Heidel, W. a._non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων_CPh, 23, 2_1928_176-179

8/9/2019 Heidel, W. a._non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων_CPh, 23, 2_1928_176-179

1/5

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Non-Reciprocal Uses of ἁλλήλωνAuthor(s): W. A. HeidelSource: Classical Philology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Apr., 1928), pp. 176-179Published by: The University of Chicago PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/263033Accessed: 02-03-2015 22:12 UTC

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2/5

176

NOTES

AND DISCUSSIONS

There

is some evidence in favor

of

frumenTO.

Suetonius

(Aug. 41) in

treating the same subject

which

we have in the eighteenth

chapter

of the

Res gestae

ays:

"Frumentum uoque n annonae

difficultatibus

aepelevis-

simo,interdumnullopretio viritimadmensus st tesserasqueumariasdupli-

cavit."

We should note that the

substantives

which Suetonius used

are

frumentum

nd

tesseras

nummarias.

Likewise,

n

chapterxv of the

Res gestae

here may be some clue to

the

restoration

f

chapter

xviii in the words

(of

xv): "iterumautem

n

consulatu

decimo

ex

patrimonio

meo sestertios

quadringenos

ongiariviritim

pernu-

meravi

et consul undecimum

duodecim

frumentationes

rumento privatim

coempto

mensus

sum." In these lines

Augustus

speaks

of

money (sestertios)

whichhe gavefromhis patrimony ex patrimoniomeo-exactly the phrase

n

chap.

xviii)

and

of

distributions

f

grain(frumentationes)

hich

he made

from

grain

that

he had

privately

purchased

frumento rivatim

oempto-Is

not

the

expression

imilar o such

a

phrase

as ex frumento

. .

. meo?).

The

reading

ex

frumenTO

equires

wo more

spaces

than

the ex

horrEO

of Ramsay

and von Premerstein,

but the

irregularity

of

the

right

margin

and

of the size and

spacing

of the letters

in the Monumentum

ntiochenum

readily

affords

he room

or two extra etters. Instead

of

the

tributus f

Ram-

say

and von Premerstein

we

might

have

tesseraswith

the

change

in

gender

of the adjectivesthat precede he noun,but tributusagreesbetter with the

Greek

translation

and is more suitable

with

the

restoration

EDIDI.

K.

SCOTT

YALE

UNIVERSITY

NON-RECIPROCAL

USES

OF

&AXXowv

Substantially

this

note

was

written

a score

or

more

years

ago,

but

laid

aside for fear of saying the obvious. Experience has shown, however, that

the

point

to be

made

needs

to

be

made,

not

only

for

the

neophyte

but also

for

many

an

accomplished

scholar.

Grammarians

and

lexicographers

call

&XX

Xwv

a reciprocal

pronoun

and translate

it

"one

another,

each

other."

On

consult-

ing any

good

dictionary

one

discovers

that

"reciprocal"

has

many

uses

which

may

well justify

the

accepted

nomenclature;

but

examples

presently

to

be

cited

likewise

excuse

the title

I have

chosen

for

this

note.

Attentive

reading

soon

makes

one

aware

of

marked

differences

in the

use

of

&XX'Xwv.

Pindar (0.42)

uses

aXXaXo4ovta

of

the slaying

of

Eteocles

and

Polynices each by the other's hand. The action is mutual, in the strictest

sense

reciprocal.

Herodotus,

on

the

other hand, speaks

of the

aXXAX0opayt7q

n

the army

of

Cambyses,

meaning

the practice

of

cannibalism

(iii. 25);

and

again,

speaking

of the

final fighting

at

Thermopylae,

says

that many

of

the

Asiatics

KaTeraTE'OVTO

ZWo'?

r'

&XX4Xwvvii.

223).

In

neither case,

as

Merriam

remarks

on the

latter passage,

is

there

any

"proper

reciprocity."

