-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç•®Ω’ 2011 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

M.K.Rao, VisakhapatnamQ. These forms (forms of

Drama) would be brieflystudied in the nextchapter - Ñ ¢√éπuç™'would' †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*†NüμΔØ√Eo N´JçîªçúÕ.- -

A. From the stand point of the present, 'would'is not used to express future. That is as faras I Know. É°æpöÀ †’ç* future †’ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊,≤ƒ-üμΔ®Ω-ùçí¬ 'would' †’ ¢√úøç.Ééπ\úø studied = dealt with. Ñ Å®Ωl¥çûÓ, Theseforms will be studied later (= dealt with later)ÅE ņúøç ¢Á’®Ω’ÈíjçC. Simple future †’ ûÁL-Ê°çü¿’èπ◊, 'will' is the best and correct form.

Q. 'Hence' a copy of the petition is herewithforwarded to the headquarter.

Hence a copy of the petition may beforwarded to the headquarter.

°j ¢√é¬u™x Helping/ auxiliary verb í¬ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ-üΔçöx 'is' È®çúÓ üΔçöx 'may be' E use î˨»®Ω’.ÑNüμ¿çí¬ 'is' èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ 'may be' E useîËßÁ·î√a?

A. Hence, a copy of the petition is herewithforwarded to the headquarters (headquarter é¬ü¿’) = Åçü¿’-´©x, Ñ ÅKb v°æA(a copy of the petition) v°æüμΔ† 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-EéÀ°æç°æ-•-úø’-ûÓçC. (´÷´·©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ – Åçü¿’- ©xÑ ÅKb v°æAE v°æüμΔ† 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æç°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç) (Headquarters = v°æüμΔ† 鬮√u-©ßª’ç).

Hence a copy of the petition may beforwarded to the headquarters = Åçü¿’- ©x ÑÅKbv°æA v°æüμΔ† 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æç°æ-•-úø-´îª’a.(´÷´·©’ ûÁ©’í∫’™– Åçü¿’- ©x Ñ ÅKb v°æAEv°æüμΔ† 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æç°æ-´îª’a)Å®·ûË à official language ™ØÁjØ√ may †’Çïc†’ ûÁ©°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. ('May' has theforce of 'shall' with he, she, it, they andconveys orders. e.g.: you may not gobefore 4 O' Clock - rule)

鬕öÀd may be forwarded Åçõ‰ °æç°æ-•-ú≈L(°æ秃L) ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√´îª’a (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd)is forwarded = °æç°æ-•-úø’-ûÓçC (°æç°æ¤-ûª’Ø√oç)may be forwarded = °æç°æ-•-úø-´îª’a (°æç§Òa)/°æç°æ-•-ú≈L (°æ秃L) – Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd.

Q. éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™éÀ ņ’-´-Cç-îªçúÕ. Åûªúø’ Garden ™ ÖØ√oúø†’èπ◊çö«.

A. I think he is in the garden.

Åûªúø’ garden ™ Öçö«-úø-†’èπ◊çö«.A. ûÁ©’-í∫’™, Öçö«úø’ = 1) Regular í¬ Öçúøôç,

2) future™ Öçúøôç. i) Regular í¬ Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ

I think he is in the garden.

(É°æ¤p-úøûªúø’ garden ™ ÖØ√oúø’)v°æA ®ÓW Ñ time ™ garden ™ Öçö«úø’.(I think he is in the garden (at this time everyday)

ii) Öçö«úø’ = future ™ Å®·ûË, Ithink he will be in the garden (atthat time)

Q. 'Probably', 'Likely' ´’üμ¿u ûËú≈N´JçîªçúÕ. 'Will probably', 'would probably'use îËÆæ÷h éÌEo ¢√é¬u©†’ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

A. I will probably is correct- again, from thestand point of the present ('v°æÆæ’hûªç— ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’) 'would probably' ¢√úøç. willprobably ( = perhaps = •£æ›¨»)probably = most likely = •£æ›¨»/ ï®Ω-íÌaetc., - not definite

e.g.: They will probably elect him the nextSpeaker = •£æ›¨» ¢√∞¡x-ûªEo Speaker í¬ á†’o-èπ◊ç-ö«-Í®¢Á÷ = They are most likely to electhim the next Speaker.

