Endophoric Use PhilThe endophoric use of ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, αὐτός in...

8/17/2019 Endophoric Use PhilThe endophoric use of ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, αὐτός in Philodemus’s On Piety

1/9

© 2

0 1 0 V i t a e P e n s i e

r o / P u b b l i c a z i o n i d e l l ’ U n i v e r s i t à C a t t o l i c a d e l S a c r o C u o r e

«Aegyptus» 90 (2010), pp. 89-97

The Endophoric Use of ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov"in Philodemus’s On Piety

Introduction

This study describes the endophoric function of ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov" in

Philodemus’s On Piety, based on the principal oppositions established by thetheory of reference.Two types of reference may be distinguished: i) exophoric (extratextual),

referring out of the text to an item in the world; and ii) endophoric (intratex-tual), referring to textual items either by anaphora, that is to say backward re-ference, or by cataphora, forward reference (1). This study focuses only on en-dophoric reference.

1. Anaphora

According to the textual theory of anaphora, the textual notion is a centralelement of definition. In the works of Ducrot and Todorov (2), anaphora isdefined in terms of interpretation. Both maintain that “a segment of discourseis termed anaphoric if one must refer to another segment of the same discoursein order to interpret it (even literary)”.

The segment to which the anaphoric term refers is called the interpretant (3), the semantic source (4), the referant (5), the antecedent and lastly the con-troller of the anaphoric.

(1) (The) Linguistics Encyclopedia, ed. by K. MALMKJAER , London - New York 1991, p.463; see also T. FRASER , Le système de la déixis (2): Endophore et cohésion discursive en anglais,«Modèles Linguistiques» 2.2 (1980), pp. 22-51.

(2) O. DUCROT, S. TODOROV, Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage, Paris1972, p. 358.

(3) Ibidem.(4) L. TESNIÈRE, Élements de syntaxe structurale, Paris 1988, p. 87.(5) J. DUBOIS, Grammaire structurale du français: nom et pronom, Paris 1965; M. K ESIK ,

La cataphore, Paris 1989, p. 30.


2/9

90 HÉLÈNE PERDICOYIANNI-PALÉOLOGOU

Because anaphoric expressions refer to an antecedent, they may be consi-dered coreferential with it. However, anaphora is not always coreferential. Ac-cording to Kleiber, sometimes «an expression receives its interpretation froman anterior expression without being its coreferential» (6). Those anaphoras aretermed indirect anaphora or in absentia.

The anaphoric uses of the pronouns/adjectives ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov" will be studied on the basis of the following criteria (7):i) The nature of the antecedent, examining whether the linguistic unit from

which another unit derives its interpretation is a noun, a nominal syntagm(adjective + noun), a prepositional syntagm (preposition + noun), a sub-ordinate clause, or a sentence.

ii) The length of the textual space between the anaphoric and its antecedent.

When the textual distance that separates the anaphoric operator from itsantecedent is greater than three lines, we will consider the anaphora a longone.

iii) The distinction between intraphrasal anaphoras and extraphrasal anaphoras.When anaphoric and antecedent appear within the same sentence (whether simple or complex), the anaphoric relationship established between themis called “intraphrasal”. When this does not occur, the anaphoric relation-ship is termed “extraphrasal”.

iv) The coreferentiality, that is taking into consideration those constituentsin a sentence which have the same reference.

1.1. Coreferential anaphore: anaphoras of a noun and a nominal or prepositional syntagm

1.1.1. Sequence and succession of anaphoric operators: pronominalanaphoras

The study of all kinds of chains made by anaphoric operators will outlinetheir sequence within the spoken sequence as well as the cohesiveness of theanaphoras.

(6) G. K LEIBER , Peut-on définir une catégorie générale de l’anaphore?, «Vox Romanica»48 (1988), p. 3.

