DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) FIRST YEAR Inorganic Chemistry (CH-111)

2002-2003 M.M.: 33 (26+07)

2 Periods/week I Atomic Structure

Idea of de Broglie matter waves, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals, Schrodinger wave equation, significance of Ψ and Ψ2, quantum numbers, radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curves, shapes of s, p, d orbitals. Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund's multiplicity rule. Electronic configurations of the elements.

II Periodic Properties

Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity-definition, effective nuclear charge, methods of determination or evaluation, trends in periodic table and applications in predicting and explaining the chemical behaviour.

III Chemical Bonding

(a) Covalent Bond - Valence bond theory and its limitations, directional characteristics of covalent bond, various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to NH3, H3O+, SF4, ClF3, ICl2- and H2O. MO

theory, homonuclear and heteronuclear (CO and NO) diatomic molecules, multicenter bonding in electron deficient molecules, bond strength and bond energy, percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.

(b) Ionic Solids - Ionic structures, radius ratio effect and coordination number, limitation of radius ratio rule, lattice defects, semiconductors, lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle, solvation energy and solubility of ionic solids, polarizing power and polarisability of ions, Fajan's rule. Metallic bond-free electron, valence bond and band theories.

(c) Weak Interactions - Hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces.

IV Comparative study (Including diagnol relationship) of s and p block of elements. Structure and bonding in diborane, oxides and oxyacids of Phosphorous. Structures and Bonding in Interhalogen Compounds.

Books Recommended

1. New Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee Edition III Compton Printing Ltd London.

:

2. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry by HR Puri, R. Sharma & S.P. Jauhar, Vishal Publications Jalandhar.

3. Basic Inorganic Chemistry F.A. Cotton and G. Willkinson III Edition.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) FIRST YEAR Organic Chemistry (CH-112)

2003-2004 M.M.: 33 (26+07)

2 Periods/week I (a) Structure Bonding

Hybridization, bond length and bond angles, bond energy, localized and delocalized chemical bond, van der Waals interactions, resonance, hyperconjugation, inductive and field effects, hydrogen bonding, inclusion compounds, clatherates, charge transfer complexes.

(b) Mechanism of Organic reactions

Curved arrow notation, drawing electron movements with arrow, half-headed and double-headed arrows, homolytic and heterolytic bond breaking. Types of reagents-electrophiles and nucleophiles, Types of organic reactions. Energy considerations. Reactive intermediates-carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, arynes and nitrenes (with examples). Assigning formal charges in intermediates and other ionic species.

II Alkanes, Alkenes, Dienes and Alkynes

(a) Alkanes

(b)

: Methods of formation (with special reference to Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction, Corey-House reaction and decarboxylation of carboxylic acids), chemical reactions (nitration and halogenation. Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes- orientation, reactivity and selectivity.

Alkenes: Methods of formation, mechanisms of dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, regioselectivity in alcohol dehydration. The Saytzeff rule, Hofmann elimination, physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes. Chemical reactions-mechanisms involved in hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions, Markownikoff’s rule. Hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-demercuration, epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KmnO4

(c)

. Polymerization of alkenes.

Dienes:

(d)

Nomenclature and classification- isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes. Structure of allenes and butadiene, method of formation. 2- and 1,4-additions, Diels-Alder reaction.

Alkyenes:

III Cycloalkanes, Cycloalkenes, Arenes and Aromticity, Alkyl and Aryl halides

Structure and bonding in alkynes. Mehtods of formation, chemical reactions, and acidity of alkynes. Mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reaction, hydroboration oxidation.

(a) Cycloalkanes

(b)

: Nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical reactions, Baeyer’s strain theory and its limitations. Stran in small rings (cyclopropane and cyclobutane), theory of strainless ring. The case of cyclopropane ring: banana bonds. Arenes and Aromaticity: Structure of benzene-molecular formula and Kekule structure. Stability and carbon-carbon bond lengths of benzene, resonance structure, MO picture. Aromaticity- the Huckel rule, aromatic ions. Aromatic electrophilic substitution -general pattrn of the mechanism, role of σ – and π- complexes. Mechanism of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation and Friedel-Craft reactions. Energy profile diagrams. Activating and deactivating substituents, orientation and ortho/para ratio, electrophilic aromatics substitution of toluene & nitrobenzene. Side chain reactions of benzene derivatives.

Alkyl and aryl halides: SN1 and SN2

Methods of formation of aryl halides. The addition-elimination and elimination-addition mechanism of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

mechanism in alkyl halides with energy profile diagrams.

IV Stereochemistry of organic Compounds.

Concept of isomerism,. Types of isomerism. Optical isomers-elements of symmetry, molecular chirality, enantiomers, stereogenic centre, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral moecules with two stereogenic centres, diastereomers, threo and erythro diastereomers, meso compounds.Relative and absolute configuration, sequences rules, D & L and R & S systems of nomenclature.

