&EN of June 19, appeared a letter by Jan S. Krouwer et al. in which the undersigned urged the enactment of an amendment to the Society's Bylaws dis­couraging members from working on re­search related to war. Until Mr. Krouwer can persuade the chemical societies of Red China, Russia, and all their satellites to ask their members to refrain f rom such research he has no business to ask ACS for the en­actment of this amendment. I remember too well the state of affairs before World War I I ; Japan, Hitler and their allies were arming to the teeth, while the western democracies sat on their hands. The outcome was a dis­astrous war and extermination of millions of people. If Mr. Krouwer and his friends want to work for peace, let them make sure that the U.S. and its allies are so strong and so well armed that they can keep the Red menace at bay without having to fire any shots.

Harry Jacin Norwalk, Conn.

SIR: I am appalled that the ACS Council is seriously considering an amendment to the Bylaws discouraging its members from engaging in military research. Six millennia of human experience have shown that those who will not prepare for war have never­theless to engage in it eventually because there is no method of preventing power-seekers from taking advantage of their un-preparedness. They must then fight with in­adequate weapons against better armed adversaries and, should they be success­ful, the war will be longer and bloodier than it need have been. The pacif ism that fol­lowed World War I thus caused millions of unnecessary deaths in World War I I .

ACS should be no part of any effort to precipitate this once again. Although it lies with the conscience of any chemist to refuse to apply his professional skills to any cause of which he disapproves, it is not for ACS to insult those of its members who work in prudent preparation for an unpleasant even­tuality.

S. J . Hawkes Associate Professor, Department of Chem­

istry, Oregon State University, Corvallis

SIR: Re the letter of Krouwer et al.: I do not believe that it is within the province of the Society to presume to direct its mem­bers into paths deemed politically desirable by certain people, who may not represent the views of the membership.

The suggestion itself resembles recent advocacy of draft-dodging or desert ion, and is thoroughly distasteful to me personally. The function of a state is to survive, and to be able to enforce its own self-interest in

GUEST COMMENT Continued from page 3

man to succeed. It is not until a man can spend the time caring for chil­dren as a prerequisite to success that he "must" now spend climbing an additional rung in his professional ladder, that he will feel comfortable taking a year off to spend with his children.

When a man's reality encom­passes caring for a child, he will start rewarding success in that area the way he now rewards success at a profession. He will start investigating the myth that responsible child care centers hurt children because it will now mean enough to him to investigate the myth. He will start enlarging his image of women as people who can work with him intellectually and enlarging his image of himself as someone who can work with women and children humanly. He can do this only if he is secure enough in himself to take advantage of the reality that society's freedom of choice is only meaningful to those who make use of it.

Warren T. Farrell Rutgers University, Newark, N.J.

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the face of competition; as citizens we owe our assistance to these ends.

Perhaps we should wait for the Soviet Academy of Sciences to suggest a similar policy; or observe whether any Russian chemist who makes such a proposal can long escape his friendly local mental in­stitution.

Morality, without the means to protect itself, is martyrdom. Let the writers of the subject letter select their own destinies, not mine. I believe that it was Napoleon who said, "The Lord fights on the side with the heaviest artillery." As victors we may have the privilege of indulging in debates about morality; as vanquished, we may not even be allowed the luxury of our own private thoughts.

Robert S. Rabinowitz Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, N.Y.

SIR: I would like to express my sympathy for the letter of readers Krouwer, Lowe, Tritton, and Verbrugge urging ACS to discourage all research pertaining to war or destructive ends. A particularly deplorable example of such research is that under way at the Uni­versity of North Carolina (Science Con­centrates, C&EN, June 26, page 10) on the use of prostaglandins to induce human abortions. Chemical warfare against un­born children should not be promoted by any chemist or any university.

Thomas A. Schenach San Pablo, Calif.

New criteria for Ph.D. degree SIR: In all the discussions about the unem­ployment plight of Ph.D.'s, there is a solu­tion I haven't seen, namely that we stop issuing the degree immediately after the in­dividual leaves graduate school. Instead, the person will leave graduate school when­ever he/she feels ready to prove his/her worth in the outside world, doing whatever society deems important, and therefore society is willing to fund.

Faculty members at graduate schools will then set up criteria for recognition of merit, and after a previously agreed num­ber of years of experience plus demon­strated originality and creativity in his/her chosen field, then the person will apply for the Ph.D. degree.

One benefit to our colleges and universi­ties will be enormous savings, and since the incentive of the sheepskin is not there, we will rid our institutions of higher learning of those that are there for reasons other than creative scholarship. The only persons at­tending graduate school will be those willing to learn.

Perhaps it might not be a bad idea to set the same system at the bachelor's level. Is there an institution bold enough to try it?

Joe Vikin Associate Professor, Corning Community

College, Corning, Ν. Υ.