E. Anil, OngoleQ. What is the differ-

ence betweenbelow twosentences.

Why was she not inthe unreserved com-partment, I won-dered.

Why wasn't she in the unreservedcompartment, I wondered.

A. Why was she not in the unreserved com-partment, I wondered - formal - E•ç-üμ¿-†©(rules) v°æ鬮Ωç ®√ÊÆ NüμΔ†ç.Why wasn't she...., I wondered - ÉCinformal/ conversational - ≤ƒ-üμΔ®Ω-ùçí¬ Ææç¶μ«-≠æù™x ¢√úË NüμΔ†ç. -

Q. You've got to be kidding Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ?A. You've got to be kidding = 'Ç °æØËüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒèπ◊

îËÆæ’hç-ú≈L—/ †’¢√y´÷ô -ûª-´÷-≥ƒèπ◊ņ’çú≈-L.Q. Who call her did not miss that

opportunity either. - Explain theusage of plain either.

A. 'Who call her -' èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√´--úøç-™‰ü¿’, àüÓ ûª°æ¤pçC. Did not missthat opportunity either = ÇŴ鬨»Eo èπÿú≈ ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ™‰ü¿’ Åûªúø’.

English ™ ÅC- èπÿú≈/ Åûª-úø’ èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ not ´Ææ’hçC éπüΔ?'Not' ûÓ also ¢√úøôç ûª°æ¤p.Åûªúø’ ®√™‰ü¿’, Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈ ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Hedid not come. She did not also come ņ-úøçÆæJ-é¬ü¿’; correct English ™ not ûÓ also ®√ü¿’.Not ûÓ also ¢√ú≈-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ Not ... eitherÅçö«®Ω’. Åûªúø’ Åéπ\-ú≈-™‰ü¿’, Ééπ\-ú≈-™‰úø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, He isnot there, he is not here also ņúøç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.He is not there, he is not here either.

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:

A: ؈’ TV Serials îª÷úø†’. (I don't watch TVserials)

B: ؈÷ (؈’-èπÿú≈) îª÷úø†’ = I don't either.(I do not also watch.... -ûª°æ¤p).

Q. Malaika is not sure if she would repeatsame for the Tamil audience.

I would be more than willing to repeatMunni.

What is the difference between 'would' and'would be' in the above two sentences.

A.. Malaika is not sure if she would repeat thesame for Tamil audience = ûªN’∞¡ vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©éÓÆæç üΔØËo îË≤ƒh-†ØË †´’téπç ´’™„j-é¬èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø would repeat éπçõ‰ will repeat¢Á’®Ω’-ÈíjçC. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x would repeat¢√úøç.I would be more than willing to do it = ÅCîËߪ’-úøç Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ É≠ædç.Ééπ\úø 'Would be' present state of mind/ will-ingness (v°æÆæ’hûª ´’†-ÆœnA/ ≤ƒ†’-èπÿ-©çí¬Öçúøö«Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC) - Correct.

I would be more than willing to repeat Munni= ´·-Fo îÁ°œpçC/ îËÆœçC ؈÷ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’. (Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’).Would be is a 'be' form - Öçúøôç Å¢Ë Å®Ωnç´Ææ’hçC – í∫ûªç †’ç* future ™.I thought he would be there

Åûª†-éπ\úø Öçö«-úøE, ؈-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.would is only a helping verb - alone it doesnot have any meaning, combined with the1st Doing Words as in...

I would do it, if I were you.

( ØË-ØË †’´y-®·ûË --Å-C-îË≤ƒh) – Ç °æJ-Æœn-A™ –imaginary situation.

I thought they would go there = -¢√-∞¡xéπ\-úÕéÀ¢Á∞¡û√®ΩE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.I thought they would be there = -¢√-∞¡xéπ\úøÖçö«®ΩE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.

Roushni Gupta, SrikakulamQ. Explain whether the following sentences are

wright or wrong. She does get her copy-writing done/ written.A. She does get (gets) her copy-writing done =

She makes somebody else do her copy-writing = Ç¢Á’ ûª† copy writing †’ á´-J-îË-ûªØÓîË®·Ææ’hçC.