(7) We will use the same criteria as those that we have used in our thesis Anaphore, cat-aphore et deixis chez Plaute: les emplois de is, hic, iste, ille, Paris, Sorbonne, 2003, and in The Exophoric and Endophoric Usages of Demonstratives in Euripides’ and Senecas’ Tragedies,«Quad. Urb. Cult. Cl.» 81.3 (2005), pp. 61-77 and 82.1 (2006), pp. 21-57.


3/9

ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov" IN PHILODEMUS’S ON PIETY 91

1.1.1.1. ou|to"

Most usages of the anaphoric chain made by ou|to" are characterized by

short corefentiality. In the overwhelming majority of occurrences, the antece-dent is mostly one or a couple of sentences (6 occurrences). The same number of sentences referred to narrations of facts that took place in the past (3 occur-rences) (8) and to narrations of facts that took place in the present (3 occur-rences) (9). Four usages of tou'to / touvto anaphorize a proposition (10) andtwo others anaphorize an infinitive clause (11). When the antecedent is either a noun (3 occurrences) or a nominal syntagm (6 occurrences), it denotes either gods (1 occurrence) (12), human beings (13) (1 occurrence) or objects (7 occur-rences) (14).

The textual distance between the anaphoric operator and its antecedent isgenerally short. In three passages the anaphoric is located at a long textual dis-tance from its antecedent, which in those cases is an infinitive clause (15), anoun (16) or a nominal syntagm (17).

All anaphoras of sentences are extraphrasal. In contrast, anaphoras of pro- positions, infinitive clauses, nouns and most of the nominal syntagms (4 occur-rences) are intraphrasal.

1.1.1.2. Aujtov" vs ou|to"

This anaphoric chain is characterized by the long textual distance betweenauj[t]ov / aujtw'n and its antecedent, which either is a narration of facts that

(8) 24. 678: tau'ta refers to 670-677; 29. 820 : tau'ta refers to 28. 797–29. 819; 42. 1202tau'ta: refers to 1190-1201.

(9) 13. 369: tau'ta refers to 350-368; 28. 791: tau'tæ refers to 783-790; 36. 1041:t[au'tavrefers to 1023-1041.

(10) 25. 706: tou'to refers to 701-707; 49. 1419: tou'to refers to 1412-1218; 59. 1674-1675:tou'tæ refers to 58. 1670-1674; 77A. 2224-2225: touvtou refers to 2222-2223.

(11) 9. 239: tou'to refers to 235-238.(12) 2. 45: ou|toi refers to 43-44: to[u;" qe]ou;".(13) 16. 456-457: touv/twn] refers to 455 tw'n a[ll[w]n.(14) 7. 202: tauv]th" refers to 199: hJ qeiva fuvsi"; 8. 208: touvtwi refers to 206-207: Peri;

oJsiovth/to" a[llo bublivon; 16. 441: tauvtai" refers to 437-439: ta;" ajnw/tavtwi diarouvme/no"koinovthta"; 18. 500: touvtwn refers to 494-495: kai; tw'n do/gmavt]wn; 75. 2163: tau'tæ refers to2160/2161: muvqou" / terateiv/a".

(15) 16. 447: touvtou refers to 432-435.(16) 17. 466: [touvtw]n refers to 459: a{panta.(17) 29. 813: t]auvthn refers to 806-807: th;n tw'[n] Cow'n eJorthvn.


4/9


takes place in the present (18) or denotes an object (19). In the first case, theextraphrasal anaphora contains one sentence. In the second, the anaphora isintraphrasal.

Auj[t]ov

is anaphorized bytou'to

, which is situated at a short tex-tual distance from its antecedent and makes a transphrasal anaphora (20). Thissort of anaphora is also made by touvtwn when used as an anaphoric operator to aujtw'n, with a difference in textual distance, which in this case is long (21).