Geometric isomerism - determination of configuration of geometric isomers. E & Z system of nomenclature, in alkenes oximes and cyclopropane derivative compounds. Conformational isomerism - conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane; conformations of cyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds, conformation of monosubstitued cyclohexane derivatives. Newman projection and Sawhorse formulae, Fischer and flying wedge formulae.

Difference between configuration and conformation.

Books Recmmended

1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison & Boyd, Printice-Hall.

:

2. Organic Chemistry by L.G. Wade Jr. Prentice-Hall. 3. Organic Chemistry by Fessenden & Fessenden, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 4. Organic Reaction Mechanism by V.K. Ahluwalia and R.K. Parashar, Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi. 5. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Solomons, John Wiley. 6. Organic Chemistry, Vol. I, S.M. Mukherji, S.P. Singh and R.P. Kapoor, Wiley Eastern Ltd.

(New Age International). 7. Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) FIRST YEAR Physical Chemsitry (CH-113)

2002-2003 M.M.: 34 (27+07)

2 Periods/week I (A). Gaseous State Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior, van der Waals equation of

state. Critical Phenomena: PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of van der

Waals equation, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding states, reduced equation of state. Problems

Molecular velocities: Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitative discussion of the Maxwell's distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, mean free path and collision diameter. liquification of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect). Problems

(B). Liquid State Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structural differences between solids, liquids and gases. Liquid crystals: Difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid. Classification, structure of

nematic and cholestric phases. Thermography and seven segment cell.

II (A). Solid State Definition of space lattice, unit cell. Laws of crystallography - (i) Law of constancy of interfacial angles (ii) Laws of rationality of

indices (iii) Law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals. X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg equation. Determination of crystal structure of

NaCl, KCl and CsCl (Laue's method and powder method). (B). Colloidal State Definition of colloids, classification of colloids. Solids in liquids (sols): properties -kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action,

Hardy- Schulze law, gold number. Liquids in liquids (emulsions): types of emulsions, preparation. Emulsifier. gels: classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general applications of colloids.

III. Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties Ideal and non-ideal solutions, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, activity and

activity coefficient. Problems Dilute solution, colligative properties, Raoult's law, relative lowering of vapour pressure,

molecular weight determination. Osmosis, law of osmotic pressure and its measurement, determination of molecular weight from osmotic pressure. Elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point. Thermodynamic derivation of relation between molecular weight and elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point. Experimental methods for determining various colligative properties. Problems

Abnormal molar mass, degree of dissociation and association of solutes. Problems

IV. Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis Chemical kinetics and its scope, rate of a reaction, factors influencing the rate of a reaction -

concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent, light, catalyst. Concentration dependence of

rates, mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reactions - zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life. Determination of the order of reaction -differential method, method of integration, method of half life period and isolation method. Problems

Radioactive decay as a first order phenomenon. Problems Experimental methods of chemical kinetics: conductometric, optical methods, polarimetry and

spectrophotometry (problems only). Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy. Homogeneous Catalysis, characteristics of catalysed reactions, classification of catalysis,

miscellaneous examples. Books suggested

1. Physical Chemistry, G.M. Barrow, Int. Students Edition, McGraw Hill

:

2. Physical Chemistry, R.A. Alberty, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 3. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press. 4. Principles of Physical Chemistry, B.R. Puri & L.R. Sharma, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co. 5. Physical Chemistry, Maron & Lando.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) SECOND YEAR Inorganic Chemistry (CH-211)

2003-2004

M.M.: 33 (26+07) 2 Periods/week

I Chemistry of Elements of First Transition Series Characteristic properties of d-block elements. Properties of the elements of the first transition series, their binary compounds and complexes

illustrating relative stability of their oxidation states, coordination number and geometry. Chemistry of Elements of Second and Third Transition Series General characteristics, comparative treatment with their 3d-analogues in respect of ionic radii,

oxidation states, magnetic behaviour, spectral properties and stereochemistry. Coordination Compounds Werner's coordination theory and its experimental verification, effective atomic number concept,

chelate, nomenclature of coordination compounds, isomerism in coordination compounds, valence bond theory of transition metal complexes

II Chemistry of Lanthanide Elements Electronic structure, oxidation states and ionic radii and lanthanide contraction, complex

formation, occurrence and isolation, lanthanide compounds. Chemistry of Actinides General features and chemistry of actinides, chemistry of separation of Np, Pu and Am from U,

similarities between the later actinides and the later lanthanides. III Acids and Bases Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, the Lux-Flood, solvent system and Lewis concepts of acids and

bases. Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) Classification of acids and bases as hard and soft. Pearson's HSAB concept, acid-base strength

and hardness and softness. Symbiosis, theoretical basis of hardness and softness, elecctronegativity and hardness and softness.