She gets her copy-writing written/ done.A. She does get her copy-writing written -

Correct, but 'copy-writing written' - Thisexpression is incomplete in sense. Forexample we don't say, I did get my foodeaten, because food is always eaten.Similarly 'copy writing' is always written. Sothere is no meaning in saying I did getcopy - writing written.

She is married by my elder brother Ç¢Á’†’´÷ ņoߪ’u °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

A. She is married by my elder brother - WrongShe is married to my elder brother - Right

She does have the money.A. She does have the money = Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s

éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖçC. She has the money = Ç¢Á’ü¿í∫_®Ω Ç úø•’sçC.

She did have the money.A. She did have the money = Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω éπ*aûªçí¬

Ç úø•’s Öç-úÕçC (í∫ûªç™). She must have the money.A. She must have the money = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûª°æp-E-

ÆæJí¬ úø•’s -Öç-ú≈-L (™‰éπ-§ÚûË °æE- ï-®Ω-í∫ü¿’).

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 664

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

M.SURESAN

Could you get the tickets?Anjan: I see only you. What about Naresh?

(†’¢Ëy éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. †Í®≠ˇ Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)

Gowtham: He said he could not come, as

he has an exam tomorrow.

(Åûª-úÕéÀ Í®°æ¤ °æKéπ~ Öçúø-ôç-´©x®√™‰†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.)

Anjan: But he told me that he could study

the whole of yesterday and be here

today.

(Å®·ûË E†o°æ‹Jhí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√†’,Ñ ®ÓV®√í∫©’í∫’-û√-†E-Ø√-ûÓîÁ§ƒpúø’.)

Gowtham: He couldn't. He had guests.

(ÇN-üμ¿çí¬ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀá´®Ó ÅA-ü∑¿’©’ ´î√a®Ω’.)

Anjan: I understand. How about other

friends?

(Å®Ωn¢Á’içC. ´’J Éûª®Ω ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©Ææçí∫ûËçöÀ?)

Gowtham: They could be on their way...

just a matter of time.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx ´Ææ÷hçúÌa. é¬Ææh Éö ÅöÅ-¢Ìya.)

°j Ææç¶μ«-≠æù-™'could' ¢√úøéπçîª÷úøçúÕ:

I. 'Could' is the

past form of

'can'- Åçõ‰v°æÆæ’hûªçàüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË 'can'-

Å™«Íí í∫ûªç(past) ™àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫©-í∫-úøç,could.

a) He could pass the exam.

(-Å-ûª-úø’ °æKéπ~ §ƒÆˇ Å´-í∫-L-í¬úø’-- – í∫ûªç)

b) Could you get the tickets?

(†’´¤y öÀÈéô’x ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬¢√?)

c) She could not pass the exam.

(Ç¢Á’ °æKéπ~ §ƒÆæ´™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC – í∫ûªç)

d) Could thepolice findthe thief?

( -§Ú-MÆæ’-©’üÌçí∫†’éπ†’éÓ\-í∫-L-í¬®√?)

II. Could †’v°æÆæ’hûªç'Å¢Ìy-a/-≤ƒüμ¿u-°æúÌa— (in the present) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ¢√úøû√ç.

a) The minister could be involved in thescam.

(Ñ èπ◊ç¶μº-éÓ-ùç™ ´’çvA §ƒvûªèπÿú≈ ÖçúÌa)(Possibility)

d) He could bebuying thecar now.(ѧƒöÀ-éπûªúø’car éÌçô÷ÖçúÌa.)

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

I would do it... if I werI would do it... if I were youe you

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -†-´ç•®Ω’ 2011 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

K.Tulasiram Chatopadhyaya,Gudivada

Q. Which of the followingsentence is correct?

He got a phone call whenhe was watching the TV.

He got a phone call whilehe was watching the TV.

He got a phone call when he had beenwatching the TV.

A. He got a phone call when he was watchingthe TV = He got a phone call while he waswatching the TV - Right.

He got a phone call while he had beenwatching the TV - Wrong.

'Had been watching' is for a past actionstarting earlier, and continuing until anotherpast action, but 'while' refers to two pastactions going on at the same time.

e.g.: She was dancing while she wassinging.