1.1.1.3. ejkei'no"

Anaphoras made by ejkei'no" are rare. The pronoun is used to anaphorize along sentence (2 occurrences) narrating, in one case, a fact that takes place inthe present (1 occurrence) (22) and, in the other, a fact which took place in the

past (1 occurrence) (23). The pronoun can also refer to a noun denoting a deity(1 occurrence) (24), subsequently possessing a laudative connotation, as well asto a nominal syntagm denoting an object such as an image (1 occurrence) (25).In this context, the pronoun is endowed with a denigrative connotation. Whenreferring to a sentence, the anaphora is extraphrasal and characterized by theshort textual distance separating the antecedent from its anaphoric ejkei'no /ejkei'na. In contrast, when the antecedent is a noun or a nominal syntagm,ejkeivnwn is used as an anaphoric intraphrasal operator to a noun set at a shorttextual distance or to a nominal syntagm situated at a long textual distance.

1.1.1.4. aujtov"The great majority of the instances of aujtov" are used to anaphorize a nom-

inal syntagm (11 occurrences). The anaphora is mainly intraphrasal (9 occur-rences) (26), and the textual space set between the antecedent and the anapho-

(18) 37. 1063-1066: k]ajn / t[w'i de; P]eri; th'" eiJ/[marmev]nh" uJpe;r t/[h'" / ejk[eiv]nwn suner-gasiva[" /ajpofaivnetai ... 1070: auj[t]ov.

(19) 76. 2209-2210: tw'n ejpi/qumiw'n ... l. 77A. 2212: aujtw'n.(20) 37. 1070: auj[t]ov ... 1071: tou'to.(21) 77A. 2212: aujtw'n ... 2219: touvtwn.(22) 41. 1166-1167: ej/kei'n]o refers to 1160-1165.(23) 59. 1692: ejkei'na refers to 58. 1666-1691.(24) 71. 2048: ejkeivnwn refers to 2045-2046: qe/w'n.(25) 12. 334-334: ejkeiv/nwn refers to 323-324: [eij]d[wv/lw]n.(26) 11. 313: aujt[w'n refers to 310-311: tou;" / pollou;"; 16. 435: aujtouv" refers to 433:

tou;" qeouv"; 28. 799-800: auj/tou' refers to 798-799: Fuvr/swni; 36. 1041: aujtou' refers to 1038:tou' qeou'; 42. 1207: aujtouv" refers to 1203-1205: oiJ div]kai/oi tw'n [qeol]ovgwn / kai; filosovfwn;


5/9


ric pronoun is generally short (8 occurrences) (27). There are two extraphra-sal anaphoras (28) and three others in which the anaphoric operator is situ-ated at a long distance from the antecedent (29), which usually denotes a human

being or a god (10 occurrences) (30). In one passage, the denotation is of anobject (31).

When aujtov" is used as anaphoric operator to a noun (4 occurrences), deno-tation of a god and human being (3 occurrences) (32) is more frequent than of an object (1 occurrence) (33). In those first three cases, anaphoras cover longtextual distances; in the latter case, they cover a short one. The distribution of extraphrasal (2 occurrences) and intraphrasal (2 occurrences) anaphoras isidentical.

When aujtov" anaphorizes a single sentence (1 occurrence), it refers to a nar-

ration of facts which took place in the past (34). Aujtov" forms an extraphra-sal anaphora characterized by a short textual distance from the anaphorizedsegment.

Certain specialized enhancing usages of aujto" preceding a noun are worth

49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 1403-1404: to;n / ∆Epivkouron; 65. 1857-1858: aujt[oi'" refers

to 1856-1857: toi'" peri; to;n ∆Ep[ivkou/ron; 77A. 2232: aujtouv" refers to 2231: oiJ qeoiv.(27) 11. 313: aujt[w'n refers to 310-311: tou;" / pollou;"; 16. 435: aujtouv" refers to 433:tou;" qeouv"; 28. 799-800: auj/tou' refers to 798-799: Fuvr/swni; 36. 1041: aujtou' refers to 1038:tou' qeou'; 42. 1207: aujtouv" refers to 1203-1205: oiJ div]kai/oi tw'n [qeol]ovgwn / kai; filosovfwn;46. 1314: aujtw'n refers to 1310-1311: tw'n po/htw'n; 49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 1403-1404:to;n / ∆Epivkouron; 65. 1857-1858: aujt[oi'" refers to 1856-1857: toi'" peri; to;n ∆Ep[ivkou/ron; 77A.2232: aujtouv" refers to 2231: oiJ qeoiv.