IV Chemistry of Noble Gases Chemical properties of the noble gases, chemistry of xenon, structure and bonding in xenon

compounds. Non-aqueous Solvents Physical properties of a solvent, types of solvents and their general characteristics, reaction in

non-aqueous solvents with reference to liquid NH3 and liquid SO2. Books Recommended:

1. New Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D.Lee Edition to Compton Printing Ltd. London. 2. Priciples of Inorganic Chemistry by H.R. Puri, R. Sharma and S.P. Jauhar, Vishmal Publications,

Jalandher.

3. Modern Aspects of Inorgaic Chemistry by H.J. Emelens and Sharpe A.G., The English Language Book Society and Rouledge & Kegan Paul.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) SECOND YEAR Organic Chemistry (CH-212)

2003-2004 M.M.: 33 (26+07)

2 Periods/week

Unit I Alcohols, phenols, ethers and epoxides (a) Alcohols Monohydric alcohols, methods of formation by reduciotn of aldehydes, ketones,

carboxylic acids and esters. Grignard synthesis: Grignard reagent and its use for synthesis of alcohol. Hydrogen bonding. Acidic nature. Reactions of alcohols. Distinction between Primary, Secondary and Tertairy alcohols. Dihydric alcohols-nomenclature, methods of formation, Chemical reactions of glycols, Oxidative cleavage [(Pb(Oac)

4 and (HIO4

Trihyric alcohols – Nomenclature and methods of fomation & chemical reactions of glycerol.

)] and Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.

(b) Phenols Structure and bonding. Preparation of phenols, physical properties and acidic character.

Comparative acidic strengths of alcohols and phenols, Resonance stabilization of phenoxide ion. Reactions of phenols - electrophilic aromatic substitution, acylation and carboxylation, Fries rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Gatterman synthesis, Hauber-Hoesch reaction, Lederer-Manasse reaction and Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

(c) Ethers and Epoxides (ii)

Ethers

(ii)

: Nomenclature of ethers and methods of formation, physical properties. Chemical reactions - cleavage and autoxidation, Ziesel's method.

Epoxides

: Synthesis of expoxides. acid and base-catalyzed ring opening of epoxides, orientation of epoxide ring opening, reactions of Grignard and organolithium reagents with epoxides.

Unit II Aldehydes, ketones and active methylene compounds (a) Nomenclature and structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis of aldehydes and ketones with

particular reference in the synthesis of aldehydes from acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones using 1,3-dithianes, synthesis of ketones from nitriles and from carboxylic acids. Physical properties.

Aldehydes and Ketones:

Mechanism of nucleophilic additions to carbonyl group with particular emphasis on benzoin, aldol, Perkin and Knoevenagel condensations. Condensation with ammonia and its derivatives. Wittig reaction. Mannich reaction.

Use of acetals as protecting group. Oxidation of aldehydes, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones, Cannizzaro reaction. Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, LiAlH4 and NaBH4 reductions. Halogenation of enolizable ketones.

An introduction to α,β unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. (b) Active methylene compounds:

- Properties and uses of malonic and acetoacetic esters.

Unit III Carboxylic Acids and derivatives: (a) Structure and bonding, physical properties, acidity of carboxylic acids, effects of substituents on

acid strength. Preparation of carboxylic acids. Reactions of carboxylic acids. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction. Reduction and decarboxylation.

Carboxylic acids:

Methods of formation and chemical reactions of halo acids. Hydroxy acids; malic tartaric and citric acids. Methods of formation and chemical reactions of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic acids: methods of formation and effect of heat and dehydrating agents.

(b) Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Structure and Preparation of acid chlorides, ester, amides and acid anhydrides. Relative stabilities,

physical properties, interconversion of acid derivatives. Chemical reactions. Mechanism of esterification and hydrolysis (acidic and basic).

Unit IV Compounds of Nitrogen:- (a) Preparation of nitroalkanes and nitroarenes. Chemical reactions of nitroalkanes. Mechanism of

nucleopilic substitution in nitroarenes and their reductions in acidic neutral and alkaline media. Picric acid.

(b) Amines

Reactions of amines, electrophilic aromatic substitution in aryl amines, reactions of amines with nitrous acid. Synthetic transformation of aryl diazonium salts, azo coupling.

: Classification and preparation of amines (alkyl & aryl). Separation of a mixture of Primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Structural features affecting basicity of amines. Amine salts as phase-transfer catalysts.

Books Recmmended1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison & Boyd, Printice-Hall.