(You can say: He had been watching the TV,When he got a phone call = His watching TVhad started earlier than and continued towatch it, when he got the call)

Q. What is the meaning of the words "HisMajesty","Your Honour"?. Explain.

A. When talking to a king, those under his ruleshould not use 'you' (English ™, v°æï©’¢√∞¡x†’ °æJ§ƒLçîË ®√V-©†’ 'O’®Ω’— ÅEņèπÿúøü¿’. Your majesty ÅE °œ©-¢√L.ûÁ©’í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ®√V-©†’ 'àL-†-¢√®Ω’— ÅØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Å™«Íí éÓ®Ω’d™x èπÿú≈ judge E, Your honour ÅØËÆæ綵-Cç-î√L. (íı®Ω-´-Fߪ·™„j† O’®Ω’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)

Shyamlal Agarwal, EluruQ. Explain the difference between following two

sentences

I have this report to finish

I have to finish this report.

A. I have this report to finish = I have finishedother work, only this report is to be finished.

I have to finish this report = I must finish thisreport. (I am not have any other work).

Q. He hails from Vijayawada - What is themeaning of the underlined word.

A. He hails from Vijayawada = He is/ comesfrom Vijayawada = Çߪ’-†C Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø(Çߪ’† Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøèπ◊ îÁçC-†-¢√úø’). Å®·ûË'Hails from' is formal - used only in booksand writing, not in conversation.

He belongs to/ He is from Vijayawada isbetter than 'He hails from......'.

Q. What is the meaning of the sentence -'Theschool has been recognized/ identified'.

A. The school has been recognized = Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»©v°æ¶µº’-ûªyçîË í∫’Jhç-îª-•-úÕçC = v°æ¶µº’ûªyç ü∆Eo §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©í¬ í∫’Jhç-*çC. Åéπ\úÕ TC/ CC ©èπ◊ N©’´/í∫’Jhç°æ¤ Öçô’çC.

Identified = àüÓ ©éπ~ùçûÓ í∫’Jhç-îª-•-úÕçC/í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ÖçC.Q. Translate the following sentences

into English.

Ø√ ñLéÀ ®√´ü¿’lA. Leave me alone/ Mind your business.

´÷ûÓ Â°ô’d-éÓèπ◊A. Don't you provoke us

Åçü¿Jéà F O’üË Å†’- ÷†ç ÖçC.A. Every one suspects you.

¢√-∞¡Ÿx •ôd©’ ÇÍ®-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.A. They are drying up clothes.

؈’ áéπ\úø Öçö«ØÓ Åéπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡x†’ Ææ’êçí¬,ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬, †´¤yûª÷ ÖçúË™« îËߪ’úøç Ø√èπ◊Å©¢√ô’.A. Wherever I am, it is my habit to make the

people there happyand smiling

Sneha Vishali,AdilabadQ. Once you said that

"How would I know"is a forceful sen-tence. Can we say"How would I do/ go/ write"

A. How would I do/ go/ write? - As questionsmeaning, 'What is the way for me to do it?' =In what way am I to do it?/ go?/ write?'. Theyare ok, but it all depends on the context.

How would I do it? = How am I going to doit? = In what way can I do it?

Q. Can/ could/ will/ would/ may/ might/ shallyou lend me your books. - Explain which isa formal one?

A. Can you lend me your books? - informal

Could you lend me your books? -very polite

Will you lend me your books? - lessinformal than 'can you lend me yourbooks?' and slightly formal

Would you lend me your books? -very formal

May/ might you lend me your books?- Not forms of request (not used for

requests)

Shall you lend me your books? - Wrong

Q. Explain which one of the following iscorrect? and why?

Those who are writing Degree final yearexams can also apply.

Those writing Degree final year exams canalso apply.

A. Those who are taking... (writing an 'exam' iswrong/ Those taking (not 'writing') - correct

'More over' - means what?

A. More over = Also/ In addition to

If 'r' comes after a vowel or at the end of aword should we pronounce it silently?

A. 'R' coming after a vowel, and not followed bya vowel, is silent (not pronounced) in BritishEnglish, but it is pronounced in AmericanEnglish, by rolling the tongue up.

