Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Babis Petsikos NATIONAL INVENTORY FOR GREENHOUSE GASES FOR...

Land Use, Land Use Change and ForestryLand Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Babis PetsikosBabis Petsikos

NATIONAL INVENTORY FOR GREENHOUSE GASES NATIONAL INVENTORY FOR GREENHOUSE GASES FOR THE YEARS 1990-2003FOR THE YEARS 1990-2003

JRC 22-23 September 2005JRC 22-23 September 2005

Completeness of emission / removal inventoryCompleteness of emission / removal inventory IPCC Source / Sink categories CO2 CH4 N2O

A. Forest Land

1. Forest Land remaining Forest Land √ √ √

2. Land converted to Forest Land √ √ √

B. Cropland

1. Cropland remaining Cropland √ ΝΟ ΝΟ2. Land converted to Cropland ΝΟ 1) ΝΟ ΝΟC. Grassland

1. Grassland remaining Grassland √ √ √

2. Land converted to Grassland √ √ √

D. Wetlands

1. Wetlands remaining Wetlands 3)

2. Land converted to Wetlands ΝΕ 2) ΝΕ ΝΕE. Settlements

1. Settlements remaining Settlements 3)

2. Land converted to Settlements ΝΕ ΝΕ ΝΕF. Other Land

1. Other Land remaining Other Land 3)

2. Land converted to Other Land 3)

Key categories in the LULUCF sectorKey categories in the LULUCF sector

IPCC Source / Sink Category

Greenhouse Gas Level assessment Trend assessment

Forest Land remaining Forest Land

CO2 √ √

Cropland remaining Cropland

CO2 √ √

Land converted to Forest Land

CO2 √

The Living Biomass subcategory was identified as key subcategory in all the three categories

IPCC Source / Sink Categories CO2 CH4N2O

Method Emission factor



A. Forest LandA1. Forest Land remaining Forest Land D, CS, T2, T11) CS2), D 3) T1 D T1 D

Living Biomass D, T2, CS CS, D T1 D T1 DDead Organic Matter T1, T2 CS, D T1 D T1 D

Soils T1

A2. Land converted to Forest Land T1, T2 D T1 D T1 D

B. Cropland

B1. Cropland remaining CroplandT2, T1 CS, D

Living Biomass T2 CS

Soils T1 D

C. GrasslandC1. Grassland remaining Grassland T1 D T1 D T1 DC2. Land converted to Grassland T1 D T1 D T1 D

Methodology for the estimation of emissions / removals from LULUCFMethodology for the estimation of emissions / removals from LULUCF

Changes in 2005 LULUCF Inventory Implication Biomass increment has been estimated for its both components (above and below-ground biomass) instead of the one in merchantable volume only.

Increase in CO2 removals from sector.

Carbon uptake due to vegetation regrowth after wildfires has been estimated


Carbon transferred into and out of the Dead Wood pool in areas burnt by wildfires has been estimated

High annual fluctuations of emissions / removals decreasedEmissions of CH4 and N2O are lower

Carbon stock changes in living biomass and soils in Croplands remaining Croplands and in Cropland converted to Grassland have been estimated.


Carbon losses due to fellings in forest plantations have not been taken into account since this was resulting in overestimation of emissions (biomass increment in plantations was not included in 2004 inventory).

Decrease in CO2 emissions from sector.

CO2 emissions from cultivated organic soils have been estimated Increase in CO2 emissions from sector.

Estimates were done in more disaggregated levels. Enhancement of precision of estimations.

Recalculations Recalculations

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

(kt CO2 eq)S

ink

So

urc

e

LULUCF Inventory 2005 LULUCF Inventory 2004

Recalculations Recalculations

Representation of land areasRepresentation of land areas

A mix of approach 1 and 2 as described in the GPG LULUCF was used for representing land areas.