:

2. Organic Chemistry by L.G. Wade Jr. Prentice-Hall. 3. Organic Chemistry by Fessenden & Fessenden, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 4. Organic Reaction Mechanism by V.K. Ahluwalia and R.K. Parashar, Narosa Publishing House,

New Delhi. 5. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Solomons, John Wiley. 6. Organic Chemistry, Vol. II, S.M. Mukherji, S.P. Singh and R.P. Kapoor, Wiley Eastern Ltd. (New

Age International). 7. Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) SECOND YEAR Physical Chemistry (CH-213)

2003-2004

M.M.: 34 (27+07) 2 Periods/week

I Thermodynamics - I Definition of thermodynamic terms: system, surroundings etc. Types of systems, intensive and

extensive properties. State and path functions and their differentials, Thermodynamic process. Concept of heat and work.

First law of thermodynamics: statement, definition of internal energy and enthalphy, Heat capacity. Heat capacities at constant volume and pressure and their relationship. Joule's law-Joule-Thomson coefficient and inversion temperature. Calculation of w,q, dU & dH for the expansion of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible process. Problems

Thermochemistry: Standard state, standard enthalpy of formation - Hess's law of heat summation and its applications. Heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume. Enthalpy of neutralization. Bond dissociation energy and its calculation from thermo-chemical data, temperature dependence of enthalphy. Kirchhoff's equation.

II. Thermodynamics-II Second law of thermodynamics: need for the law, different statements of the law. Carnot cycle

and its efficiency, Carnot theorem. Thermodynamic scale of temperature. Concept of entropy: entropy as a state function, entropy as a function of V & T, entropy as a

function of P & T, entropy change in physical change, Clausius inequality, entropy as a criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium. Entropy change in ideal gases and mixing of gases.

Third law of thermodynamics: Nernst heat theorem, statement and concept of residual entropy, evaluation of absolute entropy from heat capacity data. Gibbs and Helmholtz functions: Gibbs function (G) and Helmholtz function (A) as thermodynamic quantities, A & G as criteria for thermodynamic equilibrium and spontaneity, their advatage over entropy change, Variation of G and A with P, V and T.

III (A).Chemical Equilibrium Equilibrium constant and free energy. Thermodynamic derivation of law of mass action. Le

Chatelier principle. Reaction isotherm and reaction isochore-Clapeyron equation and Clausius-Clapeyron equation,

applications. (B). Phase Equilibrium Statement and meaning of the terms - phase, component and degree of freedom, derivation of

Gibbs phase rule, phase equilibria of one component system -water, CO2 and S systems. Phase equilibria of two component system -solid-liquid equilibria, simple eutectic -Bi-Cd, Pb-Ag

systems, desilverisation of lead.

Solid solutions - compound formation with congruent melting point (Mg-Zn) and incongruent melting point, (NaCl-H2O), (FeCl3-H2O) and (CuSO4-H2O) system. Freezing mixtures, acetone-dry ice.

Liquid - liquid mixture - ideal liquid mixtures, Raoult's and Henry's law. Non ideal system-azeotropes -HCl-H2O and ehtanol -water systems.

Partially miscible liquids - Phenol-water, trimethylamine-water, nicotine-water systems. Lower and upper-consolute temperature. Effect of impurity on consolute temperature. Immiscible liquids, steam distillation.

Nernst distribution law - thermodynamic derivation, applications. IV (A). Electrochemistry-I Electrical transport-conduction in metals and in electrolyte solutions; specific conductance and

equivalent conductance, measurement of equivalent conductance, variation of equivalent and specific conductance with dilution.

Migration of ions and Kohlrausch law, Arrhenius theory of electrolyte dissociation and its limitations, weak and strong electrolytes, Ostwald's dilution law, its uses and limitations. Problems. Debye-Huckel-Onsager's equation for strong electrolytes (elementary treatment only).

Transport number, definition and determination by Hittorf and moving boundary methods. Applications of conductivity measurements: determination of degree of dissociation,

determination of Ka of acids, determination of solubility product of a sparigly soluble salt, conductometric titrations.

(B). Electrochemistry - II Types of reversible electrodes -gas-metal ion, metal-metal ion, metal-insoluble salt-anion and

redox electrodes. Electrode reactions, Nernst equation, derivation of cell E.M.F. and single electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode-refence electrodes-standard electrode potential, sign conventions, electrochemcial series and its significance.

Electrolytic and Galvanic cells - reversible and irreversible cells, conventional representation of electrochemical cells.

EMF of a cell and its measurements. Computation of cell EMF. Calculation of thermodynamic quantities of cell reactions (∆G, ∆H and K), polarization, over potential and hydrogen overvoltage.

Concentration cell with and without transport, liquid junction potential, application of concentration cells, valency of ions, solubility product and activity coefficient, potentiometric titrations.

Definition of pH and pKa, determination of pH using hydrogen, quinhydrone and glass electrode by potentiometric method.