But the end 'r' is pronounced in Americanenglish by rolling up the tongue andtouching the palate.

Q. Do we have to pronounce the definite "the"as the (C) before the words which startedwith the vowels?

A. The (C) is pronounced before wordsbeginning with vowel sounds (English wordsbeginning with the Telugu sounds Å, Ç, É,Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â) and

'ü¿— before consonant sounds.

The is always pronounced 'ü¿— before 'Merit''C— before 'Merit' is wrong.

He who has degree is eligible/ one who hasa degree is eligible/ who has a degree iseligible - Which one is correct?

A. He who has a degree is eligible.

One who has a degree is eligible.

Both are Correct.

Who has a degree is eligible - Wrong

This is not a sentence, it has no subject.'Who' is only a pronoun and does not givecomplete meaning.

S. Tulasiram, NandikotkurQ. What is the meaning of "To the best of my

knowledge and belief"

A. To the best of my knowledge and belief = Asfar as I know and believe = Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†çûª´’ô’èπ◊, Ø√ †- ’t-éπç™

Q. Not only.... but also ¢√úø-é¬Eo N´JçîªçúÕ.A. Not only.... but also = ÅüË -é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÉC- èπÿú≈.

He is not only clever but also good, Å®·ûË,É™«çöÀ sentences †’, not only ûÓ èπÿú≈ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’ verb, not only ûª®√yûË´Ææ’hçC.He is not only clever but also good = Notonly he is clever, but also good.

1st Doing word (go, sing, etc), 2nd Doingword(goes/ sings, etc), past doing word(went, sang, etc) - É¢Ë-é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ Helping verbsÖçúË-îÓô (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ will/ would/shall/ should/ can/ could/ may/ might/ mustetc) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ sentence begin Å´¤-ûª’çC.e.g.: i) Karim not only gives her money but

also helps her in other ways = Notonly does Karim give her money butalso helps her in other ways.

ii) I not only go there everyday, but also helpthe people there = Not only do I go thereeveryday but also.....

iii) She not only sings but also teachesdancing = Not only does she sing but shealso dances.

iv) They will not only do their jobs, but startbusiness too = Not only will they do jobsbut will also start business.

Ééπ\úËé¬ü¿’, î√-™«´®Ωèπ◊, Adverbs ûÓ start îËÊÆsentences ÅEoç-öÀ™, Verb, Adverb ûª®√y-ûª¢ÁçôØË ´îËa-Ææ’hçC. -eg: Never does he help others

Never have I seen him helping others.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 665

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.asp?qry=spokenenglish

M.SURESAN

You could help me, couldn't you?Sunitha: Don't play with fire. You could be

burnt.

(E°æ¤pûÓ Çúøèπ◊. †’´¤y ûªí∫-©-•-úÕ-§Ú-í∫-©´¤.)

Wilson: Don't I know? I wanted you to cook,

but you wouldn't. (would not). At least

you could help me in cooking,

couldn't you?

(Ø√èπ◊

ûÁMü∆?

†’´¤y

´çúø’-û√-´E

ņ’-èπ◊-

Ø√o†’, é¬F

†’´¤y ´çúø-

™‰ü¿’.

éπFÆæç

†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊

´çô îËߪ’-

úøç™

≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’- a éπü∆?

Sunitha: If I could help you, I could myself

cook, couldn't I? Wait. You'll spoil

everything. Let me do it.

(Fèπ◊ ´çúø-ö«-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-í∫-L-Íí-ôx-®·ûË, ØËØË

´çúÌa éπü∆! Çí∫’. †’´yFo §ƒúø’îË≤ƒh´¤. †ØËo

îËߪ’F.)

Wilson: Thank you.

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-

ù™

'could' Ö°æ-

ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-

Eç-îªçúÕ.

í∫ûª lesson

™ îÁ°æ¤p-èπ◊-

†oô’x could

1) denotes

a past abil-

ity (í∫ûªç™

´’† ≤ƒ´’-

®√nuEo – ´’†ç îËߪ’-í∫-LÍí ¢√∞¡xç ÅE ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’ç-ü¿E

îª÷¨»ç. 'could' v°æÆæ’hûªç (present) ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-¢Ìa

ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

A man of your abilities could easily do it = F -

™«ç-öÀ

≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç -

Ö†o -¢√∞¡Ÿx

ü∆Eo Ææ’©-

¶µºçí¬ îËÊÆ

Ŵ鬨¡ç

ÖçC.