Other Land2,0% Wetlands

2,3%Settlements

4,0%

Grassland13,0%

Forest Land49,4%

Cropland29,2%

•the first National Forest Inventory (1st NFI) prepared by the General Secretariat of Forests and Natural Environment (GSFNE, 1992, 1994) of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food

•the ‘Agricultural Statistics of Greece’ of the National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG, annual cencus)

•the afforestation registry and statistics of the Greek Ministry of Rural Development and Food

•the ‘Distribution of the Country’s Area by Basic Categories of Land Use’ of the National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG, decennial survey)

Forest Land includes: (a) areas larger than 0.5 ha or strips more than 30 m wide with tree crown cover (stand density) of more than 10% of the area, or areas with 250 trees of reproductive age per hectare, able to produce wood or other products or services and are not used for any other land-use (b) areas where trees are removed to below 10% of stand density and are not given for other land-use (c) reforested areas and (d) scrublands (areas covered by broadleaved evergreens)

A. A. Forest LandForest Land

Emissions / removals of GHG (in CO2 eq) from different activities (lines) and net removals from the Forest Land category (bars)

-8.000

-6.000

-4.000

-2.000

0

2.000

4.000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

(kt CO2 eq)

Rem

oval

s

E

mis

sion

s

Net ForestLand

BiomassIncrement

Afforestation

Non-CO2

Fellings

Wildfires

A1. A1. Forest Land remaining Forest LandForest Land remaining Forest Land

Methodology relies on the carbon flux approach

Change in carbon stocks in living biomass

∆CFFLB = ∆CFFG – ∆CFFL

∆CFFG = [ ∑ i (A i • GTOTALi) • CF ] + ∆CFFGR

∆CFF = annual change in carbon stocks from forest land remaining forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CFFLB = annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass (includes above- and belowground biomass) in forest land remaining forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CFFDOM = annual change in carbon stocks in dead organic matter (includes dead wood and litter) in forest land remaining forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CFF = ∆CFFLB + ∆CFFDOM

∆CFFG = annual increase in carbon stocks due to biomass growth, tonnes C yr-1

∆CFFL = annual decrease in carbon stocks due to biomass loss, tonnes C yr-1

A i = area of forest land remaining forest land, by forest type (i = 1 to 6), ha

GTOTALi = average annual increment rate in total biomass in units of dry matter, by forest type, tonnes d.m. ha-1 yr-1

CF = carbon fraction of dry matter, tonnes C (tonnes d.m.) -1

∆CFFGR = annual increase in carbon stocks due to regrowth of vegetation on areas affected by wildfires, by forest type, tonnes C yr-1


Forest typeA

(kha)Iv

(m3 ha-1 yr-1)D

(t d.m. m-3)BEF1

(dimensionless)R

(dimensionless)

Abies sp. 543.31 1.47 0.40 1.15 0.46

Picea abies 2.75 10.69 0.40 1.15 0.23

Pinus sp. & other Conifers 883.55 1.23 0.42 1.05 0.46

Fagus sp. 336.64 2.77 0.58 1.20 0.43

Quercus sp. 1.471.84 0.47 0.58 1.20 0.35

Other Deciduous 121.10 2.21 0.55 1.20 0.43

GTOTAL = GW • (1 + R)

GW = IV • D • BEF1

GW = average annual aboveground biomass increment, tonnes d.m. ha-1 yr-1 R = root-to-shoot ratio appropriate to increments, dimensionless

IV = average net annual increment in volume suitable for

industrial processing, m3 ha-1 yr-1

D = basic wood density, tonnes d.m. m-3

BEF1 = biomass expansion factor for conversion of annual net

increment to aboveground tree biomass increment, dimensionless


LF+FG = ∑i (Hi / UB + FGi ) • Di • BEF2 i • CF

∆CFFL = LF+FG + LWildfires LF+FG = annual carbon loss due to commercial fellings and fuelwood gathering, tonnes C yr-1

LWildfires = annual carbon losses due to wildfires, tonnes C yr-1

Hi = annual volume of commercial fellings, by forest species category (i = 1 to 7), underbark roundwood, m3 yr-1

UB = underbark fraction of tree stem, dimensionless

FGi = annual volume of fuelwood gathering, by forest species category, overbark roundwood, m3 yr-1

BEF2 i = biomass expansion factor for converting volumes of extracted roundwood to total aboveground biomass (including bark), by forest species category, dimensionless

LWildfires ?GPG LULUCF recommends that when methods applied do not capture removals by regrowth after natural disturbances, it is not necessary to report the CO2 emissions associated with these events. The assumption suggested that removals from regrowth offset emissions from wildfires is realistic if:• the area burnt fully recover the biomass lost, and if• biomass burnt every year – or more properly, every decade, because of the high annual variation of the phenomenon - remains constant. This is because emissions of CO2 in wildfires are not synchronous with the rate of uptake by regrowing vegetation.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1955

1958

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

(kha)Area of OtherWooded Landburnt

Area of Forestburnt

10 yr movingaverage ofForest Landburnt


The average area of forest land burnt annually in 1980s and 1990s had increased approximately four times since 1960s, that means that enhanced carbon lost lately has not been uptaken yet from regrowing vegetation.

