Gillespie2016 Developmental Modelsibg.colorado.edu/cdrom2016/gillespie/Development/... ·...
Transcript of Gillespie2016 Developmental Modelsibg.colorado.edu/cdrom2016/gillespie/Development/... ·...
-
Developmental Models Lindon Eaves, Nathan Gillespie & Brad Verhulst Thu Mar 10, 2016 1:30pm – 3pm Mountain Time
-
Why run longitudinal models?
-
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53q23 q33 q43
1 1 1 1 1
μiμi μs μq
Why run longitudinal models? Map changes in the magnitude of genetic & environmental influence across time ID enduring versus time dependent genetic or environmental risks Improve power to detect A, C & E
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2
ia22ψ3
ia33ψ4
ia44ψ5
ia55
β21 β43
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
β32 β541 1 1 1 1
ψ1
ia11
-
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53q23 q33 q43
1 1 1 1 1
μiμi μs μq
Various models for analysing longitudinal data 1. Cholesky Decomposition 2. Latent growth curve model 3. Auto-regression model 4. Dual Change Score model
Models imply that you look at your variance-covariance matrix & have a theory about the nature of change
Dep 1
A1
Dep 2
A2
Dep 3
A3a11
a22a33
a21a31 a32
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2
ia22ψ3
ia33ψ4
ia44ψ5
ia55
β21 β43
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
β32 β541 1 1 1 1
ψ1
ia11
1
2
3
-
Atheoretical longitudinal model 1. Cholesky Decomposition Advantages - logical: organized such that all factors are constrained to impact
later, but not earlier time points - requires few assumptions: can predict any pattern of change Disadvantages - atheoretical: no explicit hypothesis of change. Describes
patterns of change without accounting for them in terms of one or more simpler and, potentially more informative theoretical possibilities
Dep 1
A1
Dep 2
A2
Dep 3
A3a11
a22a33
a21a31 a32
-
Theoretical longitudinal models After inspecting your observed variances-covariances in your repeated measures:
1. UNFOLDING Individual genetic and/or environmental differences in inherent growth patterns with age - Latent growth curve effects
2. ACCUMULATION of individual genetic and/or environmental
differences, which are more of less persistent - Autoregressive effects
3. Latent growth curve model + Auto-regression model (“Dual
Change Score model:”)
NB: INSPECT DATA
-
1. Latent growth curve model AKA ‘‘random regression’’, ‘‘hierarchial mixed’ or ‘‘latent growth curve” models” What does the LGC model predict? 1. Variation in latent true scores at each time point is a function of where you begin, or what you begin with, in terms of individual genetic and environmental differences….
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3
? ? ?
-
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3
μiμi
1 11
-
2. Variation in latent true scores at each time point is also a function of UNFOLDING individual genetic and environmental differences, over time, Unfolding may involve linear and non-linear rates of change.
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3
μiμi μs μq
1 110 1 2
01 4
-
Latent growth modelling Developmental change = UNFOLDING of inherent, random genetic & environmental differences in the level & rates of change in behavior over time Model corresponds to special cases of the factor model in which factor loadings from the level (intercept) & change factors are functions of the coefficients of a priori contrasts on the levels of age at which the repeated measures were taken
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3
μiμi μs μq
1 110 1 2
01 4
-
Latent growth modelling Recap – common pathway
-
Latent growth modeling Recap – common pathway
-
Latent growth modelling Add another latent factor fix the factor loadings
-
Latent growth modelling
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53 Γ Gamma
ϵ Epsilon
q23 q33 q43
1 1 1 1 1 Λ Lamba
μiμi μs μq
-
2. Auto-regression modelling AKA “simplex modelling” and “Sh%t-St%cks model” Example means
Example covariation matrix correlation matrix Cross-temporal correlations within subjects arise because time specific sources of individual differences are more or less persistent time, and may, ACCUMULATE during development. Giving rise to a developmental increase in genetic and/or environmental variance, and increased correlations between adjacent measures
-
Trait
η
ϵ
?
