1. 2013 .. () () : http://info.euratlas.net/europe_maps/orient_640.html

2. 2| : ............................... 4 .............................................................................................................................. 4 1: .............. 7 1.1 ............................................................................................................ 7 1.1. .................................................................................................. 11 2: - ............................................................................. 14 3: .......................................................................... 21 3.1 .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 - .................................................................................................... 23 4: : ..................................................... 28 5: : , , ............. 28 6: : , , ................................................................................................... 31 .................................................................................. 36 : .................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 1. . ................................................ 42 2. . ....................................................................... 53 3. . ............................................................................................................. 63 . ............................................................................................................................... 65 .............................................................................................. 70 .............................................................................................................................. 70

3. ........................................................................... 71 O ........................................... 76 ............ 78 .............................................................................. 80 . .. 85 .. 86 .............................................................. 87 ................................................................................................... 88 ................................................................................................ 94 ........................................................................................................................ 96 ................................................................................................................................ 96 1. , 103 2. ................. 107 . ................................................. 111 1.......................................................................................................................... 111 1.1. ...................................................................................................................... 111 1.2. ............................................................................................ 112 1.3. ....................................................................................... 115 1.6. ................................. 118 2. .................................................................................................................... 120 2.1. .......................................................................................................................... 120 2.2. .............................................................................................................................. 130 2.3. .......................................................................................................................... 138 ................................................................................................................... 144 ; ;.......................................................................................................... 145 .......................................................................................................................... 145 - ................................................................................. 146 ............................................................................................... 150 ........................................................................................................................... 154

4. 4| : ................................................................................... 155 . . , 1. , - , - . , - - , , 2. , . -, , , . (open public governance), 3 . Chryssochoou D., Theorizing European Integration, Sage Publications, 2001, . 191. . , , , 1997, COM (96) 672, , . 14. 3 , , . , , , . 1 2

5. , , , . , , Jacob Sderman, , , , , , 4. , , , , , 5. , / (accountability) , 6. , , , , , , ( , 1993) , , , . , , . 4 . European Ombudsman Sderman J., The Citizen, the Administration and Community Law, General report for the 1998 FIDE Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, June 3-6, 1998 http://edz.bib.unimannheim.de/daten/edz-b/omb/07/fide-1-eng.pdf, . 6 Shaw J., Law of the European Union, 3rd edition, Palgrave Macmillan Law Masters, 2000, . 384. 5 . Heritier A., Composite democracy in Europe: The role of transparency and access to information, Journal of European Public Policy, 10:5, 2003, pp. 814-833, . 819. 6 . Laffan B., Auditing and accountability in the European Union, Journal of European Public Policy, 10:5, 2003, pp. 762-777, . 763.

6. 6| : - 6 (), , , 7. , . , , , . , : ; ; : - , , ; : ; ; . ., . , , . , 2001, . 409. , , . . ., & , . , , 2007, 82, 189. 7

7. . 11 , , , . , , , : . , . 1: 1.1 8 , : i. , ii. , , , , . , . 8

8. 8| : , 1 2 9, (open), 11 3 , . - , -, 15 3 (), , , 255 ()10. , 1 , . , , 11. soft law, . , , 1049/2001/ , 30 2001, , , 1 2009. [] , . 11 . Aziz M., Mainstreaming the Duty of Clarity and Transparency as part of Good Administrative Practice in the EU, European Law Journal 10, 2004, . 283 Harden I., Citizenship and information, European Public Law, 2001, . 165. 9 10

9. 12 , 6 200113. , 2001 2006 14. , , 2003/98/ [ PSI - Public Sector Information] , 17 2003, , 15. , , , soft law, , , 16. L 145, . 43. . , 41 2004/18/ , 31 2004, , ( L 134, . 114) 49 2004/17/EK , 31 2004, , , ( L 134, . 1) , , 2003/4/ , 28 2003, 90/313/ ( L 41, . 26). . ., , . , -, 2008, . 123. 13 , , . . http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/el/resources/code.faces. 14 . - , COM/2001/0428 , C 287 12.10.2001, . 1 29 , " ", 3.5.2006, COM(2006) 194 . 15 . 2003/98/ 17 2003 , L 345, . 90. 16 ., . ., . 83. 12

10. 10| : , 12 2011 (Open Public Data), 17. , 1991, , . 17 , (1992), . : . , , 1993, . , 6 1993, , 18. . , , 42 (): [] , , PSI . . , , , , , , 12.12.2011 COM(2011) 882 . 18 . 93/731 20 1993 , 94/90/ 8 1994 97/632/ 10 1997 . 17

11. , 19. , 41 , (41 2, ), , . [(), ()], 20. Kokott J., 1 2 , 255 , 42 1049/2001/ , : 21. , , , 255 , , , 22. 1.1. (e-government) , . 52 5 . . , 6 2001, C-353/99P, Hautala ( 2001, . I-9565), 22-24. 21 8 2008 C-139/07P, Technische Glaswerke Ilmenau GmbH, 64. 22 , 30 1996, C-58/94, , 1996, . -2169, 16 37 . 19 20

12. 12| : . , , , 23. , , , , . 24, 2000 2010. , : _ e-content25. _ Interchange of Data between Administrations (D) 26, . _ Information Society Technologies (IS) 27. , 24 2000, e-Europe 2002 28 Molnar S., , . 3 http://www.ittk.hu/netis/doc/ISCB_gre/NETIS09.pdf. 24 . http://www.europarl.europa.eu/highlights/el/1001.html. 25 . www.cordis.Iu/cordis. 26 Ibid, www.cordis.lu/ida. 27 Ibid, www.cordis.lu/ist. 23