This increase in the area burnt resulted in net emissions of greenhouse gases from the phase difference of the two processes

LWildfires = LWoxid + LWtrans

LWoxid = ∑i Adisturbance i • BW i • (1 – fBL i)

• CF

LWtrans = ∑i Adisturbance i • BW i • fBL i • CF

BW = (V • D • BEF2 + BWunderstorey) • CF


LWoxid = annual decrease in carbon stocks due to biomass oxidation to the atmosphere, tonnes C yr-1

LWtrans = annual decrease in carbon stocks due to biomass transferred to dead organic matter, tonnes C yr-1

Adisturbance i = forest areas affected by wildfires, by forest type (i = 21), ha yr-1

BW i = average biomass stock of forest areas, by forest type, tonnes d.m. ha-1

fBL i = fraction of biomass transferred to dead organic matter, by forest type, dimensionless

V = average volume of growing stock, overbark, m3 ha-1

D = basic wood density, tonnes d.m. m-3

BEF2 = biomass expansion factor for converting volumes of growing stock to total aboveground biomass, dimensionless BWunderstorey = average biomass stock of understorey vegetation, d.m. ha-1

Where k is the inventory year. ∆CFFGR = (1/35) • LWildfires i

k

ki 34i


Change in carbon stocks in dead organic matter

∆CFFDW = ∆CFFDWinto – ∆CFFDWout

∆CFFDW = annual change in carbon stocks in dead wood in areas affected by wildfire, tonnes C yr-1

∆CFFDWinto = annual increase in carbon stocks due to biomass transferred into dead wood in areas affected by wildfire, tonnes C yr-1

∆CFFDWout = annual decrease in carbon stocks due to dead wood transferred out of pool in areas affected by wildfire, tonnes C yr-1

∆CFFDWinto = LWtrans

∆CFFDWout = (1/10) • ∆CFFDWinto

k

ki 9i

i

Non - CO2 greenhouse gas emissions CH4 Emissions = LWoxid • 0.012 • 16/12

CO Emissions = LWoxid • 0.06 • 28/12

N2O Emissions = LWoxid • (N/C ratio) • 0.007 •

44/28NOx Emissions = LWoxid • (N/C ratio) • 0.121 •

46/14

-1.500

-1.000

-500

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

(kt CO2 eq)R

em

ov

als

Em

iss

ion

sGHGemissions

CO2removals

Netemissions/removalsdue towildfires

Non-CO2

CO2 emissions from DOM decomposition

CO2 oxidised directly

CO2 removals due to regrowth


GHG emissions and removals (in CO2 eq) from wildfires (various processes and their net effect)

during 1990 - 2003

A2. A2. Land converted to Forest LandLand converted to Forest Land

∆CLF = (∆CLFLB + ∆CLFDOM + ∆CLFSoils)∆CLF = annual change in carbon stocks in land converted to forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CLFLB = annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass (includes above- and belowground biomass) in land converted to forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CLFDOM = annual change in carbon stocks in dead organic matter (includes dead wood and litter) in land converted to forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CLFSoils = annual change in carbon stocks in soils in land converted to forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CLFLB = (∆CLFGROWTH + ∆CLFCONVERSION – ∆CLFLOSS)

∆CLFGROWTH = annual increase in carbon stocks in living biomass due to biomass growth in land converted to forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CLFCONVERSION = annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass due to actual conversion to forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CLFLOSS = annual decrease in carbon stocks due to biomass loss in land converted to forest land, tonnes C yr-1

∆CLFSoils = ∆CLFMineral = [ ∑i (SOCREF – SOCCropland i ) • Aaff i ] / Taff

A2. A2. Land converted to Forest LandLand converted to Forest Land

∆CLFMineral = annual change in carbon stocks in mineral soils for inventory year, tonnes C yr-1

SOCREF i = reference carbon stock, under native, unmanaged forest on a given soil, tonnes C ha-1

SOCCropland i = soil organic carbon stock on previous cropland use, by crop type, tonnes C yr-1