-
Trait time1
η1
Trait time2
η2
ϵ1 ϵ2
-
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
ψ2
ϵ1 ϵ2
-
Auto-regression models
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2ia22
ψ3ia33
ψ4ia44
ψ5ia55
β21 β43
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
β32 β54 Β BetaΨ Psi
ϵ Epsilon
1 1 1 1 1 Λ Lamba
ψ1ia11
-
Enables partitioning of variation at each time point into: - Transient genetic & environmental risks unique to each occasion - Persistent, enduring genetic & environmental risk factors Examples? - Snow-ball - Vocabulary acquisition - Emotional baggage
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2ia22
ψ3ia33
ψ4ia44
ψ5ia55
β21 β43
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
β32 β54 Β BetaΨ Psi
ϵ Epsilon
1 1 1 1 1 Λ Lamba
ψ1ia11
-
Auto-regressive model examples
-
Dual Change Score model Latent growth curve model + Auto-regression model
-
Dual Change Score model
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2 ψ3 ψ4 ψ5
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
-
Dual Change Score model Lisrel model (Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1996) to estimate expect covariance:
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x (ϕ) x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵ
ϕ Phi
Γ Gamma
Β Beta
Ψ Psi
ϵ Epsilon
Λ LambaTime
1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2
ia22ψ3
ia33ψ4
ia44ψ5
ia55
β21 β43
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
β32
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53
β54
q23 q33 q43
1 1 1 1 1
rIS rSQ
μiμiμs μq
rIQ
-
ϕ Phi
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x ϕ x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵ
I S Q
rIQ
rIS rSQ
I
A1
S
A2
Q
A3
-
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x ϕ x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵ
Γ Gamma
η1
I
η2
S
η3
Q
η4 η5
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53q23 q33 q43
-
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2
ia22ψ3
ia33ψ4
ia44ψ5
ia55
Ψ Psi1 1 1 1
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x ϕ x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵ
-
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2
ia22ψ3
ia33ψ4
ia44ψ5
ia55
β21 β43β32 β54 Β Beta
Ψ Psi1 1 1 1 1 Λ Lamba
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x ϕ x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵ
-
Time 1
η1
Time 2
η2
Time 3
η3
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2
ia22ψ3
ia33ψ4
ia44ψ5
ia55
β21 β43β32 β54 Β Beta
Ψ Psi1 1 1 1 1 Λ Lamba
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x ϕ x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵ
-
Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
Time 4
Time 5
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a ϵ Epsilon
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x ϕ x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵ
-
Λ x (I-Β)~ x (Γ x ϕ x Γ' + Ψ) x (I-Β)~' x Λ' + ϵϕ Phi
Γ Gamma
Β Beta
Ψ Psi
ϵ Epsilon
Λ LambaTime
1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ2
ia22ψ3
ia33ψ4
ia44ψ5
ia55
β21 β43
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
res_a res_a res_a res_a res_a
β32
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53
β54
q23 q33 q43
1 1 1 1 1
rIQrIS rSQ
-
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5β21 β43β32
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53
β54
q23 q33 q43
1 1 1 1 1
μi μs μq
Γ Gamma
Β BetaΛ Lamba
(Λ x ( (I-Β)~ x Γ x μ ) )'
-
Pracatica Dual_change_score_model.R
-
Time 1
η1
I
Time 2
η2
S
Time 3
η3
Q
Time 4
η4
Time 5
η5
ψ20.13
ψ30.09
ψ40.12
ψ50.76
0.77 0.77
ϵ1 ϵ2 ϵ3 ϵ4 ϵ5
0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
0.77
i11i21 i31 i41
i51s12 s22 s32
s52s42q13
q53
0.77
q23 q33 q43
1 1 1 1 1
0.37
0.78 0.59
2.040.82 -0.20