13. 2003. 15 . 29, . , . , 45 4 51 1 , , , / . , , , . - soft law- . http://europa.eu.int/comm/information_society/eeurope/documentation/index_en.htm. ., ., ., ., , http://dee.gr/uploads/e-government_in_EU.pdf 29 Tomkins A., Transparency and the Emergence of a European Administrative Law, Yearbook of European Law 19, 2000, pp. 217-256. 28

14. 14| : , . , , . 2: - , . (. 2506/1982)30, , 31. , , , 1599/1986 32 . . 16 1 [] , , , . 103 7 - . . ., , , 1996, .1357 .. 31 . - ., - , 1999, 10. 32 1986 72 /1977 902 (. 450 ). 30

15. , 5 (. 2472/1997), , , 16: , , . 1996 , 17 2001, , 33. - -, 10 3 : [] , 60 , . , , , . , . , 5 34, ., . . 16 . 1599/86, , 1996, 48. 34 1 , . , . 2 . , , 33

16. 16| : , , . , 3448/2006 , 2003/98/ . , 1986 , - . . , , / - , 35, , . 36: , 9, 9 19. 35 , , , (. 2957/2001) (. 3560/2007), , (. 3666/2008) . (. 2803/2000), , . 36 . -O , -, 2012, www.transparency.gr, . 34-36.

17. (). 3074/2002, ( GRECO) , , . , 37. . 2477/1997, 3094/2003. , , 38. H , 39. O 3812/2009 , . 3852/2010 - , , , , , . 3861/2010 (8-13 2010)40 , . http://www.gedd.gr/index.php?action=home. 38 . http://www.synigoros.gr/. 39 . - www.apografi.gov.gr. 40 . , - ... @, 37

18. 18| : 41 ( 112). , , - . 4 2 et.diavgeia.gov.gr, . To , & , . - - , , . 3979/2011 . , , . , , , , . , , 7 2011 , , . 41 . www.diavgeia.gov.gr. . . ., : , 2011 - & , @, & @ , , 2011.

19. . 42. , . , , , , 1981, , . - , , 1766, , . : . 2012 (Transparency International-the Gilobal Coalition against Corruption) [ , Corruption Perception Index (CPI)], 27 43. , . ., ., ., ., , , , , , 2011. 43 1995 ( 1995 , . http://archive.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi ). . , 10 (0 10 ). . / (, , ) 42

20. 20| : 3.6 ( 10) 94 176 . . , , , , , - 44. , , . , , . . 2009 , , . . , . ., : ' ' . , . , , , . . 44 . Transparency International, Money, Politics, Power: Corruption Risks in Europe, supported by the Directorate-General Home Affairs of the European Commission, 2011(a), . 15, http://issuu.com/transparencyinternational/docs/corruption_risks_in_europe?mode=window&backgrou ndColor=%23222222.

21. , 2008 ( ) 180 57 47 , -37 - . , , 2001, , 91 , 42 . , , , . , - , 45, , . () , , . , - - , , , , 46. 3: 3.1 , , 45 46 , . ., . 13. Ibid, . 12.

22. 22| : 47. , 2004 ( ) 31 6.0 145 2008 ( ) 26 6.7 , 2012 61 3.7. , -, 48. , . , , . , 49. 1 2004 (Commission for the Prevention of Corruption), 5 2010 (Integrity and Corruption Prevention Act) , , . -, . Transparency International, National Slovenia Integrity System Assessment, 2012, . 7. Ibid, . 16. 49 Ibid, . 9-10. 47 48

23. 3.2 - , , . . , , , , . , , , / , 50. , , , [Mechanism of Cooperation and Verification (MCV)] ( , )51. 2006 , (benchmarks) , 31 2007 , , . , MEMO/06/347, , 26 2006. 51 Commission Decision, Establishing a Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification of Progress in Bulgaria to Address Specific Benchmarks in the Areas of Judicial Reform and the Fight Against Corruption and Organised Crime, 13/XII/2006 C(2006) 6570 final http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/bulgaria/bg_accompanying_measures_1206_en.pdf Commission Decision, Establishing a Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification of Progress in Romania to Address Specific Benchmarks in the Areas of Judicial Reform and the Fight Against Corruption and Organised Crime, 13/XII/2006 C(2006) 6569 final http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/romania/ro_accompanying_measures_1206_en.pdf. 50

24. 24| : (monitoring reports) . , . - 2007-, 52, , . 2012, 75 4.1 10, 2008 ( ), 72 3.6 . , 2012 66 4.4 2008 70 3.8, . . , , . , . , . : European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on Progress in Bulgaria under the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism, Brussels, 18.7.2012 COM (2012) 411 final http://ec.europa.eu/cvm/docs/com_2012_411_en.pdf : European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on Progress in Romania under the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism, Brussels, 18.7.2012 COM (2012) 410 final http://ec.europa.eu/cvm/docs/com_2012_410_en.pdf. 52

25. , . , 53. -, - , [State Security Agency (SANS)], 2008. , , , , , , , , 54. , . , , . , (Act of Publicity of Assets of Senior Public Officials) (Act for the Access to Public Information) . , , 55. , , 53 Transparency International Bulgaria, National Integrity System Assessment Bulgaria-National Report, 2011, . 7-8. 54 Ibid, . 12. 55 Ibid . 12-14.

26. 26| : . , , . , , . , , , 56. , , . , , 57. - , , . , ( ) . MCV . , , , . 58. 56 Transparency International Romania, National Integrity System Assessment Romania-National Report, 2012, . 12. 57 Ibid, . 10 20. 58 Ibid, . 20 66.

