Echoes of the Big Bang
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ECHOES OF THE BIG BANG
CAROLIN CRAWFORDGRESHAM PROFESSOR OF ASTRONOMY
NASA, ESA
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Stephen Leshin
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Stephen Leshin
Edwin Hubble
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Stephen Leshin
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UVX-rays micro-wave
radioIR
long wavelength
γ-rays
short wavelength
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space-exploratorium.com
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Georges Lemaitre
THE ‘PRIMEVAL ATOM’
THE ‘BIG BANG’
Fred Hoyle
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COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLEThe Universe is isotropic and
homogeneous Georges Lemaitre Fred Hoyle
NASA/ESA/Illingworth et al
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Maddox et al
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SDSS / Blanton
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NASA/ESA
1.8 billion years
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NASA/NOAA/GSFC/Suomi NPP/VIIRS/Norman Kuring
1.8 billion years 3-4 billion years
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NASA/ESA/Illingworth et al
COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLEThe Universe is isotropic and
homogeneous…in time as well as space
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RADIO SOURCE NUMBER COUNTS
Steady State UniverseTime and place are unimportantThe distant Universe resembles the local
Big Bang UniverseTime is important; the Universe changes and
evolvesThe distant Universe is younger than the local
Observed distant radio sources as they were in the past
count numbers of radio sources at different brightnesses
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Martin Ryle
ESO/M Kornmesser
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George Gamow
THE ORIGIN OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTSNASA/ESA/Nota
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NASA/ESA
THE HELIUM PROBLEM
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THE DISCOVERY OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson
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Wavelength (cm)
Inte
nsity
0.03 0.3 3 30 300
NASA
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Wavelength (cm)
Inte
nsity
0.03 0.3 3 30 300
NASA
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COBE 1989
FIRAS
NASA
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Wavelength (cm)
Inte
nsity
0.03 0.3 3 30 300
NASA
FIRAS
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NASA
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ANISOTROPIESCOBE
DMR
NASA
TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS = DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS
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COBE
• John Mather George Smoot
NASA
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Fermilab
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THE FLATNESS PROBLEM
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THE HORIZON PROBLEM
Addison Wesley
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THE HORIZON PROBLEM
Addison Wesley
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Fermilab
Radiation-dominated era
CMBR
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Fermilab
Radiation-dominated era
CMBRbaryon-radiation fluid
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TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS = DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS NASA
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ordinary matter pulls together under gravity
radiation pressure of photons pushes outwards
dark matter clusters under gravity
W Hu
the ordinary (baryonic) matter bounces to create oscillations in the density
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TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS = DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS NASA
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WMAP Hinshaw et al
THE POWER SPECTRUM
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BOOMERanG experiment
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BOOMERanG experiment
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BOOMERanG experiment
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WMAP 2001
NASA
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COBEWMAP
NASA
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WMAP Hinshaw et al
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Total matter content (curvature of space)
Ordinary matter
Dark + ordinary matter
Dark energy
Ωtotal
Ωbaryons
ΩΛ
Ωmass
Hu & Dodelson
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ESO
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WMAP
4.6 % ordinary matter24 % dark matter71.4 % dark energy
age of Universe 13.772±0.059 billion years
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V
NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA
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ESA / Planck collaboration
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WMAP PLANCK
ESA / Planck collaboration
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WMAP
4.6 % ordinary matter24 % dark matter71.4 % dark energy
age of Universe 13.772±0.059 billion years
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PLANCK
4.9 % ordinary matter26.8 % dark matter69 % dark energy
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NASA / WMAP Science team
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HOW THE EARTH MOVESWED 3RD APRIL 1PM