Buffers - mechanism of buffer action, Henderson-Hazel equation. Hydrolysis of salts. Books suggested

:

1. Physical Chemistry, G.M. Barrow, Int. Students Edition, McGraw Hill 2. Physical Chemistry, R.A. Alberty, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 3. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press. 4. Principles of Physical Chemistry, B.R. Puri & L.R. Sharma, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co. 5. Physical Chemistry, Maron & Lando.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS) THIRD YEAR Analytical Chemistry (CH-311)

2004-2005 M.M.: 50 (40+10)

3 Periods/week Unit I (a) Introduction to Analytical Chemistry:

Role of Analytical Chemistry, classification of analytical methods-classical and instrumental, Types of instrumental analysis, selecting an analytical method, Neatness and cleanliness, laboratory operations and practices, analytical balance,. techniques of weighing, errors. Volumetric glassware cleaning and calibration of glassware. Sample preparations-dissolution and decompositions. Gravimetric techniques, selecting and handling of reagents, laboratory notebooks, safety in the analytical laboratory. (b) Error and Treatment of Analytical Data

:

Errors, determinate errors, constant errors, proportional errors,indeterminate errors, accuracy and precision. Distribution of random errors, frequency distributions, the normal error curve, statistical treatment of finite samples, measures of central tendency and variability, average deviation, relative average deviation, standard deviation, variance, t-test, F-test, rejection of an observation, 4d rule, Q-test, control charts, significant figures and computation rules. Method of Least square, problems. Unit-II Separation by solvent extraction

:

Extraction methods and theory, distributiion law, partition coefficient, the distribution ratio, the percent extraction, types of extraction procedures, simple extraction, exhaustive or continuous extraction, counter current extraction, applicatioin of extraction-procedure, inorganic separation. Examples of Solvent Extraction Equilibria, partition of a weak acid, extraction of a metal as chelate compounds, extraction systems involving ioin pairs and solvates, problems.

Separation by Distillation:

Basic principles of distillation, concept of volatility, theory of fractional distillation, idea of theoretical plates and HETP,. separation of some species by distillation, problems. Unit-III Charmatographic Separations: Liquid Chromatography: Phase distribution processes, adsorption, adsorption equilibrium, adsorbent characteristics, ion exchange, applications of ion exchange, liquid-liquid partition, size exclusion, column chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, HPLC, affinity chromatography. Gas Liquid Chromatography: Basic principles, theory, theoretical plates, the Van Deemter equation, diffusion processes, resolution, separation factor, retention factor, distribution coefficient, effect of temperature, Instrumentation, applications.

Unit-IV Spectrophotometry: The electromagnetic spectrum, interaction of radiant energy with molecules, Beers law, terminology, single beam filter photometer, double beam filter photometer, instrumentation; monochromators (filter, grating), sample container, detector, amplification and readout, single beam spectrophotometer, Bausch and Lomb spectronic 20 spectrophotometer. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy-presentation and analysis of UV spectra, types of electronic transitions, effect of conjugation, concept of chromophore and auxochrome. Bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic shifts. UV spectra of conjugated enes and enones. Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy-molecular vibrations, Hooke's law, selection rule, intensity and position of IR bands, meansurement of IR spectrum, finger print region, characteristic absorption of various functional groups and interpretation of IR spectra of simple organic compounds. Unit-V (a) Acid Base Equilibria: Basic concepts , polybasic Bronsted acids and polyacidic Bronsted bases, solutions containing a diprotic acid, solutions containing a polyprotic acid, composition of a solution containing a polyprotic acid as a function of pH, solutions of ampholytes, solutions containing a conjugate acid-base pair, problems based on pH, pKa and pKb. (b) Precipitation and complexometric Titrations: Complexes: formation constants, chelates: EDTA, EDTA equilibria, effect of pH on EDTA equilibria, EDTA titration curves, Detection of the end points: Indicators, Effect of acidity on solubility of precipitates, Effect of complexation on solubility. Precipitation titration curves, indicators for precipitation titrations, The Mohr Method, The Volhard Method, adsorption indicators. Books recommended

:

1. Quantitative Analysis ,6the Edn. R.A. Day Jr. and A.L. Underwood. 2. Printice Hall (India ) Ltd. 1993. 3. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 5th Edn. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler,

Saunders college Publishing , New York, 1988. 4. Chemical Analysis, 2nd Edn. , H.A. Laitinen and W.E. Harris, McGraw Hill Kogakusha, Ltd.,

1975. 5. Analytical Chemistry, 4th Edn. G.D. Christian, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1986. 6. Vogel's Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Edn. J. Mendham, R. C. Denney, J.D.

Barnes, M.J. K. Thomas, Pearson Education Ltd. 2000.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS) THIRD YEAR Environmental Chemistry (CH-312)

2004-2005 M.M. (40+10)

3 Periods/week I. Introduction to Environment and Atmosphere

Introduction, Chemical Composition of Atmosphere – particles, ions and radicals and their formation. Chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere, smog formation, pollution by chemicals, petroleum, chlorofluorocarbons. Biological cycles of C, N and P. Green House Effect, Acid rain, Air pollution- control and their chemistry. Analytical methods for measuring air pollutants.