27. , , - 144/2007 [National Integrity Agency (ANI)] , -, 59. , , . , , , 60. , , o 61. Ibid, . 11, 60, 63, 64 67. , . , . 61 Transparency International Romania, .., . 67-68. 59 60

28. 28| : 4: : 2008 2012 62 4.4 4.6 , 2004 , 67 . , , ( ), , 62. , [Bureau for Combating Corruption and Organized Crime (USKOK)] , 63. , , , , 64. 5: : , , , , 62 European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document Comprehensive Monitoring Report on Croatia, Brussels, 10.10.2012 SWD (2012) 338 final, accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, Comprehensive Monitoring Report on Croatias state of preparedness for EU membership, {COM(2012) 601 final}, . 35. 63 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Corruption in the western Balkans: Bribery as Experienced by the Population in 2010, Vienna, 2011, . 11, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and analysis/statistics/corruption/Western_balkans_corruption_report_2011_web.pdf. 64 Ibid, . 31.

29. . , , 2010 ( ), 2008 2012 69 3.7 , 85 3.4 75 4.1 . 2008 85 3.4 2012 80 3.9. , 2005 ( ) 158 103 2.7, 2008 180 72 3.6 2012 69 4.3. . , , 65, 50% , 66. 27 2008 (Law on Preventing Conflict of Interest in Exercising Public Functions), , , (Law on the Prevention of Conflict of Interests in Performing Public Functions) 2003. , 2008, . 67, , - 40 - . , Ibid, . 9. Ibid, . 10 43. 67 . Comparative Indicator-based Monitoring of Anti-corruption Progress in EU accession countries (CIMAP)Results Macedonia, FYR Macedonia CIMAP research notebook: Public Administration, 2011 Dimeski ., Public Administration Reform Process in Macedonia: Between Politics and Good Governance, International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, Vol. 2, No. 2.4 Quarter IV 2011, http://www.onlineresearchjournals.com/ijopagg/art/88.pdf. 65 66

30. 30| : - (High Committee on Public Administration). [Ministry of Information Society and Administration (MISA)] , . , . . , MISA , [National Commission for Protecting Access to Information (NCPAI)] 25% 201168-. , , , . 69. , , . , , . , , . European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2012-Progress Report, accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2012-2013, {COM(2012) 600 final}, Brussels, 10.10.2012 SWD(2012) 332 final, . 10. 69 . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, . ., . 32. 68

31. , , 70. , , 71. , - - . , 72. , , . , 2006 (Law on Free Access to Public Information) . , 73. 6: : , , , , , , . . ., : , , . 2-3. 71 . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, . ., . 35. 72 Hadzi-Zafirova ., Global Integrity Scorecard: Macedonia (FYROM) 2009, http://report.globalintegrity.org/reportPDFS/2009/Macedonia%20(FYROM).pdf Transparency International, EU Anti-corruption Requirements: Measuring Progress in Albania, Kosovo, Fyr Macedonia and Turkey, 2011(b), . 12 http://www.acrc.org.ua/assets/files/zvity_ta_doslidzhennya/CIMAP_For%20Web%5B1%5D.pdf. 73 Transparency International, 2011(b), . ., . 4. 70

32. 32| : -, 1999, 1997 2003 . 92 3.4 180 2009 ( ) 2012 113 3.3 176 , . , 2008 ( ) 92 3.2 2012 72 4.2, 2012 105 3.4 74. , - - - , 75. , , . , 100% , , . , 74 75 . Transparency International, 2011(b), . ., . 11.

33. , , 76. , 77. 2004 , [Training Institute of Public Administration (TIPA)]78. , , . [ 2005 (Law on Conflict of Interests)], . - , - 2007-2013 . 2005 . , , , . Ombudsman 2011. 76 Sigma, Kosovo Public Service and the Administrative Framework Assessment, Pristina, May 2008, . 9, www.sigmaweb.org/dataoecd/48/31/41637624.pdf. 77 . 20(h) (Law on Civil Servants), No. 8549, 11 1999. 78 . Training Institute of Public Administration-Albania, www.itap.gov.al/new%20web/html/aktivitete.htm.

34. 34| : . , . , 13 2012 2012 (14)79. , (16), . , 40% 80. , 2012, , . 2009-2014 . (Agency for the Prevention of Corruption and Coordination of the Fight Against Corruption) 2012, , . , . . 13 2012 2012 (2012/2814(RSP)). 80 . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, . ., . 32-33. 79

35. . . , , , 81. , , 82. , , , , , . . , (Law on Civil Servants) (Law on Salaries for Civil Servants), , . , , , (Law on Access to Official Documents), 83. , , . European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document Bosnia and Herzegovina 2012Progress Report, Brussels, 10.10.2012 SWD(2012) 335 final, accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2012-2013, {COM(2012) 600 final}, . 14-15. 82 . United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, . ., . 32. 83 Transparency International Kosova-Kosova Democratic Institute, Assessment of Institutional Integrity, 2011, . 32, http://www.kdi-kosova.org/publications/NIS2011en.pdf. 81

36. 36| : . , 84. , , - 9049/ 2003 - [High Inspectorate for Declaration and Auditing of Assets (HIDAA)]- . , 2010, . (the Anti-Corruption Agency) . , . , , . , , . . 84 Transparency International, 2011(b), . ., . 5.

37. , . , , . , , , , 85. . , , , , , . , - ; , . , , , , . . , , . , , ( 7 ) 85 Transparency International, Corruption risks in Europe, 2012.