Against unionization SIR: William A. Snell picked a most irrele­vant example in his plea for unionization when he cited the financial gains for its members exacted by the Air Line Pilots Association (C&EN, July 10, page 37). The pilots are a limited group, and although all respect their technical competence, they have tight control over a small number of key jobs—jobs which in many aspects literally deal with life and death. They have used the leverage of their key position to

the limit with respect to obtaining pay raises and fringe benefits. • ACS members as a whole are not in an analogous position. They represent a wide range of skills and specialties. Unionization, which Snell hopes will give muscle to chem­ists in confronting "steely-eyed corporation executives," will in the long run fail to im­prove the lot of chemists. By putting an artificial price on their services, or by "steely" behavior toward the people furnish­ing the jobs, they may find that they have re­duced job opportunities rather than in­creased them. It's happened to other seg­ments of the work force.

I don't see much substance in the stress on "professionalism." Most of us work, or have worked, for employers. Only the few who have consulting services really can be called professionals in an economic sense, according to my definition. The most con­crete aim of this movement, and one which I approve, is pension portability.

Donald F. Chichester Gainesville, Fla.

Let's define "professionalism" SIR: The arguments advanced for an in­crease in membership dues (C&EN, June 26, page 19), and in particular the state­ment that, "It is very clear.. . that the mem­bers would like an increase in activity in the fields of professional relations," etc. prompt a number of questions:

First, just what is meant by "professional­ism"? This has never authoritatively been defined by any responsible body in the So­ciety.

Second, to which members is this "very clear"? In the last election the vast majority of the membership did not bother to vote, so we do not know how they feel. Of those who did vote, 52% did not go along with the program being currently pushed.

A little later we learn, according to the arguments, that "it is imperative that such funds become available in substantial quan­tities as soon as possible." Who, other than the few individuals promoting this increase, have confirmed this need? What grave cri­sis, if any, faces the Society that makes this "imperative"?

Finally, just how much is considered "substantial"? In the "explanation" it is stated that "the Society spends approxi­mately $5.00 of each member's dues at the present time for professional relations, pub­lic affairs, and public relations." That, bear in mind, is one fifth of our dues. Do we want to increase that percentage from 20% to 43%?

To the argument that this "is much less than many other professional societies spend on such activities," perhaps the dis­tinction should be drawn that ACS is a sci­entific society, not a professional society (such as ΑΜΑ). It is almost certain that the other scientific and technical societies (physics, life sciences engineering) do not spend any such proportion of their member­ship funds pushing "professionalism."

The rhetoric about "self-enlightened in­vestment" and saving society can be dis­counted, but what should not be forgotten is that the responsibility of ACS is primarily to its members—ALL of them.

Robert Matteson Alamo, Calif.

SIR: Despite much discussion in ACS on professionalism, there is a lot of uncertainty and disagreement as to what ACS can or should do in this direction. A frequent com­

ment is that ACS can do much more in pro­fessionalism without changing its present tax status. But can ACS do enough in pro­fessional matters to have a real impact? Can any organization based on a single dis­cipline hope to be effective in a multidis-ciplinary milieu? What about members who oppose or are indifferent to professional activity? Would a professionalized ACS really be the best of all possible possibilities, or can one conceive of other organizations that could more effectively promote chem­ists' interests in professional matters?

The latter approach is supported by sev­eral candidates for Director, Region 6; the views of one are (excerpt):

Although the Society can set standards for employment and discharge of chem­ists and chemical engineers, it can use little but moral suasion and publicity to enforce these standards. Further, in ne­gotiating for treatment of technical em­ployees in general, it is neither practical nor desirable for employers to give dis­tinctive treatments to chemists and chem­ical engineers, as shown by the handling of our portable pension plan. I propose therefore that the ACS Council and Board of Directors request the Executive Direc­tor to initiate negotiations with other sci­entific and engineering societies to set up a new multidisciplinary organization to represent scientists and engineers in negotiations with industry, in lobbying to promote desirable legislation (e.g., porta­ble pensions, government support of sci­ence), and in acting as legal bargaining agent when such is desirable. The Society cannot now legally fill the last two roles. Even if it could, it is probably not strong enough alone to be very effective. Further, a large fraction of its present member­ship has either no use for, or definite op­position to, the Society's performing such functions. Although the concept of a pan-profession

professionalism organization isn't new, it hasn't yet received the consideration it deserves among ACS members. It is hoped that this will stimulate a wider consideration of various approaches to professionalism.

Donald B. Miller Councilor, Santa Clara Valley Section,

Menlo Park, Calif.

"Bureaucratic camel" SIR: The pull-back by EPA on nitrogen di­oxide emission controls (C&EN, June 26, page 18) because of errors in the Jacobs-Hochheiser method is a perfect example of what happens when the bureaucratic camel gets his nose under the scientific tent. The technical shortcomings of the J-H method have long been recognized and these should have outweighed the superficial ad­vantages of convenience plus the large amount of NASN (National Air Surveillance Network) data. Apparently, the 1970 Clean Air Act's rigid timetables forced EPA last year to value expediency over chemistry, and now the scientific facts of life are rear­ing their ugly heads.

The moratorium on state implementation plans for controlling NO2 emissions from stationary sources obviously raises ques­tions about the federal stance on control­ling these emissions from mobile sources. If the air in much of the U.S. really bears less N02 than was previously believed (or at least there are fewer Priority I regions) surely the public can be relieved of some of the costs that catalytic mufflers entail in so many ways.