II. Hydrosphere Chemical composition of water bodies-lakes, streams, rivers and wet lands etc. Hydrological cycle.

Aquatic pollution – inorganic, organic, industrial and sewage, detergents and oil pollutants. Water quality parameters – dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, solids, metals, contents of chlorides, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, and micro-organisms. Water quality standards- Purification and Treatment. Analytical methods for measuring BOD, DO, COD, Fluoride, metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se etc.).

III. Soils Composition, micro and macro nutrients, Pollution – fertilizers, pesticides, plastics and metals.

Waste treatment. IV. Industrial pollution: Reasons & Removal

Cement, sugar, paper and pulp, drugs, thermal power plants , nuclear power plants etc. Disposal of wastes and their Management.

V. Enviromental Toxicology

Chemical solution to environmental problems, biodegradability, principles of decomposition, Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl, Three miles island, Sewezo and Minamata disasters.

Books Suggested 1. Environmental Chemistry, A. K. De, Willey Eastern 2. Environmental Chemistry, G. S Sodhi, Narosa Publishing House 3. Environmental Chemistry, C. Baird and W. H. Freeman 4. Environmental Chemistry, S.E. Manahan, Lewis publishers 5. Environmental Chemistry, Sharma & Kaur, Krishna Publishers 6. Environmental Pollution Analysis, J.S. M. Khopkar, Willey Eastern

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) THIRD YEAR Inorganic Chemistry (CH-313)

2004-2005

M.M.: 50(40+10) 3 Periods/week

I Metal-ligand Bonding in Transition Metal Complexes Bonding in tranisition metal compounds, Valence Bond Theory, Limitations of valence bond

theory, an elementary idea of crystal-field theory. Crystals field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes, factors affecting the crystal-field parameters.

II Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes Types of magnetic behaviour, methods of determining magnetic susceptibility, spin-only formula,

L-S coupling, correlation of µs and µeff values, orbital contribution to magnetic moments, application of magnetic moment data for 3d-metal complexes.

III Electron Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes Types of electronic transitions, selection rules for d-d transitions, spectroscopic ground states,

spectrochemical series. Orgel-energy level diagram for d1 and d9 states, discussion of the electronic spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6]3+ complex ion.

IV Organometalic Chemistry Definition, nomenclature and classification of organometallic compounds. Preparation, properties,

bonding and applications of alkyls and aryls of Al, Sn and Ti, a brief account of metal ethylenic complexes and homogeneous hydrogenation.

V (a) Bioinorganic Chemistry Essential and trace elements in biological processes, metalloporphyrins with special reference to

hemoglobin and myoglobin. Biological role of Na+, K+ and Ca2+

.

(b) Silicones and Phosphazenes Silicones and phosphazenes as examples of inorganic polymers, nature of bonding in

triphosphazenes. Books recommended: 1. Advance Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton and Willkinson. 2. Organometallic Chemistry, H. Zeiss. 3. New Conise Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition, J.D. Lee. 4. Principles and Structure and Reactivity, James, E. Huheey. 5. Modern Coordinatio Chemistry, Lewis and Wilkins.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) THIRD YEAR Organic Chemistry (CH-314)

2004-2005

M.M.: 50 (40+10) 3 Periods/week

Unit-I. (a) Organometallic compounds. Organomagnesium compounds: the Grignard reagents-formation, structure and chemical

reactions. Organozinc compounds: formation and chemcial reactions. Organolithium compounds: formation and chemical reactions. (b) Organosulphur compounds. Nomenclature and structural features. Methods of formation and chemical reactions of

thiols, thioethers, sulphonic acids, sulphonamides and sulphaguanidine.

Unit-II. Heterocyclic Compounds. Introduction: Molecular orbital picture and aromatic characteristics of pyrrole, furan, thiophene and pyridine. Methods of synthesis and chemical reactions with particular emphasis on the mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions in pyridine derivatives. Comparison of basicity of pyridine, piperidine and pyrrole. Introduction to condensed five and six- membered heterocycles. Preparation and reactions of indole, quinoline and isoquinoline with special reference to Fisher indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis and Bischler-Napieralski synthesis. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions of indole, quinoline and isoquinoline.

Unit-III. (a) Carbohydrates.

Classification and nomenclature. Monosaccharides, mechanism of osazone formation, interconversion of glucose and fructose, chain lengthening and chain shortening of aldoses. Configuration of monosaccharides. Erythro and threo diastereomers. Conversion of glucose into mannose. Formation of glycosides, ethers and esters. Determination of ring size of monsaccharides. Cyclic structure of D(+)-glucose. Mechanism of mutarotation.