38. 38| : . , , . , / 86, . . , , ( ) . , , . , 2011 (Mechanism for the Periodic Assessment of EU States' Efforts in the Fight Against Corruption)87. 2013 , . CVM, , . 87 Commission Decision, Establishing an EU Anti-corruption reporting mechanism for periodic assessment ("EU Anti-corruption Report"), Brussels, 6.6.2011 C(2011) 3673 final. 86

39. , , . : ; , ; / , , ; , -, , : , , ( ). : , . , , , . , . , . - ,

40. 40| : , . , ; : - - - , , , - . , , . , . , . , , - - , . , , , , . - : .

41. - - . , , , . , . , , . , . , , . , (;) , .

42. 42| : : . 1. . . , , . , . 88 , .89 , .90 : , . - . , ( , , ). , ( , , ). . 52012DC0492: , , . : . COM/2012/0492 final 89 . 90 http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/civil_society/ 88

43. ( 15 ) .91 .92 [EESC] (28/01/1999) : .93 , .94 . . , .95 .96 Alexis de Tocqueville, Emile Durkheim Max Weber . , , . 91 92 . http://www.eesc.europa.eu/ (1999/C 329/10). . 95 . 96 . 93 94

44. 44| : [subsidiarity] . . : 1. : . 2. : . 3. : . 4. : . . 5. : . 6. : . . 7. : .

45. de jure de facto , . .97 [liberal] [communitarianist] .98 . [ discursive democracy] , . . . homo civicus - - . homo civicus - - . , , . , - , - . . . 97 98 52012DC0492: , .., . 3. .

46. 46| : - . . , .99 . , . Kalypso Nicolaidis100 demoicracy , . demoicracy . , Nicolaidis, .101 demoicracy .102 - , . . , Nicolaidis .103 . Kalypso Nicolaidis,University of Oxford, European Demoicracy and its Crisis, Journal of Common Market Studies, Volume 51, No 2, : 351-369. 101 ., . 356. 102 . 103 ., . 362. 99 100

47. . . , . . [good governance] -. [legitimacy] , . .104 . , , , , , , , .105 . : . .106 .107 Tanja A. Borzel, Yasemin Pamuk, Andreas Stahn, Good Governance in the European Union, Berlin Working Paper on European Integration No 7, January 2008, . 5. 105 ., . 6. 106 ., . 7. 107 . 104

48. 48| : H , -, [intergovernmental] ( -), [transnational] ( ), .108 - . , . [legitimacy] [legalization] . . , .109 , . ., . 9. OECD, Participatory Development and Good Governance. Development Cooperation Guidelines Services. 1995. 108 109

49. 110 : , .111 , 2003, .112 , . , , , .113 . UNDP, Governance for Sustainable Human Development. A UNDP Policy Document. 1997. European Commission, Commission Communication to the Council: Democratization, the Rule of Law, Respect for Human Rights and Good Governance: the Challenges of the Partnership between the European Union and the ACP States, 1998. 112 European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee: Governance and Development, 2003. 113 European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Governance in the European Consensus on Development Towards a Harmonized Approach within the European Union, 2006. 110 111

50. 50| : .114 : , , , .115 . .116 . , . . . .117 , . , . 118 , , . , , . 114 European Commission, European Governance. A White Paper, July 2001. . 116 Tanja A. Borzel, Yasemin Pamuk, Andreas Stahn, Good Governance in the European Union, .., . 21. 117 52012DC0492: , .., . 5. 118 . 115

51. (1993) - . : ) , ) , ) [acquis communautaire]. - - . - . . , [effective government].119 . [Stabilization and Accession Process, SAP] 1999 . [European Integration Partnerships].120 - - [Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, IPA] Tanja A. Borzel, Yasemin Pamuk, Andreas Stahn, Good Governance in the European Union, .., . 21. 119 120 CARDS Multi-annual Indicative Programmes: Chapter on Good Governance and Institution Building, : http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement

52. 52| : PHARE, ISPA, SAPARD, CARDS121 .122 H - . . .123 [Good Governance]. . - . , .124 - . . . [effective] . . . 121 CARDS [Community Assistance Development and Stabilization Program]. European Commission: Commission Decision C (2007) 2269. 123 European Commission : Commission Decision C (2007) 2255 124 52012DC0492: , .., . 8. 122

53. [predictability] [accountability] .125 - , .126 . . : , ( ) .127 2. . . . . : Tanja A. Borzel, Yasemin Pamuk, Andreas Stahn, Good Governance in the European Union, .., . 49. 126 ., . 50. 127 http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/steps-towards-joining/index_en.htm 125

54. 54| : ) ; ) [European Integration]; ) ; ) ; ( ) . . , , , , , [Frontex], Europol . .128 : COM(2008) 127 : http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/enlargement/western_balkans/e50028_el.htm 128

55. .129 - , . . , .130 . . , . . .131 . 41 36.4 25.9 28.3 49.9 49.1 28.4 21.5 21 29 10.6 14 8.8 10.3 14.3 24 25 19.5 21.5 23.2 11 8.8 8.7 6.8 12 , , , , . 130 ., 5. 131 ., . 10. 129

56. 56| : : Sotiropoulos . Dimitrios, Positive and Negative Social Capital and the Uneven Development of Civil Society in Southeastern Europe, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 5:2, 2005. . - . .132 . . , , , , . , , , , , . European Commission, COM (2012) 600 final, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 20122013. . 2. 132

57. , .133 2013, ancient regime . . . . - . Civil Society Facility. .134 .135 1. , , . 2. , 2013. 133 134 ., . 22. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/tenders/support-for-civil-society/civil-society-facility/index_en.htm European Commission, COM (2012) 600 final, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 20122013, , .., . 25-28. 135

58. 58| : 3. . 4. , 2012 . . 5. , , . 6. . 7. . . [Joint Consultative Committee JCC] . . . . ,

59. .136 . . . , , .137 . . . . , , . . 138 . 136 Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on EU-Serbia relations: the role of civil society, REX/246 CESE 1003/2008 137 . . 3. 138 Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on EU-Albania relations: the role of civil society, REX/240 CESE 1217/2008

60. 60| : -. - [Joint Consultive Committee] . . . [Stabilization and Association Process SAP] . 2004 O [Western Balkans Contact Group] . Dayton. .139 . .140 2007 [Civil Society Board] forum . . 139 Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on EU-Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: the role of civil society, REX/265 CESE 1213/2009 140 ., . 8.