Examples


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3/5

NOTES

AND DISCUSSIONS

177

of

the latter

sort

are

numerous.

Arist.

(Meteor.

356

a

22) says

KaLot

7TaVTEc

Ot7roTuot

6fatrvovTat

TAEVTVWTEs ls

TV/V

ODTavaTT, TOt

`

dLSdXXovs-' "except

when

one

river

empties

into

another."

Similarly

he

defines

episodic

plots

as

those in which situations follow one another

(urt'

aXXiX)

in accordance with

neither

probability nor

necessity (Poet.

1451 b

34),

in contrast

to

those which

grow one out of

the

other (1452 a

4). Again (ibid. 1448 b

32)

he

explains

the

name of

iambic verse

as arising

from the fact

oTL

ev

VTW

/uCTpPI

TOVrW

LaLjupt3ov

&AXvXovs,

ertainly not

meaning

to

imply that everyone

who was

lampooned

wrote

"iambic" verse.

An

interesting

class

of

examples

uses

&AA

Xwv

n

relation to

a

special

series

or

sequence, which

may

or

may not

be

circular. The circular sort

may

be

illustrated by the Homeric

Hymn to

Apollo 194 ff.:

aiTrap

iv7rX6Kagot

XpLTES

Kat

64)poves

Upat

'ApMovt&

'

dHI7

qe

At6

OvyaT71p

T'

'A4po5L'T

6pXEVVT

ac&XX?Xwv2ri

Kaprqy

Xetpas

IXovwat.

Here each held

"another,"

but

not each "the others,"

by

the

hand.

The recti-

linear

group appears,

e.g.,

in the

phrase

of

Arist.

(Cat.

1

b

16), TrW)v EpoyevW^V

Ka`

,ub vr' &XXvXa

ErTayjuEVa,

sed

of terms which

do not fall one under the

other,

as not

belonging

to the same

order or

category. Likewise

we hear of

various

early philosophers

asserting

that

life, animal and

vegetable,

originated by spon-

taneous generation from the primeval mire, but in process of time organic be-

ings

arose

St'

&XX'Xwvr

$

JAXvAXwv.

hese

phrases may have been

unambigu-

ous,

but one

cannot be quite sure in

view of the

Heraclitean doctrine

of

the

universal flux

and

the common belief in

the

KVKXOV

yeveaews.

Yet

one

is

fairly

startled

by the boldness

of

Lucretius when he

says (ii.75

ff.):

Sic

rerum

summa nouatur

semper,

et inter se

mortales mutua

uiuunt.

Augescunt

aliae gentes,

aliae

minuuntur,

inque

breui spatio

mutantur saecla

animantum

et

quasi

cursores

uitai

lampada tradunt.

Editors

of

the poet

generally pass over

this

passage

without

remark; Giussani

naturally forms an

honorable

exception.

Lucretius

presumably

had in mind

chiefly

Plato's

description

of

the

relay

torch

race

(Rep. 328 a),

XaJU&aM

JXOVTCEs

aU&aSWVTLV

(LX7AXOLS, combining it,

however, with

the same

philosopher's

more

precise

expression in

Legg. 776 b,

Ka&adrEp

dAVra&LoV

3(ov

vrapa&0ov1's XXots

(e

XXwv.

Sometimes,

especially

when a

considerable

group is concerned,

XiWAXwvs

used, even when

there

is no

thought of

involving

all its members,

in order

to

suggest that

the

matter

is of common

occurrence. Thus Plato

says

(Prot.