Structure of ribose and deoxyribose. An introduction to disaccharides (maltose, sucrose and lactose) and polysaccharides (starch and cellulose) without involving structure determination.

(b) Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins and Nucleic Acids.

Classification, structure and stereochemistry of amino acids. Acid-base behaviour, isoelectric point and electrophoresis. Preparation and reactions of α-amino acids.

Structure and nomenclature of peptides and proteins. Classification of proteins. Peptide structure determination, end group analysis, selective hydrolysis of peptides. Classical peptide synthesis, solid-phase peptide synthesis. Levels of protein structure. Protein denaturation/renaturation.

Nucleic acids: Introduction. Constituents of nucleic acids. Ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides. The double helical structure of DNA.

Unit-IV. (a) Fats, Oils and Detergents.

Natural fats, edible and industrial oils of vegetable origin, common fatty acids, glycerides, hydrogenation of unsaturated oils. Saponification value, iodine value, and acid value. Soaps, synthetic detergents, alkyl and aryl sulphonates.

(b) Synthetic Polymers.

Addition or chain-growth polymerization. Free radical vinyl polymerization, ionic vinyl polymerization, Ziegler-Natta polymerization and vinyl polymers.

Condensation or step growth polymerization. Polyesters, polyamides, phenol formaldehyde resins, urea formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins and polyurethanes.

Natural and synthetic rubbers. (c) Synthetic Dyes.

Colour and constitution (electronic concept). Classification of dyes. Chemistry and synthesis of Methyl orange, Congo red, Malachite green, Crystal violet, Phenolphthalein, Fluorescein, Alizarin and Indigo

(d) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon.

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Structure, synthesis and reaction of naphthalene and anthracene.

Unit-V. Spectroscopy

(a) Basic concepts of IR UV, NMR spectroscopy & Mass spectrometry. (a) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)

spectroscopy, nuclear shielding and deshielding, chemical shift and molecular structure, spin-spin splitting and coupling constants, areas of signals, interpretation of PMR spectra of simple organic molecules such as ethyl bromide, ethanol, acetaldehyde, 1,1,2-tribromoethane, ethyl acetate, toluene and acetophenone. Problems pertaining to the structure elucidation of simple organic compounds using UV, IR and PMR spectroscopic techniques.

Books Recmmended

1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison & Boyd, Printice-Hall. :

2. Organic Chemistry by L.G. Wade Jr. Prentice-Hall. 3. Organic Chemistry by Fessenden & Fessenden, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. 4. Organic Reaction Mechanism by V.K. Ahluwalia and R.K. Parashar, Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi. 5. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, Solomons, John Wiley. 6. Organic Chemistry, Vol. III, S.M. Mukherji, S.P. Singh and R.P. Kapoor, Wiley Eastern Ltd. (New

Age International). 7. Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) THIRD YEAR Physical Chemistry (CH-315)

2004-2005

M.M.: 50 (40+10)

3 Periods/week I. Quantum Mechanics Black-body radiation, Planck's radiation law, photoelectric effect, heat capacity of solids, Bohr's

model of hydrogen atom (no derivation) and its defects, Compton effect. De Broglie hypothesis, the Heisenberg's uncertainty priciple, Sinusoidal wave equation, Hamiltonian operator, Schrodinger wave equation and its importance, physical interpretation of the wave function, postulates of quantum mechanics, particle in a one dimensional box.

Schrodinger wave equation for H-atom, separation into three equations (without derivation), quantum numbers and their importance, hydrogen like wave funcitons, radial wave functions, angular wave functions.

II. Molecular orbital theory, basic ideas -criteria for forming M.O. from A.O., construction of M.O's by LCAO-H2+ ion, calculation of energy levels from wave functions, physical picture of bonding and antibonding wave functions, concept of σ, σ*, π, π* orbitals and their characteristics. Hybrid orbitals- sp, sp2, sp3; calculation of coefficients of A.O.'s used in these hybrid orbitals.

Introduction to valence bond model of H2, comparison of M.O. and V.B. models. III. Spectroscopy Introduction: electromagnetic radiation, regions of the spectrum, basic features of different

spectrometers, statement of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, degrees of freedom. Rotational Spectrum Diatomic molecules, Energy of a rigid rotor (semi-classical principles), selection rules, spectral

intesity, distribution using population distribution (Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution), determination of bond length, qualitative description of non-rigid rotor, isotope effect.

Vibrational Spectrum Infrared spectrum: Energy levels of simple harmonic oscillator, selection rules, pure vibrational

spectrum, intensity, determination of force constant and qualitative relation of force constant and bond energies, effect of anharmonic motion and isotope on the spectrum, idea of vibrational frequencies of different funcitonal groups.

Raman Spectrum: Concept of polarizability, pure rotational and pure vibrational Raman spectra of diatomic molecules, selection rules.

