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Introduction :A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass). Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non-crystalline glasses.

The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials, hardened in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create a colored, smooth surface. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and art objects. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors.

The word ceramic comes from the Greek word "κεραμικός" (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",from "κέραμος" (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery". The earliest mention on the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear b syllabic script. Ceramic may be used as an adjective describing a material, product or process; or as a singular noun, or, more commonly, as a plural noun, ceramics.

Before we studing about ceramics, we have to its meaning,properties and its applications. They are as follows :-

●A ceramics is often broadly defined as any inorganic nonmetallic material.Examples of such materials can be anything from NaCl (table salt) to clay (a complex silicate)

●By this definition,ceramics materials would also include glasses; however many materials scientists add the stipulation that “ceramics” must also be crystalline.

Properties Of Ceramics;

● Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low density , high strength, stiifness, hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance.

●Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators.

●Some ceramics have special properties: some ceremics are magnetic; some are piezoelectrical materials; and a few special ceramics are superconductors at very low temperature.

●Ceramics have one major drawback: they are brittle.

Applications Of Ceramics;

●Ceramics are used in the manufacture of knives. the blade of a ceramic knife will stay sharp for much longer than that of a steel knife, although it is more brittle and can be snapped by dropping it on a hard surface.

●Ceramics are increasingly used in motor sports, where a series of durable and lightweight insulatory coatings have become necessary, for example on ceramic disk brakes.

●Ceramics such as alumina and boron carbide have been used in ballistic armored vests to repel large-calibre rifle fire. such plates are known commonly as small arms protective inserts (sapi). similar material is used to protect cockpits of some military airplanes, because of the low weight of the material.

●However, people’s demands for microelectronics and structural composite compounds have created a \high demand for ceramics.

Some ceramic fastners are as follows:-

Stud Bolts U Bolt Bleed / Drip Ring Wey Tee

Ceramic fastners :

This special material enables continuous use at 1500ºC offering excellent electrical insulation and resistance against heat and chemicals. They may be used in heat resistant applications such as hot water and chemical pumps as well as electronic applications such as electrical transformers and computer equipment but as heat and chemical resistance varies with the usage environment, it is necessary to test in advance under actual conditions. As with all ceramics, care must be taken when handling, as ceramic screws do break easily the company states.

Slotted flat fillister head machine screws, hexagon headed bolts, hexagon and Dihedral nuts are all available as stanA ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling.[1] Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass). Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non-crystalline glasses.

The earliest ceramics were pottery objects made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials, hardened in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create a colored, smooth surface. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and art objects. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors.

Technical Ceramics Materials

Ortech has a wide range of Technical Ceramics Materials to offer. Each one with its own unique characteristics designed to meet the requirements of many diverse applications. Some of the more widely used materials are described below.

Alumina Ceramics (96% to 99.8%) >>

Alumina Ceramics is the most widely used advanced ceramic material.  It offers very good performance in terms of wear resistance, corrosion resistance and strength at a reasonable price.  Its high dielectric properties are beneficial in electronic products.

Applications include armor, semiconductor processing equipment parts, faucet disc valves, seals, electronic substrates and industrial machine components.

Zirconia Oxide Ceramics >>

Zirconia oxide has the highest strength and toughness at room temperature of all the advanced ceramic materials.  The fine grain size allows for extremely smooth surfaces and sharp edges.

Applications include scissors, knifes, slitters, pump shafts, metal-forming tools, fixtures, tweezers, wire drawing rings, bearing sleeves and valves. 

 Sapphire >>

Single crystal sapphire offers superior mechanical properties and chemical stability coupled with light transmission.

Applications include GaAs carrier plates, POS scanner window, microwave plasma tubes and windows, fixtures for high temperature equipment and blue LED.

 Silicon Carbide Ceramics >>

Silicon carbide has the highest corrosion resistance of all the advanced ceramic materials.  It also retains its strength at temperatures as high as 1400°C and offers excellent wear resistance and thermal shock resistance.

Applications include armor, mechanical seals, nozzles, silicon wafer polishing plates and pump parts.

Silicon Nitride Ceramics >>

Silicon nitride exceeds other ceramic materials in thermal shock resistance.  It also offers an excellent combination of low density, high strength, low thermal expansion and good corrosion resistance and fracture toughness. Applications include various aerospace and automotive engine components, papermaking machine wear surfaces, armor, burner nozzles and molten metal processing parts.

Macor Glass Ceramic >>

Macor ® Machinable Glass CeramicMacor® is a machinable glass ceramic material that posses outstanding engineering properties.  Unlike other ceramics, Macor can be machined with ordinary metalworking tools. 

 Steatite Ceramics >>

Steatite has a very high mechanical strength and dielectrical properties.  The outstanding feature of special steatite is its very low loss factor.  Steatite has found many uses in electrical engineering. 

Types of ceramic materials :