(28) 41. 1186: aujtouv" refers to 1181: tou;" qeouv"; 46. 1314: aujtw'n refers to 1310-1311: tw'npo/htw'n.

(29) 41. 1186: aujtouv" refers to 1181: tou;" qeouv"; 49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 1403-1404: to;n /∆Epivkouron; 78. 2259: aujtav" refers to 77B, 2237-2239: oujk ejlavttona" / tara/ca;".

(30) 11. 313: aujt[w'n refers to 310-311: tou;" / pollou;"; 16. 435: aujtouv" refers to 433: tou;"

qeouv"; 28. 799-800: auj/tou' refers to 798-799: Fuvr/swni; 36. 1041: aujtou' refers to 1038: tou'qeou'; 41. 1186: aujtouv" refers to 1181: tou;" qeouv"; 42. 1207: aujtouv" refers to 1203-1205: oiJdiv]kai/oi tw'n [qeol]ovgwn / kai; filosovfwn; 46. 1314: aujtw'n refers to 1310-1311: tw'n po/htw'n;49. 1411-1412: a[uj/t]ou' refers to 1403-1404: to;n / ∆Epivkouron; 65. 1857-1858: aujt[oi'" refersto 1856-1857: toi'" peri; to;n ∆Ep[ivkou/ron; 77A. 2232: aujtouv" refers to 2231: oiJ qeoiv.

(31) 78. 2259: aujtav" refers to 77B, 2237-2239: oujk ejlavttona" / tara/cav".(32) 17. 479-480: aujtw'n refers to l. 469: qeouv"; 23. 656: aujtouv" refers to 651: qeouv"; 58.

1665: aujtw'n refers to 56. 1595-1596: ∆A/qhnaivwn.(33) 3. 65-66: auj/th;n refers to 63: fuvsin.(34) 29. 830: aujtw'n refers to 820-828.


6/9


noting (35). In these passages, aujtov" declares as true, within a coherent class of facts, the most improbable fact and thereby suggests the truth of the whole (36);

its presence indicates the existence of other human beings or gods possessingthe property mentioned in the utterance (37). Aujtov" then contains an “also”.

1.1.1.5. Aujtov" ... aujtov"

In most usages (3 occurrences), aujtov" ... aujtov" form a short anaphoricchain (38). Only one instance was formed by a long coreferentialy, i.e. by four anaphoric operators (39). All chains are characterized by the preponderance of anaphoras referring to a noun (6 occurrences) (40) over those referring to a nom-inal syntagm (2 occurrences) (41), the almost equal distribution of intraphrasalanaphoras (5 occurrences) (42) and extraphrasal ones (4 occurrences) (43), andthe preponderance of anaphoras situated at a short textual distance (6 occur-rences) (44) over those set over a long textual distance (3 occurrences) (45).

1.1.1.6. Ou|to" vs aujtov"

The antecedent of touvtou" is a nominal syntagm denoting human beings

(35) 25. 702-703: Swkravthn / aujtovn; 29. 833-834: auj/tw'i ... Di[i;]; 33. 935-936: su;nauj[tw'i / Mavtrwni; 84. 2424-2425: daiv/mona" aujtouv".(36) R. MARTIN, Sur l’unité du mot même, «Travaux de langue et de littérature de l’Univer-

sité de Strasbourg», 13.1 (1975), p. 233.(37) J.-C. A NSCOMBRE, Même le Roi de France est sage, «Communications» 20 (1973), p.