Electronic Spectrum Concept of potential energy curves for bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, qualitative

description of selection rules and Franck-Condon principle. Qualitative description of σ, π- and n M.O., their energy levels and the respective transitions.

IV Photochemistry Interaction of radiation with matter, difference between thermal and photochemical porcesses.

Laws of photochemistry: Grothus -Drapper law, Stark -Einstein law. Jablonski diagram depicting various processes occurring in the excited state, qualitative description of fluorescence, phosphorescence, non-radiative processes (internal conversion, intersystem crossing), quantum yield, photosensitized reactions - energy transfer processes (simple examples).

V Physical Properties and Molecular Structure Optical activity, polarization – (Clausius – Mossotti equation), orientation of dipoles in an electric

field, dipole moment, induced dipole moment, measurement of dipole moment temperature method and refractivity method, dipole moment and structure of molecules, magnetic properties-paramgnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetics.

Books Suggested:

1. Physical Chemistry, G.M. Barrow, Int. Students Edition, McGraw Hill. 2. Physical Chemistry, R.A. Alberty, Wiley Eastern Ltd. 3. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press. 4. Principles of Physical Chemistry, B.R. Puri & L.R. Sharma, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co. 5. Physical Chemistry, Maron & Lando.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY A.M.U, ALIGARH

B.Sc. (HONS.) THIRD YEAR Computer for Chemists (CH-316)

2004-2005 M.M.: 50 (40+10)

3 Periods/week I. Introduction to Computer and Computing - Basic structure and functioning of computers with PC

as an illustrative example. Binary Numbers, Memory, I/O devices, Secondary storage. Computer languages, Introduction to Operating systems viz; DOS, UNIX and WINDOWS. Data Processing, Principles of programming, Algorithms and Flow-charts.

II Introduction to Software and Mathematical concepts: a. Software: 1. Software: Definition and Role of software in computers

2. Categories of software: System software; Application Software; Packages, Viruses. 3. System software: Operating Systems; Assemblers; Compilers; Interpreters; Simulators;

Emulator. 4. Utilities: Disk defragmenter, Virus scanner and remover. 5. Licensed software and software notices/updates. 6. Commands of operating system: (a) General Commands (b) Directory management commands (c) File Management commands (d) Disk Management commands b. Mathematical Concepts Logarithmic relations, curve fitting, linear graphs, calculation of slopes & intercept, differentiation

of functions like kx, ex, xn, Sin x, log x, maxima and minima, partial differential & reciprocity relations, Integration of some useful/relevant functions, permutations and combinations, Factorials, Probability.

III. Computer Programming (BASIC or C) BASIC Programming- Elements of the computer language, Constants and variables, Basic

Numbers, Operations and symbols, Expressions, Arithmetic assignment statement, Input and output statements (INPUT, READ-DATA, PRINT) Format statement, Control Transfer statement (GOTO), Branching statements (ON-GOTO, IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE), Loop statement (FOR-NEXT), Subscript variables, DIM statement, Functions and Subroutines, Library Functions, Advanced features of BASIC including its application in graphics.

IV. Numerical Methods of Analysis-

1. Errors in numerical Computations, Types of matrices, Matrix Manipulation -(addition, subtraction, multiplication, inversion, determinant of matrix).

2. Roots of Non linear Equations - (Iterative method, Successive Bisection method and Newton-Raphson method),

3. Regression Analysis-Least squares method, Linear Regression of data 4. Numerical Integration-Integration techniques, Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule for numerical

integration. 5. Solutions of Simultaneous Equations-Cramer's Rule.

V. Programming in Chemistry - Development of simple programs in chemistry, e.g.; Computation of molecular formulae, empirical formula, van der Waals equation, pH titration, kinetics, thermodynamics, radioactive decay, Evaluation lattice energy, and ionic radii from experimental data, Elementary structural features such as bond length, bond angles, dihedral angles etc. of molecules extracted from standard database.

Note- It is just a representative list. Programs may be added or deleted as per need. Books Recommended1. Title: Computer Science, A First Course, Author: Forsythe.

:

2. Title: Programming with BASIC, Author: Byron S. Gottfried. 3. Title: PC Software, Author: R.K. Taxali 4. Title: Let us C, Author: Yashvant Kanitkar. 5. Computational Chemistry, Author: A.C. Norris 6. Title: Micro Computer Quantum Mechanics, Author : J.P. Killngbeck, Adam Hilger. 7. Title: Numerical Methods, Author : V. Rajaraman. 8. Title: An INtroduction to Numerical Analysis Author: S.S. Sastry. 9. Title: An Introduction to Computer Science, An Algorithmic approach. Author:Ketter L. Robert. 10. Title: Programming in BASIC Author: Balaguras wamy 11. Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Author: H.M. Anita