Éçé¬, °j

conversa-

tion ™E Ñ

¢√é¬u©’

îª÷ü∆lç.

You could help me, couldn't you? †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊

≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-´îª’a (Å´-鬨¡ç) éπü∆? (≤ƒüµ¿u-´’--ßË’u-

°æE)

If I could help you, (؈’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-L-T

Öçõ‰ – past ability) I could myself cook - ØËØË

´çô îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆?

DEo •öÀd ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËC could †’, present ™

≤ƒü¿u-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØË actions èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ -D--Eo î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ èπÿú≈.

OöÀE ¶«í¬ Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

He is not only clever but also good

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -†-´ç•®Ω’ 2011 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Madhavi Gupta,RajahmundryQ. Which one of the

following sentence iscorrect?

The plane took off fiveminutes late.

The plane took off late by

five minutes .

A. The plane took of five minutes late = Theplane took off late by five minutes - both arecorrect.

Q. Explain the meaning of below sentences/words.

'Bolt from the blue'

A. A Bolt from the blue = a very surprising andsudden event/ piece of news = î√™«Ç¨¡a®Ωuéπ®Ω¢Á’i† Ææç°∂æ’-ô†/ ¢√®Ωh

His election as President came as a boltfrom the blue = ÅûªúÕ áEoéπ î√™« Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†Ææç°∂æ’-ô†/¢√®Ωh. (Bolt = Thunderbolt = °œúø’í∫’,The blue = The sky = Ç鬨¡ç)

'Kapoor said on his fetish for gadgets.

A. Gadgets = *†o- °æJ-éπ-®√©’, ´’† v¨¡´’†’ ûªT_ç-îËN= Remotes, Cell Phones, Ear Phones, Pendrives ™«çöÀN).Fetish = éÌçûª-´’çC éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷© °æôxîª÷°œçîË Åû√u-ÆæéÀh, ÅA v§ƒ´·êuç, áèπ◊\´Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢√öÀéÀ ¢Á*aç-îªúøç.fetish for gadgets = gadgets °æôx Åû√u-ÆæéÀh,¢√öÀ-éÀîËa ÅA v§ƒ´·êuç.

Facebook

A. Facebook = Internet üΔy®√ ÊÆo£æ«-•ç-üμΔEo°ç-èπ◊ØË ≤ƒ´÷->éπ Åçûª-®√b©ç (social network-ing website)

Twitter - Tweet.

A. Twitter: DE ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç '°æèπ~◊© èπÿûª©’—. v°æÆæ’hûªç¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†o Å®Ωnç = ´uéÀh-í∫ûª Ææçü˨»-©-†’internet ™ °æç°œç-îªúøç.

facebook ™« DEo èπÿú≈ social networkingéÓÆæç ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.Tweet = Twitter üΔy®√ °æçÊ° Ææçü˨¡ç.

Genre

A. Genre: Pronounced 'ïv†— (measure ™ 'ï—™«)= ≤ƒ£œ«ûªuç, éπ∞¡-™E ®Ωéπç–≤ƒ£œ«-ûªuç™ °æü¿uç, í∫ü¿uç, Ø√ôéπç, éπü∑Δ-Eéπ, †´©,É´Fo Genres. Å™«Íí -†-*-vû√™x §˘®√-ùÀ-鬩’(Mythologicals), ≤ƒç°∂œ’-鬩’ (Socials), ñ«†-°æ-üΔ©’ folklore) - É´Fo Genres.

Å®·ûË Genre = §ƒçúÕûªuç. DEéÀ •ü¿’©’ ´u´£æ…-Jéπçí¬ 'kind' (®Ωéπç) †’ ¢√úøôç better.