Aaff i = area of the cropland afforested, by crop type, ha

Taff = duration of the transition from SOCCropland to SOCREF, yr

Change in carbon stocks in dead organic matter

B1. B1. Cropland remaining CroplandCropland remaining Cropland

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

19

63

19

65

19

67

19

69

19

71

19

73

19

75

19

77

19

79

19

81

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

( kha)

Vegetables &other gardencrops

Vineyards

Tree crops

Crops on arableland

Total Cropland

Areas of cropland in Greece since 1963 (fallow land excluded)


∆CCC = ∆CCCLB + ∆CCCSoils

∆CCCLB = ∆CCCG – ∆CCCL

∆CCCLB = annual change in carbon stocks in living biomass in cropland remaining cropland and changes crop type, tonnes C yr-1

∆CCCG = annual increase in carbon stocks due to biomass growth in new plantations, tonnes C yr-1

∆CCCL = annual decrease in carbon stocks due to biomass loss in eradicated crops, tonnes C yr-1

CFGA Wplanted

1)2/λ(

CC2/λ

1G

C

iij

k

kji

i i

λ/2

MW

BG

Aplantedij = area where new plantations were established, by crop type (i = 17), ha yr-1

GWi = growth rate in new plantations, by crop type, tonnes d.m. ha-1 yr-1

CF = carbon fraction of dry matter, tonnes C (tonnes d.m.) -1

k = the inventory yearBM i = average biomass stock at maturity, by crop type, tonnes d.m. ha-1

λ i = average replacement cycle, by crop type, yr

Aeradicatedi = area of crop eradicated, by crop type (i = 17),

ha yr-1

∆CCCL = ∑i Aeradicatedi • BM i


∆CCCSoils = ∆CCCMineral – ∆CCCOrganic

Change in carbon stocks in soils

∆CCCMineral = [ ∑i (SOC0 • A) i - ∑i (SOC(0-T) • A) i ] / T

SOC = SOCREF • FLU• FMG• FI

SOC0 = soil organic carbon stock in the inventory year, tonnes C yr-1

SOC(0-T) = soil organic carbon stock T years prior to the inventory, tonnes C yr-1

T = inventory time period, yrA = land area of each parcel, hai represents the set of cropland types or crop type categories, i = 13 SOCREF = the reference soil organic carbon stock, tonnes C yr-1

FLU = stock change factor for land-use or land-use change typeFMG = stock change factor for management regime

FI = stock change factor for input of organic matter

∆CCCOrganic = AOrganic • EF

∆CCCOrganic = CO2 emissions from cultivated organic soils in cropland remaining cropland, tonnes C yr-1

AOrganic = land area of cultivated organic soils, haEF = emission factor for cultivated organic soils, tonnes C ha-1yr-1

The living biomass pool in grassland includes above- and belowground carbon stocks in woody and herbaceous (grasses and forbs) vegetation. Grasslands in Greece are extensively managed without significant management improvements (e.g. species changes, irrigation, fertilisation) and management practices applied are generally static. Hence, the Tier 1 assumption that is no change in biomass stocks was followed and aboveground grass biomass was only considered for estimating emissions from wildfires.

The methods used to estimate emissions from wildfires in grasslands are these described in Forest land section, with the difference that all carbon in the aboveground biomass is assumed to be released to the atmosphere upon disturbance (no transfer to dead organic pool is considered, fBL = 0). However, CO2 released is assumed to be removed by photosynthesis of vegetation

regrowing during the subsequent year and therefore only emissions of non-CO2 gases are

reported.

C1. C1. Grassland remaining GrasslandGrassland remaining Grassland

Croplands that have been abandoned and converted to grassland were considered in this section. It was assumed that biomass stocks do not change after conversion, and hence carbon stock changes in living biomass were zero. Carbon stock changes in soil were estimated and reported under the category Cropland remaining Cropland.

C2. C2. Land converted to GrasslandLand converted to Grassland

-6.000

-5.000

-4.000

-3.000

-2.000

-1.000

0

1.000

(kt CO2 eq)

Sin

k

So

urc

e

Forest Land

Cropland

Grassland

TOTALLULUCF

• QA/QC plan was applied

• Uncertainties were quantified according to Tier 1

Net GHG emissions / removals (in kt CO2 eq) from the Land Use, Land Use Change and

Forestry sector by category (bars) and total (line) for the period 1990 – 2003

Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Babis Petsikos NATIONAL INVENTORY FOR GREENHOUSE GASES FOR...

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