323 c),

ova

yap

7/yovV7aL

&UqXXovsKaca

eXeLv

acvp'oflO

4v'%EL

v

rv'X7,

od&s

Ov,uOVov

'raL

oSIE

vovcrdZ ("Such

faults as men

think to

see in one

another,

nobody

rebukes"). The

temptation to use

AXvXwv

n

reference to a group

is so

strong

as to

lead at

times to an

expression which

is clearly

illogical. In

Plato's

Apology




4/5

178

NOTES

AND

DISCUSSIONS

19

d,

Socrates

denounces

he

misrepresentation

f his

interests

and discourses

n

the

Clouds

f Aristophanes,

nd

after

disclaiming

ll knowledge

f the

things

imputed

to

him, thus

appeals

o

the

court:

uapTvpas

86

atv

vZZv

TOVS

ro"OvXs

rapcxO/JLL

KaL

a4tL

v/,ua'

&XXqov5

&UOYKELV

E

Ka'L

(ApJ

gELY,

L

EOV

7TW7rOTEK27

KocTLE

&LXE`yo,uEvov-0

oXoL

8E

VVLOv

0LO1TOL

tcT

V

4patere

ouv

&XX'XoLots

7T0)-

ITOTE

v

/KpOV

-1

/.Lya

?)KOVOC

TL7S;

VJ/JV C/OV

lrEpL

TOV

TOVO7aTV

&cAXyoLEvOu.

The

colloquial

urn

of

the

sentence

excuses

its faults,

if

such there

be;

but

note

what

is said.

The jurors

are urged

to

tell

one

another,

at

first

quite

generally;

as

an

after-thought

he appeal

is

restricted

o such

as have

heard

Socrates

discourse,

and

this

group

is bidden

4pS4ere

QXX-XoLs.

It is

obvious

that

those who

require

to

be

told

are

not of

the

number

of those

who

have

heard

him,

and

yet

&XAXIAoLS

s

used.

Of course

it may be said,

and

truly

said,

that

Socrates

wished

each

juror

who had

previously

heard

him to confirm

to

his

neighbors

the

truth

of

his present

assertion,

expecting

that

the

testimony

would

reach

the ears

of

such

as

had

no

personal

knowledge

of the facts;

but

the

use

of

WiXXioXs

s

certainly

not

strictly

reciprocal.

In

the orators

also

the

jurors

are

repeatedly

urged

to inform

their

fellows

of what

they know;

but

I

have

noted

only

one

instance-Andoc.

i.37-in

which

a&XX-wv

s used.

Akin to

the passage

from

the

Apology

just

mentioned

is

one

in

the Euthy-

phro,

which long

engaged

my

thought.

It is in fact

the

one

which first

drew

my attention to the uses of dXUXXwv. fter pointing out that men, while

admitting

in

principle

that

the

wrongdoer

should

pay

the

penalty

of

his

injustice,

dispute

about

details

of

particular

acts,

Socrates

asks (8 d),

OVKOVV

aVa

ye

TavTa

KaL

Or

Oo'

7relrOaa-vO

tYVep

a7TaW,o1RL

lrepL

TOV

SLKaCWV

KaL

c8LKWVy,

US

o

ao' Aoyos,

Ka'L

O'

/LV

4avLY

&XVA)XOV;

G&SKELV~

or

& ov

waav.

This

has

been

a crux

to all editors.

Most

have retained

the reading

of the

MSS;

but

that admirable

Platonist,

James Adam, proposed

to emend

by

reading

aAA'

aXXovs.

Those

who observed

the letter

did

all

manner

of violence

to

the

spirit,

as

may

be seen

by

a few examples.

Wohlrab interpreted

the

text

by

paraphrasingt thus:

KiaX

XJXAoV

&&8KOVVTE;

or

.LEv

4aoLv

a'ZKLv, O'

&

OV

XaaYLv.

How

an

editor

of Plato

should

come

to make

such

a

suggestion

is

incomprehensible;

for

his Greek

must mean "Though

they

wrong

one

an-

other,

some

assert that

they (themselves)

are

in the

wrong,

while

others

plead

'not-guilty.'"

Fritzsche

also offers

a

paraphrase

which

has the

double

merit

of being

possible

Greek

and making

sense:

a8LKo'VaV \XkAXovS,

a'L

OLe

V

4XaYLV (a&8LKc1COaL),

oL

8e

ou

4)aow

(&&KCZV).