Anglo-Indian

A. Anglo-Indian: 1) A person born to Englishfather and Indian mother or Indian fatherand English mother. 2) Connected withEngland and India

Shut down

A. Shut down = Closing = ´‚ûª-°æ-úøôç,E-L-*§Ú-´úøç.

Inside some one's lives

A. Inside some one's lives - no specialmeaning for this as far as I know.

Her mother defeated by life, takes it out onher daughter.

A. Her mother, not getting what she wanted inlife, shows her disappointment by her angerat her daughter = @N-ûªç™ ņ’-èπ◊-†oC ≤ƒCμç-îª-™‰éπ ÅÆæç-ûª%-°œhE ûª† èπÿûª’J O’ü¿ îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC.(Take it out on = äéπJ O’C éÓ°æç ÉçéÌ-éπJ O’ü¿îª÷°æúøç)

That element is hope.

A. Ç °æüΔ-®Ωn¢Ë’ Ǩ¡.Q. Translate into English.

ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ áçü¿’-éÌ-î√aØ√ÅE †’´¤y ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤.

A. You will repent ofhaving comehere/you will feelsorry for havingcome here.

؈C Åûª-úÕéÀáçü¿’éÀî√aØ√ -Å-E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤.

A. You will just wonder why you have given it tohim (wonder èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç – Å®Ωnç-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´úøç,ᙫ Å®·çüΔ ÅE ņ’-éÓ-´úøç)You will feel sorry why... ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.

Seema Singhal, ChittoorQ. 'Sri Rama walked to the forest leaving

Bharata to take care of the Kingdom' - In thissentence can't we write 'by leaving Bharata'- Explain.

A. By leaving Bharata = Because ofleaving Bharata - This expressiongives wrong meaning.

He walked to the forest, leavingBharata... = He walked to the for-est and left Bharatha...

Q. Pratibha Patil, the president ofIndia.

Explain about definite article here.

A. Pratibha Patil, President of India- correct.

Pratibha Patil, the President of India -Wrong.

The President of India, Pratibha Patil - right.

When we write the position, (President, etc)after the person's name, 'the' should not beused.

Q. On behalf of the president of India/ on behalfPresident of India- Which one is correct?

A. On behalf of The President of India - correct.

'The' must be used before positions (ThePresident, The CM, The Governor- etc) and

designation (The District Collector, theSuperintendent of police, etc)

Sumanjali, KakinadaQ. Explain the following sentences/ words.

I make him do/ does

A. I make him do (I ûÓ does ®√ü¿’.) Something= ÅûªúÕûÓ (àüÁjØ√) îË®·-≤ƒh†’/ Åûª-úø’ îËÊÆô’xîË≤ƒh†’.

Narakasura is killed in the hands ofSatyabhama/ by Satyabhama

A. Narakasura is killed in the hands ofSatyabhama/ by Satyabhama - both meanthe same and both are correct.

Payment/ Wages/ Salary.

A. Payment - 1) Amount paid to somebody, forany work/ service/ anything = îÁLxçîË úø•’s2) The act of paying = îÁLxçîª-úøç.Wages = The amount paid to a labourer,usually at the end of the day's work(®ÓVèπÿL, é¬Jt-èπ◊© ¢Ëûª†ç)Salary = Amount paid to an employee at theend of the month (@ûªç – ÖüÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ ÉîËaC)

He had two tablets before I met him.

A. He had had (He had é¬ü¿’) two tablets beforeI met him = ؈ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’ È®çúø’´÷vûª©’ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. (Ñ sentence èπ◊ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥çûÁL-ÊÆh-é¬F Å®Ωnç ÆæJí¬_ -îÁ°æp-™‰ç.)There are two past actions here- 1) Hishaving 2 tablets 2) My meeting him. 'Hishaving the tables' was before my meetinghim. So the first past action, 'having tablets'should be in the past perfect tense: Had +PP of 'have', so had had)

Materially

Materially = î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊/ îÁ°æ¤péÓûªT†çûªí¬ =In a big manner.

Materialise = 1) come true/ Eï- ’- úøç –éπ©©’, éÓJ-éπ-™«xç-öÀN.My dreams have materialised/ plans havematerialised.