61. . 2009 [Montenegro 2009 Progress Report] . , . .141 []. . [Office for Cooperation with NGOs] . . . 1980 . . . 2008 . .142 . .143 TRIALOG, Montenegrin Civil Society, Masa Lekic. : -, 2012/C181/05. 143 . 141 142

62. 62| : 2020 .144 , . []Joint Consultative Committees] . 144 European Economic and Social Committee, Final declarations, 4th Western Balkans Civil Society Forum, Zagreb, 26-27 November 2012.

63. 3. . . - . . . - . . , , .145 . . . . .146 , : , , , 2012. 146 , , , , 24, .: 57-76. 145

64. 64| : .147 .148 . . , . . . 11 . Social Platform, Shaping an effective civil dialogue at national and European level, 2008. : http://www.socialplatform.org/PolicyStatement.asp?Policy=8104 147 148

65. . . . .

66. 66| : . Women and Men in selected occupation groups Plant and Machine Operators Craft Workers women Clerks men Professionals Legislators 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 : United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2008.

67. . Women and Men in selected occupation groups Plant and Machine Operators Craft Workers women Clerks men Professionals Legislators 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 : United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2009. . Women and Men in selected occupation groups Plant and Machine Operators Craft Workers women Clerks men Professionals Legislators 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

68. 68| : . . Main Funding Priorities : Promoting Democracy in the Western Balkans after the Global Financial Crisis, LSEE - Research on South Eastern Europe, 2012. Evaluation of CSOs149 in the country : Promoting Democracy in the Western Balkans after the Global Financial Crisis, LSEE - Research on South Eastern Europe, 2012. 149 Civil Society Organizations.

69. . . Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index, 2011. Country rank 95 91 69 66 86 112 87 55 Country Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Kosovo Western Balkans EU-10 CPI score 3.1 3.2 3.9 4.0 3.3 2.9 3.4 4.7 : Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index 2011, 182 countries surveyed, ECONOMIC AND EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES OF WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES Slavica Penev

70. 70| ( ) . , , , . , , . , - .150 , , , , . , . , , .151 , , , ( ) 150 2000 . : , -, , , , 1244 151

71. , .152 . . , . , .153 , . , , . , . 152 153 http://www.westernbalkans.info- Integration of the Western Balkans in the EU Internal Market p8 http://www.ecfr.eu/blog/entry/dark_clouds_gather_over_the_balkan_economies

72. 72| 154 2008 . , , 2008 . . 2008 . (GDP per capita ) . 154

73. 155 INFLATION GDP CONSUMER PRICES K . . PPP156. 2010, . 22,60 1994 -0,9 2009. . , . 156 PPP Purchasing power parity 155

74. 74| , .157 2011 .. 0,2% . 1968 (-0,3%). 2013, 2012, 0,2%, 1,7%, 2012 2011.158 157 http://www.foreignaffairs.gr/articles/69243/periklis-gkogkas-kai-ioannis-praggidis/o-plithorismoskaleitai-na-sosei-tin-oikonomia-tis-eyrozonis?page=show 158 http://www.tovima.gr/finance/article/?aid=506888

75. I Current account balance (%GDP) 159 . (WB) (CA) . WB . . , , . . 2002, , , 2007. , , , . (current account balance ) . , , , Gutemberg 159

76. 76| () , . 160 O , .161 , () 162 . 1989. /FDI , 90 , . , , . , , , .. . 160 http://www.bankofgreece.gr/BogEkdoseis , , , 162 (Foreign Direct Investment) 161

77. , , . 1989 , , 10 . , . , . . 82% 3 ( 41%, 20,5% 20,5%). (47%) (36%) ( 48%, - 26%). , , . 1.1 : : CIA, world fact book 3.5% 13,6% 29.7% 30% 14,2% 23,4% 32,1% 23.2% 46% 30,8% 73.1% 54,3% 47.1% 24% 55% 19.6% 58% 30.4% 15% 50% 27% 2006 , , . , . ,

78. 78| 20% . FDI 90% , , . , . 60 , , , . 1989 , , , , 90 . , , , , . . . , , , . , . .

79. , . . 2000 . , , , . , , 50-70% . . , . 1980 , . , , . 1990 . , . 90 ( ). 2000 , , .. , . 1996 92,7% , . . 80 90 . 90.

80. 80| 1 inward and outward FDI , annual , 2000-2011 : UNCTAD : 2007 27 31 EUR 4,1 . 2004. 33.3% SNP Petrom OMV EUR 669 . ( EUR 800 . ) 51% (Electrica Banat Electrica Dobrogea) EUR 112 . ENEL .

81. (BCR, CEC, Eximbank) (logistics) (real estate) . , 51% Electrica Moldova E.ON EUR 100 . Electrica Oltenia CEZ EUR 151 . , . (22 . 38 . ) . : 31 2004 65% Bulgarian Telecommunications Company Advent International ( Viva Ventures) EUR 230 . ( EUR 50 . ) EUR 700 . 67% EUR 693 . 2004 Bulgartabac (CSFB) . , , (greenfield) .

