ΨΨCognitive Psychology

Winter 2004

-Discussion Section-

Memory

III. Memory for general

knowledge

Cognitive functions• Perception

• Memory• Attention

• Decision-making• Reasoning, problem-solving

• Imagery

• Language

Emotion

Motivation

Action• Memory

Overview

•Memory for general knowledge.

•Nickerson & Adams paper

•Review for midterm (except categorization).

•(Briefly): 7 sins of memory review

Take home from seven sins:

•Transience

•Absentmindedness

•Blocking

•Misattribution

•Suggestibility

•Bias

•Persistence

A central paper. You should be able to:

•Name them

•Explain what they are

•Know empirical evidence of their reality

•Explain the adaptive system they derive from.

Memory for general knowledge

•Basic distinction: Episodic vs. Semantic.

Endel Tulving

•Many differences

•Intuitively clear:

State, Chicago?

Ate, Breakfast?

Knowing Facts, „Knowledge“

Recall of Personal experiences

Repetition with invariant core

Memory for general knowledge•Semantic memory models:

•Hierarchical model

•Feature comparison model

•ACT model

•Episodic memory models: ?

•Schemata

•Scripts

•Connectionist models, neural networks

Networks, Feature lists, etc.

Very 70´s and 80´s style. Inspired by Computer science

90s, Neuroscience inspired

Memory for general knowledge•Hierarchical model

•Feature comparison model

Semantic network Hierarchical

-Spread of activation

-Nodes

-Semantic priming

-RT based studies

-Typicality

•Memory as a linked feature list

•Every concept consists of a set of elements (features)

•There are defining and characteristic features

•The more defining features, the easier. Explains category size effect (abstractness)

Memory for general knowledge

•ACT theory

John Anderson

•A central psychological theory

•Combines working memory, declarative and procedural memory.

•Nodes, Production rules

•Conditions, actions

•Activated production rules create nodes

Memory for general knowledge

•Scripts

•Schemata•Organized information

•Contain fixed slots and variable content

•Questionnaire (template) model of memory

•Default values

•Schema for routine events

•Restaurant example

•Allows inferences, leaving things unsaid. Problem: Intrusions.

Memory for general knowledge•Connectionist models

•Parallel processing

•Learning (unobserved)

•Layers (Input, Processing, Output)

•Nodes and Links

•Weights

•Increasingly popular, powerful

•Hard do damage, robust plausible

James McClelland

Nickerson & Adams

Nickerson & Adams

1 c

Nickerson & Adams1 $ ?

Nickerson & Adams

•Basic points:•Familiarity does not guarantee retention.•Even if there were literally thousands of presentations of the information.•Crucial are importance, which generally leads to the deployment of attention.•In the absence of these, memory is poor.•People are not necessarily aware of this. Introspection is a bad measure of memory for everyday objects.

Nickerson & Adams

Study tip: Try to think that the course material is important and pay attention. Try to care. That way, memory will naturally be much better than if you just read/hear the stuff.

Review for midterm:•2nd midterm is on next Wednesday, as scheduled

•Topics are basically Memory and Categorization

•No cheating!

•Try to study on the weekend. Email me for questions

•QALMRI: As usual, thu night. But it helps to understand Classification.

•Material from Lecture, Book, Discussion section and papers. Look online for my slides. •No screwed up questions this time. (I hope)

•Don´t panic, it could be worse.

Concepts to know•Interference:

Proactive vs. Retroactive

1 2 1 2

•Explicitness:

Explicit vs. Implicit

Bla

Concepts to know

•Encoding specificity

•Modal model of memory:

Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory

Information Response

Storage

Retrieval

-Context effect

-State dependent learning

-Cues!

Concepts to know•Working memory = structured STM

Phonological loop

Visuospatial

sketchpad

Central executive

LTM

Declarative Procedural

Episodic Semantic

•Memory structure

Implicit

ExplicitKnowingVivid Recall

Knowing that... Knowing how to...

Concepts to know•Basic functions of memory

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

•Sins of memory7

Topics to know

Short term memory

Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc.

Serial position effects (primacy, recency, use).

Mnemonic strategies: Chunking, rehearsal.

Working memory

Inferference (Proactive, retroactive)

Memory search (serial, exhaustive)

Long term memory

Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc.

Levels of processing theory

Forgetting: Decay, Interference, Overwriting

Encoding specificity: State-dependent learning, Context effects, spacing, cues, mood dependent learning.

Autobiographical memory

-Flashbulb memory (Vivid, yet not more accurate)

-Eyewitness testimony (Constructive, Post hoc)

-Repressed memories (Controversial, doubtful)

-Amnesia (Symptoms)

Memory for general knowledge•Dichotomies:

Implicit vs. Explicit memory

Declarative vs. Procedural memory

Semantic vs. Episodic memory

•Models:

Hierarchical model

ACT model

Connectionist model

Feature comparison model

Scripts

Schemata

Network models

Highly inspired by Computer Science, Linguistics