But this

is

truly,

as he

says,

mira

breuitas.

Professor Burnet,

whom

no one will

accuse

of

not

knowing

Plato,

in

his

annotated

edition

(Plato's

Euthyphro,

Apology

of

Socrates,

and

Crito,

1924), writes as follows: "The meaning of the reciprocal pronoun is a little

hard

to

catch .... e must,

then,

take

&U'XKovg

s

determined

by

the

meaning

of

the whole sentence,

not by that

of the

clause

in

which

it

happens

to

stand,

and we must render,

'Each party

says

of

the

other

that

it

is

in

the

wrong,

and

the other

denies.'

That

means

a good

deal

more

than

the




5/5

NOTES

AND

DISCUSSIONS 179

more obvious

ot

,ucv

roi's Trepovs

caxLv

a8&KCLV,

which

would not imply that

the charge was reciprocated."

These editors have this in common that

they regard

WXqAovu

s strictly reciprocaland as

referring o the groups

o v

.... ot

8C.

This

interpretation eads to difficultieswhich all in

their several ways confess-Wohlrab

and Fritzscheby actual transposition,

Burnet by saying that the meaning of

DA&

ovs

is not to be explained

by the clause

in

which

it happens

to

stand. It

will readily be admitted

that the presumption

s

against their

view

of the sentence,

and this

presump-

tion

is

confirmedwhen one

considersthe context.

The

point

is

not that

the gods

fall into two groups

who recriminate

each

other,

but

that

they

must, on Euthyphro'sview, differ,one group

from the

other,

about

what is

right and what is wrong

OTaaatovaL 7rEpL

TWv

LKaLWJV

Ka"L

&8tLKwv);

it is only

the

assumption

hat

dAXiBXovs

ust be

strictly

reciprocal

nd refer to

these

groupswho pass judgmenton the acts that creates

the difficulty. This I saw

long ago

and in

my

edition substituted

&Xovs

or

&XX

ovs,

but

soonrepented

of my sin,

because

I

becameaware that

the

change

was not

necessary.

The

meaning

s

simply

that

the

gods differ,

one

groupasserting

hat

A

wrongsB,

while

anotherholds him

guiltless.

Schanzwas

quite

right

in his laconic note

on

DAXXovs,

hier die einen die

andern."

The

passage

from

the

Apology

shows

that neither

A nor B

need

be

included

n

oL

puEv

...

ot

8

c.

If aXXAXkwverives rom aXXosXXov,his is intelligibleenough; t is just

like "one another"

and einander.Strict reciprocity

would cometo be denoted

by

such an

expression

not

inevitably

but

rather

by

chance. The

development

might

be

compared

o

the

single-pole

witch

being

crowdedbut not

superseded

by

the

three-way

witch,

which works

equally

well from either end. It

seems

that

a

comprehensive

tudy

of

so-called

"reciprocal" xpressions

n

a

large

groupof languages

would

rewardone who

inclines

to

semantics.

W.

A.

HEIDEL

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY

PUBLIUS FLAVONIUS

PAULINUS

A senatorial

career

which

has several

interestingpoints

is

given

in

the

following nscription

rom Pisidian

Antioch,

recently publishedby Professor

D. M. Robinson.'

II.

4Xauwvop

IIavXeT-

Pop

nrv

vXajuLrp6ra-

rop

j-yejuoPa

Xe-yeC7-

vos

ALyulrrKo(D),

-paL-

ropa,

Kovalaro[paj,

raw4ap

E7rapXLas

Kbvrpov, irpeo-

'

Transactions of

the

American

Philological

Association, LVII (1926), 230, n. 62;

cf. Plate XXXV, Fig.

62.


Heidel, W. a._non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων_CPh, 23, 2_1928_176-179

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