42.(38) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou' ... 1153: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujtovn ... 946: a[ujt]ou';

71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou" ... 2034: aujtoiv ... 2037: aujtw'n.(39) 53. 1523-1524: ∆Epiv/kouro" ... 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou" ... 1553: aujtovn ...

1555: aujt[w']i.(40) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou" ... 1153: aujtovn; 71. 2034: ... aujtoi; ... 2037: aujtw'n; 53.

1523-1524: ∆Epiv/kouro" ... 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou" ... 1553: aujtovn ... 1555: aujt[w']i.

(41) 33. 938: to;n aujto;n ... 946: a[ujt]ou'; 71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou" ... 2034:aujtoi;.

(42) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou' ... 1153: aujtovn; 53. 1523-1524: ∆Epiv/kouro" ... 1525:auj]tw'i; 54. 1553: aujtovn ... 1555: aujt[w']i; 71. 2034: aujtoi; ... 2037: aujtw'n.

(43) 53. 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou' ... 1553: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujtovn ... l. 946:a[ujt]ou'; 71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou" ... 2034: aujtoi;.

(44) 40. 1145: qeo;]n ... 1150: aujtou' ... 1153: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujto;n; 54. 1553: aujtovn... 1555: aujt[w']i; 71. 2032-7033: deinou;" / turavnnou' ... 2034: aujtoi; ... 2037: aujtw'n.

(45) 53. 1525: auj]tw'i ... 54. 1535: aujtou' ... 1553: aujtovn; 33. 938: to;n aujto;n ... 946:a[ujt]ou'.


7/9


and set over a short textual space. Touvtou" forms an intraphrasal anaphora thatis anaphorized by the extraphrasal anaphoric operator aujtouv" appearing in an

eight-line text (46).1.1.2. Sequence and succession of anaphoric operators: the nominal ana-

phoras

1.1.2.1. ”Ode + Article + Noun

At 39, 1129-1130, [tovnde to;n] trovpon anaphorizes one sentence con-tained in l. 1117-1124 concerning conducting oneself in a religious manner.The extraphrasal anaphora covers a long textual distance.

1.1.2.2. Ou|to" + Article + NounAt 37, l. 1057-1058, [tauv]th" th'" wjfevl[ia"] forms an extraphrasal ana-

phora referring to the sentence at l. 1050-1054, where the issue is that of thefavor or hostility which god has for some people. The anaphoric operator isseparated from its antecedent by a short textual distance.

1.1.2.3. Article + aujtov"

There are two occurrences of anaphoras made by the article followed byaujtov". At 33, l. 935-936, aujt[w'i / Mavtrwni is anaphorized by l. l. 938 : to;naujto;n. The intraphrasal anaphora is situated at a short textual distance.

At 79, l. 2277, ta; dæ aujta; refers to the sentence contained in l. 2273-2277concerning the teaching about sacrifices, festivals, and similar practices. Thetextual space between the anaphoric operator and its antecedent is short andthe anaphora formed transphrasal.

2. Cataphora

Cataphora deals with the subsequent context and is defined as a non-structural relation of an indexical expression along with the subsequent con-text that permits the identification of the referant of the indexical expres-sion (47).

(46) 86A. 1281-1282b: sem]nw'n qeolovgwn / kai; p]ohtw'n ... 1283: touvtou" ... 2491: aujtouv".(47) M. K ESIK , op. cit., p. 56; J. HARMÄ, La cataphore pronominale en français, «Neophi-


8/9


Philodemus’s On Piety contains three cataphoras of postposed relativeclauses, which belong to the correlative systems of pronouns-adjectives. Thestudy will be based on the structure of diptyches and the grammatical func-tions and genders of correlatives.

2.1. Pronominal Correlative and Pronominal Relative

2.1.1. Ou|to" ... Preposition + o{"

Within this diptych, the relative clause is not contiguous with the relative(48). The characteristics of the sequence are the neuter accusative plural andthe function object-prepositional syntagm of cause.