82. 82| : 2004. . ( 20%) supermarkets hypermarkets. Suncari Hvar 2005. 15% ( 25% 2003 MOL USD 505 .), CO 7% Croatian Telecom. , 2003-04, 80% ( Unicredito / Allianz group 26% Intesa / BCI 20% Privredna Banka Zagreb). Croatia Banka Croatian Post Bank, 2005. , , . & : - 2003 DIN Phillip Morris EUR 387 . DIV British American Tobacco EUR 70 . Beopetrol Lukoil EUR 117 . , Interbrew, Carlsberg Efes. 2003 EUR 1.197 . , 2004,

83. EUR 777 . 2005 , Jubanka Alpha Bank ( EUR 152 .), Delta banka Banca Intesa (EUR 277.5 370 . 100%) Atlas banka ( EUR 50 .). , (Telecom Serbia, 20%) (Mobtel) EPS. 2004 EUR 50 . (+29% 2003) 2005 Telekom Montenegro ( EUR 160 .), Podgorica Aluminium Plant (KAP) Podgoricka Banka. : 2004 EUR 1.400 . , , . ( 600) ( 240) , , , , . 2004 Savings Bank Raiffeisen Zentralbank USD 126 ., Albanian Mobile Communication (AMC) OTE Telenor USD 38 . 2001 . 51-75% Albtelecom, INSIG -

84. 84| 15 . , USD 300 . , Servcom, ARMO Albpetrol. & : - EUR 1.500 . 2004, 40% , , . , . , . FYROM: 2004 EUR 1.220 . 2001 Makedonski Telekomunikacii EUR 343 . MATAV. 1997-99, . 2004 100 , , . , , . . .

85. . , , . (pull factors) : 2 FDI . - : . 123 2 5 1 21 2 4 9 4 4 4 14 2 5 2 2 7 6 3 1 4 6 1 2 1 2 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

86. 86| . , , 2006 , 15 . . . , . . , , , . , , (FDI), , , . , . 25 80% . , 3.000-3.500 8.00010.000 , , , . , .

87. . , : (Petrochilos Salavrakos 2003). H (Petrakos, 1997). . , . ( ), . , . 1:8 1:4 1:5. 1:3, . ( ), . ( , ..) , (15% 1/1/2005). , , , , 1980 ( ) (Iammarino Pitelis, 2000).

88. 88| . . , -- , . , () (joint ventures) , Coca-Cola, , Intracom, , Goodys, , , . [.. ( )] (Bitzenis, 2002). , , 1992 2006 1,5 . , 10% . , 23,6% . , 200 . ' , 2002. ,

89. . . 1.500 ( 3.000) , . ( ), , /, , . 2003 Nova TV (Ant1). - - . 44% . . , 2004 , , ( ), 4,85 . . - . 37,7 . - ( , ISPA). , .. ( 25) 5 US$ ( 70% ).

90. 90| : , ' , Eurobank, HBC - - 3, , Chipita, Halcor, , Intracom Goodys . US$ ( 4.000 ). ... 11 , . 950 . ( - ). : ( , , , ), , , , , , , ( ) . 350 US$. $165 . , $64 HBC/3E . 10 350 $

91. , 505,5 . ( , , , ..). , ( ), 800 3 . , -Romtelecom 2002, Eurobank Bank Post 2002 2003 Banka Romaneska 2003. 2002 Romtelecom ( 54%), , , . 27.5.2005 Cosmote Romtelecom 70% Cosmorom, 120 . Cosmote Cosmorom. , 2005 Cosmote . Cosmote 70% Cosmote Romania (Cosmorom). 81,6% Banca Romanesca, 15,4%, , . 57,13% MindBank . : , , , , - ,

92. 92| , , , , , , , , . : , , , EFG Eurobank, , , , , , Chipita , , , , , , , . . , 2001-2004 , 122,12 . . 2001, , , , .. ( 1996 ) 1,8 . . ( ) 2,1 . . 150 , 120 . 1996-1998 , . , , . STET Intl. Netherlands NV , , , Alpha Eurobank, .

93. : Coca-Cola (3E or HBC) Balkaninvest Ltd (IBP Beograd) 30 . $, Delta International Holdings (Lux) Danone 35 . $, 35 . $ cement plant Kosjeric. & , Jugopetrol AD Kotor (JPK) (54.34%, ), Yugolot d.o.o. (Intralot- Intracom), Alpha Bank Belgrade, (NBG Group), EFG Eurobank, a.d. - Beograd (90.8%, EFG Bank Group), Chipita (Chipita International Group), Halcor S.A. - (Viohalco Group). , UNECE (2004), $740 1997, $113 1998, $112 1999, $50 2000, $165 2001, $475 2002, $1260 2003. , 27% , 800 . . 270 : , , , , , , - . : - , , Tirana Bank Alpha - , Albanian Mobile Communications ( Cosmote) Vodafone ( Vodafone ). , 200 . , . ,

94. 94| Alpha Bank, , , . , 30%40% , , , , Alpha Delta , Constructions , , Fidias .. Kesh Sh.a., 6,847 . , EBRD. Prometheus Gas SA ( ) 2.8.2006 ( 320 . ). , 1989 , . ( ) , 90 . , , . , CIA, WORLD BANK UNITED NATIONS DIVISION 2007/2008 4.000 () 32.000 () .

95. , 10%. FDI 90% . , . . , . . , , , , . , , . , .