Å®·ûË materialize †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ 'not' ûÓØË¢√úøû√ç (Eï-´’-´-™‰-ü¿ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).2) v°æûªuéπ~´’´-úøç – He materialized as if fromnowhere = áéπ\úÕ †’ç* ´î√aúÓ Å†o-ô’dí¬Åûªúø’ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-ߪ÷uúø’.

Address

A. i) Address - To call somebody.

He addressed her with all respects.

ii) To make a speech to an audience =v°æÆæçTç-îªúøç.

The PM addresses the nation on theIndependence Day.

iii) Deal with a problem = àüÁjØ√ Ææ´’Ææu†’°æJQLç-îª-úøç/ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-úøç

The government should address theproblem of dowry deaths = ´®Ω-éπôo ´’®Ω-ù«©N≠æߪ÷Eo v°æ¶μº’ûªyç °æJ-Q-Lç-î√L – ÉC î√™«ví¬çC∑éπç.

Q. 'Dress' ÅØËC Ladies éÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tçî√---©-E- îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ´’J ´’í∫¢√∞¡Ÿx à¢ÁjØ√ •ôd™x smart í¬

éπ-E°œÊÆh ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?A. 'Dress' for women, and 'Clothes' (always

plural) for men.

e.g.: My brother is looking handsome inthese clothes.

-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶μ«-≠æ-ù 666

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://eenadu.net/Specialpages/chaduvu/chaduvuinner.aspx?qry=spokenenglish

M.SURESAN

Could you make it fast?Sanjana: Could you take me to the police

officer? You know her well.

(††’o é¬Ææh Police officer ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡x¢√? ÇNúø Fèπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπüΔ!)

Vineela: Oh, Certainly. What do you want fromher?

(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Ç¢Á’ †’ç* FÍéç-é¬-¢√L?)Sanjana: Not me. My brother wants some

help from her.Could youwait for a fewseconds? I'lljust call mybrother andask him whenhe wants tosee her.

(Ø√é¬\ü¿’. ´÷ņoߪ’uèπ◊ Ç¢Á’≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√L.é¬Ææh Çí∫’-û√¢√?´÷ ņo-ߪ’uèπ◊

Phone îËÆœ, Åûª-úø’ á°æ¤púø’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓÅúø’-í∫’-û√†’.)Vineela: Go ahead. Could you make it fast?

The Police officer may get busy.

(é¬-E-´¤y. é¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ îÁ°æ¤p. Ç §ÚMÆˇÇ°∂‘Ææ®˝èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ °æE °æúø´îª’a)

Look at the use of could in the conversation

above:

a) Could you take me to the Police Officer?

b) Could you wait for a few seconds?

c) Could you make it fast?

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j Ææç¶μ«-≠æù™x could †’ you

ûÓ Question form

™ request îËߪ’-ú≈-

EéÀ (Ŷμºu-®Ωn -†-©èπ◊)

¢√ú≈ç. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ

lesson ™ could èπ◊

Ö†o Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©ûÓ

§ƒô’, 'could you...?

†’ ´·êuçí¬ Politest forms of requests

(Åûªuçûª ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ŷμºu-®Ωn-†©èπ◊) ¢√úøû√ç -Å-E

-ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç.

a) Could you lend me your bike for an hour? =

ã í∫çô§ƒô’ F bike É≤ƒh¢√? – î√™« ´’®√uü¿í¬

Åúø-í∫-úøç.

b) Could you show me how to do it? = ÅC ᙫ

îËߪ÷™ é¬Ææh -îª÷°œ≤ƒh-®√?

Can/ will/ would©†’ èπÿú≈requests èπ◊ ¢√úøû√-´’E Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç.Å®·ûËOöÀ™ î√™«ûËú≈©’Ø√o®·.a) Can you... -

informal

(¶«í¬ ’´¤í¬ ÖçúË¢√∞¡x†’ request

îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ -¢√-úø-û√ç.)

b) will you... - formal

(Åçûª ’´¤í¬™‰E-¢√-∞¡x†’request îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.)

Would you...?

(most formal)

- ´’†èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’¢Ë’ ™‰E-¢√∞¡Ÿx,´’†ç ¶«í¬ íı®Ω-Nç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’†-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ °ü¿l-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’† °j ÅCμ-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ request îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.

FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH

My dreams have materialised