2.1.1. ∆Ekei'no" ... o{per

The diptych is marked by non-contiguity between the correlative and therelative pronoun, the neuter nominative and accusative singular and the func-tion subject-object (49).

2.2. Adjectival Correlative and Pronominal Relative

2.2.1. Article + aujtov" + Noun ... o{per

The contiguity between the correlative adjective and the relative pronoun,the masculine accusative and the function accusative of manner – accusativeof manner are the main characteristics of the sequence (50).

lologica Fennica» 45 (1987), pp. 53-69; H. PERDICOYIANNI-PALÉOLOGOU, Le concept d’anaphore,cataphore et deixis en linguistique française, «Rev. Québéc. Ling.» 29.2 (2001), pp. 55-77;EAD., The Exophoric…, cit., «Quad. Urb. Cult. Cl.» 81.3 (2005), p. 63.

(48) 11. 304-308: tau'[ta dæ eJpomevnw" / pro[shvg]ago[n e [nioi, / diæ] a{ gæ eijkav[zonte" /oJm]oivoi" pavq[esi tau"/tæ ejdogmavtiz[on.

(49) 80. 2320-2323: ouj mov[non dæ ejkei'/nov ge to;n a[[dikon / uJpotrevcei, [o{per de; / ”Er[m]acov"[fhsin.

(50) 38. 1089-1099: kai; th;n wjfev/lian t[iv]qentai [to;n auj/to;n t[r]ovpon, [o{nper / Po-luv[ai]no" ej[n tw'i / prwv[twi] Pr[o;" to; Pe/ri; filosofiv[a" ∆Aris/t[evl]ou" [th;n touv/twn [t]w'naj[gaqw'n / aijtivan hJme[i'n ajpe/fhvn[a]tæ ei\na[i] t[h;n / qeivan fuvsin.


9/9


3. Conclusion

The study on endophoric usages of o{de, ou|to", ejkei'no", aujtov" in Philode-mus’ On Piety leads us to the following conclusions:i) In pronominal anaphoras, aujtov" is more frequent than ou|to". The usage

of ejkei'no" is rare.In the totality of usages of ou|to", the antecedent is more often a sentenceor a nominal syntagm than a proposition or a noun. The anaphora of aninfinitive clause is rare. Ou|to" makes mostly intraphrasal anaphoras. Mostanaphoras are characterized by a short coreferentiality.In contrast, aujtov" is used to anaphorize nominal syntagms more frequentlythan nouns. The anaphora of a sentence is uncommon. The formation of

intraphrasal anaphoras and short coreferentiality are features shared byou|to" and aujtov".∆Ekei'no" is used to a lesser extent than ou|to" and aujtov". Anaphoras of asentence are more frequently than those of a noun or a nominal syntagm.The number of extraphrasal anaphoras is equal to that of intraphrasal ones.Anaphoras are mostly characterized by the short textual distance covered

by the anaphoric and the anaphorized segment.

ii) The pronominal anaphoras formed by o{de, ou|to", and aujtov" are morewidely distributed than the nominal ones. All three demonstratives are used

to anaphorize a sentence and subsequently to make extraphrasal anaphoras.It is worth noting that aujtov" also serves as an intraphrasal anaphoric of anominal syntagm. In contrast to the anaphoric expression made by o{de, allanaphoric chains are characterized by a short coreferentiality.

iii) Cataphoras occur less frequently than anaphoras. Each sort of cataphoricsequence appears only once. Ou|to" and ejkei'no" are used as pronominalcorrelatives and share the characteristics of non-contiguity to the relative

pronoun, as well as the use of neuter in both parts of the dipthych. In con-

trast, as a correlative adjective aujtov" is used in the masculine and is con-tiguous to the relative pronoun.

Brookline (USA) HÉLÈNE PERDICOYIANNI-PALÉOLOGOU

Endophoric Use PhilThe endophoric use of ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, αὐτός in...

Documents

Transcript of Endophoric Use PhilThe endophoric use of ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, αὐτός in...