96. 96| 1990 . , , 163 , . , 1960 1970, , 1990, .164 , , .165 163 International Energy Agency. (2008). Energy in the Western Balkans: The Path to Reform and Reconstruction. Paris: OECD/IEA: 11. 164 Ibid. 165 Ibid.

97. 97| . , , .166 , (Total Primary Energy Supply, TPES), , .167 , , 168, , , , .169 , , , / , , , .170 , .. . Ibid. 167 Ibid. 168 2 bcm , 80% . IEA, 2008. 169 9.900 GWh . To , , o : 205 . Pljevlja 175 . . Pljevlja , Berane 17 . . , Economic Consulting Associates, Penspen, Energy Institute Hrvoje Poar. (2007). SEE Regional Gasification Study Montenegro Market. Washington D.C.: World Bank: 2-5. 170 . , , , , . , . Economic Consulting Associates, Penspen, Energy Institute Hrvoje Poar. (2007). SEE Regional Gasification StudyAlbania Market. Washington D.C.: World Bank: 3. 166

98. 98| , ( ) 38% TPES 2005, 37%, 13%, 7% 5%, 2009 ( 1). , . , Stavri Dhima and Shklqim Bozgo, Challenges of the Natural Gas Sector in Albania - Discussion of Risks Related to Gas Infrastructure, Discussion, Ministry of the Economy, Energy and Trade, Albanian Energy Regulator Entity (Dubrovnik: Enlargement and Integration Workshop 5-7 October, 2011).

99. 99| . 1 , 2009

100. 100| : OECD/IEA 2011. .

101. 101| , , , TPES . , , 0,5% ( ), 0,4% 1,2% -27. (28,2%) / (8,6%), -27 ( 29% 40%, , 25% ). , (National Energy Efficiency Action Plans, NEEAPs) , 9% 2016 2006/32/ (ESD).171 2008-2016 , 9% 2001-2005 2016 . , . , 4 (1) , . , / , / [...] . III, 6 (1) ... , / : , , , 4, , . , . , (2008), op. cit. 171

102. 102| , 3% 2027, .172 :173 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. , 6. (, , ) 7. 8. , 9. International Resources Group, Final Report of the Regional Demand Energy Planning Project Future Energy Scenarios in South East Europe and the Potential for Energy Efficiency, (Washington, D.C.: USAID/IRG, 2008). 140%, (100%) (60%). 173 IEA report (2008), op. cit. 172

103. 103| . 1. , 174 , ( ) ( ).175 Chontanawat et al. , - / , 57% 47% , 56% 51% , , 29% .176 1 2009 ( 28,3 Mtoe 48,7 TWh ) , 25 1981-2007 , , , Ansgar Belke, Christian Dreger and Frauke de Haan, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Insights into the Cointegration Relationship, No 190, Ruhr Economic Papers (2010). , Valeria Costantini and Chiara Martini, The causality between energy consumption and economic growth: A multi-sectoral analysis using nonstationary cointegrated panel data, Energy Economics 32, no. 3 (2010): 591603. 175 Jaruwan Chontanawat, Lester C. Hunt and Richard Pierse, Causality Between Energy Consumption and GDP: Evidence from 30 OECD and 78 Non-OECD Countries, Discussion Paper No 113, University of Surrey (Surrey: Surrey Energy Economics Centre, 2006): 1. , Michael Toman and Barbora Yemelkova, Energy and Economic Development: An Assessment of the State of Knowledge, The Energy Journal (International Association for Energy Economics) 24, no. 4 (2003): 93-112, , . . , , . 176 Ibid: 18. 174

104. 104| .177 , , , , . . 1 , 2009 (PPP) (Mtoe) (Mtoe) (TWh) / (kWh/capita) 3.16 5.88 18.16 1.25 0.48 5.58 1768 7.59 19.29 74.84 9.83 8.06 33.38 4401 B/ 3.77 8.14 33.13 4.47 1.59 10.80 2868 4.43 28.35 63.14 4.07 4.49 16.44 3709 FYROM 2.04 4.41 14.95 1.61 1.25 7.08 3467 21.48 56.00 199.91 28.30 6.62 48.69 2267 7.32 9.00 33.13 9.44 4.89 30.93 4225 (.) : (PPP) . 2009. . : International Energy Agency, 2009 Indicators. 2 , 2009, 2010 : U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics. , Granger , ( ). , , -27 ( ). Corina Pirlogea and Claudiu Cicea, Econometric Perspective of the Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relation in the European Union, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 8 (October 2012): 5718-5726. 177

105. 105| . 2009 2010 ( ). (IEA 2008) 2001.178 , 2009 2010 ( 3). 21% . , .. .179 , , , / , . 3 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics 178 World Bank, Status of Energy Efficiency in the Western Balkans: A Stocktaking Report, (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2010): 3. 2001, . 179 Ibid: 5.

106. 106| ( ) . 2008 (Mtoe 2000), 2000.180 4 (Btu 2005) 2009 2010, , -, . USAID (2008) , , 70% 2006-2027.181 4 : Btu , 2005 ( ). : U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics. . , World Bank op. cit.: 7, Final Report of the Regional Energy Demand Planning Project: Future Energy Scenarios in Southeast Europe and the Potential for Energy Efficiency Regional and Individual Country Results for Bulgaria (World Bank: 2008). 180 181

107. 107| . 2. , ESD , / , , .182 (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, EBRD) (Western Balkans Sustainable Energy Direct Financing Facility) 2008 50 . , EBRD ( : ) , / , , , .183 ( , ) , , EBRD .184 182 World Bank (2008), op. cit.: 10. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 10 to Banca Intesa, 25 March 2009. : www.ebrd.com/english/pages/news/press/2009/090325b.shtml. 184 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Western Balkans Sustainable Energy Direct Financing Facility. : www.ebrd.com/english/pages/project/psd/2008/39115.shtml. : () : . () : 183

108. 108| , . , .185 1. . (demand-pull) (supply-push)186 , , , , , .187 2. . , , , . ESD . 3. . , . , () , : , , . . 185 World Bank (2008), op. cit.: 10-12. 186 . , 1950 1960 , . Gregory F. Nemet, Demand-pull, Technology-push, and Government-led Incentives for Non-incremental Technical Change, Research Policy 38 no. 5 (2009): 700-709. 187 World Bank (2008), op. cit.