Also called into question is the true state

August 14, 1972 C&EN 43

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of measurement technology with respect to NO2. A very considerable amount of re­search is still in progress on the efficiency of the J-H procedure; publications should soon begin to appear. There is indeed a lively question about whether the 0.35 fac­tor uniformly applies to concentrations above 130 Mg/m3. Furthermore, there is still no firm correlation between the "Federal Register J-H method" and the sub­stantively different version that was used in the famous "Chattanooga Study." That study, it will be recalled, is the chief link between ambient concentrations and health effects.

Overlooked in this whole picture is the Griess-Saltzman colorimetric procedure, one version of which is ASTM Standard Method D 1607. Fortunately, this method has been subjected to extensive on-site interlaboratory testing in the ASTM D-22 Project Threshold. More than 700 data points were taken over a range of 5 to 400 μg/m3 to characterize the method's accuracy and precision. The statistical data are now being worked up and a report will soon be issued. This is the only N02 analysis method that has been validated by direct experimentation and for this reason is a benchmark for judging the efficiency and reliability of other methods or instru­ments.

With so much emphasis being placed by EPA on the application of available proved control technology, the agency would surely be remiss if it did not avail itself of proved measurement technology too.

Perhaps the one-year moratorium will be used to clear up some of these questions rather than to pile up another set of num­bers based on some quick fix of the dis­credited Jacobs-Hochheiser procedure. There is too much at stake—in dollars and credibility—to let "legislative mandates" override scientific judgment.

Walter V. Cropper Director, ASTM D-22 Project Threshold,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Carbonium ion nomenclature SIR: Although the use of this forum to ex­press technical comments may be unusual it is the quickest way I know of to protest against the development of a new nomen­clature for carbonium ions which seems to be taking hold both in the technical journals and in some industrial advertisements. I refer to the use of "carbenium ion" for "car­bonium ion" suggested by Olah [J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 94, 808 (1972)]. Although many of the suggestions made by Olah in his paper are very attractive, I prefer to re­main a "wooden soldier of the status quo" when it comes to the term "carbonium ion." I would be willing to change if the old term resulted in an inconsistent or unwieldy no­menclature, but I do not believe this is so. The brief table given below indicating the relationship among the names of several cations illustrates my point.

In each case in the table the cation is obtained by adding a proton or other positive radical to the parent system. The name is then changed by dropping any unnecessary suffix and adding "onium." It has been suggested that the suffix "onium" is re-

Parent System Trimethylam/ne (CH3)3N Dimethylox/de (CH3)20 Dimethylsulf/cte (CH3)2S Dimethylsulfox/c/e (CH3)2SO Methylbrom/cte CH3Br Dimethylcarbene (CH3)2C Methane CH4

served for the highest valence state of an atom. However, this has not been true as indicated by entries 3 and 4 in the table. In short, the currently used term "carbonium ion" follows a consistent pattern, is not un­wieldy, and I see no reason to change it. In addition it seems to me the current sys­tem has the advantage of enabling us to name a carbonium ion according to the parent system from which it is derived with­out knowing the details of its electronic structure. We intend to give a fuller discus­sion of our reasons and some apparent ex­ceptions in a paper to be submitted to JACS.

Donald G. Farnum Professor of Chemistry, Michigan State

University, Lansing

More room for people SIR: In C&EN for July 10 (page 38), Dr. Philip W. Zimmerman wonders what type of country we will have if the population is ever reduced to a tenth of its present size. The answer is, a very pleasant one. A large pro­portion of the ills of today result either from the demands of our present popula­tion on our resources or from the lack of satisfying work for all our people. With a population of 20 or 25 million, we could live comfortably with our land and our fellow creatures, instead of having to mistreat them brutally just to keep ourselves going.

Dr. Zimmerman's picture of an immediate slaughter leaving 90% of our homes and buildings empty is of course a malign fantasy. No one is proposing that. But seven generations with an average of 1.5 children per parental couple instead of the 2.1 needed for a constant population would bring us down to 1/10 of the present figure; and in the 200 years which that would re­quire, there would be plenty of time to re­organize all aspects of our way of living. I agree that this is not probable—worse luck—but I deny that it is unthinkable.

Gordon G. Evans, Ph.D. Bedford, Mass.

SIR: As a member of ZPG (Zero Population Growth) and a food chemist, I would like to reply to the letter of P. W. Zimmerman (C&EN, July 10, page 38).

Of course we do not advocate any such decimation of the population as he has im­plied. What we do advocate is that this and every other country look at the conse­quences of overpopulation and consider the alternatives, in order to develop a rational population policy while we still can.

We believe that we are using up our natural resources at a rate that cannot be sustained for much longer, as described in "The Limits to Growth." Our efforts are directed at achieving viable population and resource policies before we reach the point in time that we no longer can control our own destinies.

I do not know anyone in ZPG who advo­cates such irrational population policies as Mr. Zimmerman describes. I hope that we can work out the solutions to this problem while there is still time.

Joseph Cohen U.S. Army, Natick Laboratories, Natick,

Mass.

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44 C&EN August 14, 1972

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