109. 109| . , . , , . , , , (Development Credit Agreement) (31 2004)188, 40% .189 4. . , . 5. . , , KfW, .190 , , .191 : () , () . Legal Dept of World Bank. 2004. Conformed CopyC3870Serbia Energy Efficiency Project Development Credit Agreement. Washington, DC: World Bank. : http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/03/5085800/conformed-copy-c3870-serbia-energyefficiency-project-development-credit-agreement. 189 World BankThe World Bank Institute, How To Make Buildings More Energy Efficient?, 28 February 2012. . http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/fr/stories/how-make-buldings-more-energy-efficient. 190 European Investment Bank, West Balkan Energy Efficiency Fund, 18 August 2009. : www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2009/20090047.htm 191 Energy Community, Externally Funded Financing for Energy Efficiency in the Western Balkans. http://www.energycommunity.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/AREAS_OF_WORK/ENERGY_E FFICIENCY/Financing. , Energy Communitys Review of Financial Support Facilities for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in the Western Balkans, June 2011. 188

110. 110| 6. .192 , . , , . 7. . , . , , .193 , , Energy Efficiency Support Mechanisms in the Western Balkans Awareness Workshop, 1 December 2010, Energy Community, Vienna. 193 World Bank The World Bank Institute, How To Make Buildings More Energy Efficient?, 28 February 2012. 192

111. 111| . . 1. 1.1. , . , . - , , , , . , , , , , , 194. , , , . , , , , . , , 194 Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide

112. 112| . . , "" , . 1.2. . , , , , , . : , . 195 , , .196 : , , , . (Social Cohesion Network, quoted by Stanley, 2001, retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide) 195 . Matarasso and Chell, 1998 retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide 196 Elias, 1991 retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide

113. 113| . , , , , , , (Rossel quoted in Omariba, 2002, and Judith Maxwell, quoted by Stanley, 2001, retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide ) (...) (. Dahrendorf, 1996, retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide ) , , (. Miller, 1998. retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide ) , , , , . : ( , ) (Ritzen, Easterly and Woolcock, 2000. retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide) , , ( ) (. Reimer, Wilkinson and Woodrow, 2002 retrieved by Council of Europe, August 2005, Concerted development of social cohesion indicators Methodological Guide.)

114. 114| . , . , . , . , , . , , , . - . , , 197, , , . 197 Council of Europe

115. 115| . 1.3. ., . . ( 1992) .. - ., , . 198 . : , , .

116. 116| . 199 , , . , . ( 2000 ), ( 2004 ) 2010 . , . 200 ( 31.03.2004 ) , . . , , , . 199 200 Revised European Social Charter, 1999 Revised Strategy for Social Cohesion, 2004

117. 117| . 201 07.07.2010 , , . ., , . , . , . . : (1) , . (2) (3) , , . (4) , , , . 201 NEW STRATEGY FOR SOCIAL COHESION approved by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 7 July 2010

118. 118| . 1.6. , ., . , , , , . , , . , , . , . , , 202, . 202 , , , ,

119. 119| . , . , . , 2000 . , . . , . , . , . : : , , , : ( .... ), , : ,

120. 120| . 2. 2.1. , . , , . . Wage and salaried workers, total (% of total employment ) 203 203 International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database, as Retrieved by the World Bank Database ( 01.05.2013)

121. 121| . , , , 2003 2011. . , , .. 2007 . , ..., . 2004 2007 , 2008 , . , , ., 70%, .

122. 122| . . Vulnerable employment, total ( % of total employment) 204 . , , . , . , . . 204 International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database, as Retrieved by the World Bank Database ( 01.05.2013)

123. 123| . , 10%, 10% . , 20%, 2007. ...., 2004 , 2008, 2009 2010, , . , 30% . , , , 2009, .

124. 124| . . Self-employed, total (% of total employed)205 . . , , 2009. , ..., , , 2008. , , 2005, , . , 2007 20%, 2011 , .. 205 International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database, as Retrieved by the World Bank Database ( 01.05.2013)

125. 125| . . Contributing family workers, total (% of total employed) 206 , , . . , 2009 . 2009 . .... 10% , 7.5%. , 2011 20092011. 206 International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database, as Retrieved by the World Bank Database ( 01.05.2013)

126. 126| . .. 2%, ( ), ( ) . . Part time employment, total (% of total employment) 207 , . . , , , , 2009-2011. .. 15%. 2009 . , 2008 207 International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database, as Retrieved by the World Bank Database ( 01.05.2013)

127. 127| . . , 2011 , 2003 , 2009-2010, , 2011. ...., 2007-2008, 6%, , , 2005 3%. Unemployment, total (% of total labor force)208 , , . , , , , . , , . 100%. , , , . 208 International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market Database, as Retrieved by the World Bank Database ( 01.05.2013)

128. 128| . , , . . . , , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , . ., 2010 , 10%. , , , 10%. ., , , , 2008, , 2009 . 2007-2009, , 15%. . 2007 2008 2008 2010,